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"Nutrisi yang adekuat berperan penting dalam menjaga homeostasis tubuh dan pertumbuhan terutama pada anak. Gizi kurang sebelum operasi gastrointestinal salah satunya disebabkan oleh penurunan asupan makanan oral. Gizi kurang sebelum operasi merupakan faktor risiko utama untuk peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasca operasi. Penatalaksanaan operasi gastrointestinal antara lain puasa beberapa jam sebelum operasi sampai beberapa hari setelah operasi. Tujuan penyusunan karya ilmiah akhir ini bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan teori Parent Child Interaction Barnard pada anak yang mengalami ketidakseimbangan nutrisi dengan masalah bedah gastrointestinal. Kondisi ini menyebabkan masalah ketidakseimbangan nutrisi pasca operasi menjadi lebih serius. Tiga (3) dari lima (5) kasus anak yang dirawat dengan menerapkan teori Parent Child Interaction Barnard, masalah ketidakseimbangan nutrisi teratasi dengan meningkatkan interaksi orang tua/pemberi asuhan selama memenuhi kebutuhan/masalah yang dialami anak dalam rangka mencapai respon/perilaku adaptif anak.

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Adequate nutrition plays an important role in maintaining body homeostasis and growth, especially in children. Malnutrition before surgery gastrointestinal one caused by a decrease in oral food intake. Malnutrition before surgery is a major risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality after surgery. Management of gastrointestinal surgery including preoperative fasting a few hours to a few days after surgery. The purpose of the preparation of the scientific work aims to apply the theory of Parent Child Interaction Barnard on children who have nutritional imbalance with gastrointestinal surgical problems. This condition causes postoperative nutritional imbalance problem becomes more serious. Three (3) of the five (5) cases of children treated by applying the theory of Parent Child Interaction Barnard, nutritional imbalance problem solved by improving the interaction of parents / caregivers for meeting the needs / problems experienced by children in order to achieve the response / adaptive behavior of children."

"Kesibukan masyarakat perkotaan seringkali membuat orangtua kurang memperhatikan pola makan anaknya. Salah satu akibatnya adalah anak mengalami kurang gizi.Kurang gizi dapatmenyebabkan gangguan pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Karya ilmiah ini menggambarkan asuhan keperawatan yang diberikan kepada keluarga Bpk. M yang memiliki anak dengan status kurang gizi. Intervensi unggulan yang diberikan adalah edukasi gizi seimbang dengan metode permainan. Tujuannya agar anaktertarik untuk menerima edukasi tentang gizi seimbang sehingga anak mengalami perubahanstatus gizi. Hasil dari asuhan keperawatan yang dilakukan selama 7 minggu menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan dan perubahan perilaku keluarga dan anak dalam pola makan sehari-hari.

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The business of parents in urban cities may lead to neglect of the nutrition need of their children. As the result, the children often suffer from malnourished. Poor nutrition can lead to the disturbance in growth and development of children. This scientific script describies nursing care that was given to Mr.M family who has child with malnourished status.Main intervention that given is health education about balance nutrition with playing method. The purpose of the intervention was to make the child interested in health education about nutrition balance so the nutition statuswill improve. The results of nursing care was family showed an increase in knowledge about nutrition balance and change behavior about daily diet."

"Pola makan tidak sehat pada anak usia sekolah dasar menjadi perhatian saat ini. Perubahan pola pada siswa yang terjadi seperti konsumsi makanan dan minuman manis, serta makanan cepat saji. Dampak masalah pola makan yaitu perubahan status nutrisi pada siswa. Tujuan dari penulisan adalah mengetahui hasil penerapan kegiatan Siswa Aksi Bergizi (SIAB) pada sekolah di kelurahan Jatijajar. Metode kegiatan yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan asuhan keperawatan. Populasi pada pelaksanaan inovasi SIAB yaitu anak usia sekolah dasar kelas empat dan lima di wilayah Kelurahan Jatijajar, Kota Depok. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini sebanyak 78 siswa. Hasil intervensi pada kelompok siswa tingkat pengetahuan baik 6.4% menjadi 10.3%, pola makan sehat 3.8% menjadi 19.2%. Inovasi SIAB dapat memberikan perubahan pada pengetahuan, pola makan siswa. Pelaksanaan SIAB diintegrasi dengan program UKS di sekolah dan Puskesmas.

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Unhealthy eating patterns in elementary school-age children are a concern at this time. Changes in student patterns that occur such as consumption of sweet foods and drinks, as well as fast food. The impact of dietary problems is a change in nutritional status of students. The purpose of writing is to find out the result of the application of the SIAB activities at school. The method of activities carried out with a nursing care approach. The population in the implementation of the SIAB innovation is elementary school-age children in grades four and five in the Jatijajar Village, Depok City. The number of sample used in this activity were 78 students. The results of the SIAB innovation intervention in nursing care in the families, namely the level of independence of four as many as seven families. The results of the intervention on the community level of good knowledge 6.4% to 10.3%, healthy diet 3.8% to 19.2%. SIAB innovation can provide changes in knowledge, student eating patterns. SIAB innovation implementation is integrated with the UKS program in school and Puskesmas."

"Why treat your child with drugs when you can cure your child with nutrition? Grounded in cutting-edge science and filled with case studies that read like medical thrillers, this is a book for every parent whose child suffers from mood swings, stomachaches, ear infections, eczema, anxiety, tantrums, ADD/ADHD, picky eating, asthma, lack of growth, and a host of other physical, behavioral, and developmental problems.Previously published as What’s Eating Your Child? and now with a new chapter on the unexpected connection between gluten and insatiable appetite, Cure Your Child with Food shows parents how to uncover the clues behind their children’s surprisingly nutrition-based health issues and implement simple treatments―immediately.You’ll discover how zinc deficiency can cause picky eating and affect growth. The panoply of problems caused by gluten and dairy. How ear infections and mood disorders, such as anxiety and bipolar disorder, can be a sign of food intolerance. Plus, how to get your child to sleep, soothe hyperactivity, and deal with reflux using simple nutritional strategies.Ms. Dorfman, a nutritionist whose typical family arrives at her practice after seeing three or more specialists, gives parents the tools they need to become nutrition detectives; to recalibrate their children’s diets through the easy E.A.T. program; and, finally, to get their children off drugs―antibiotics, laxatives, Prozac, Ritalin―and back to a natural state of well-being."

"Nutrition aside, there are other interesting topics worth exploring in the pursuit of health. Can cancer be prevented? Why doesn’t everyone live long, healthy lives? What is the relationship between cardiovascular disease and the immune system? How does the immune system affect overall health? Which is the healthier food natural and wholesome plant foods or animal-based foods? How do our lifestyles affect our health? Good health is not a secret. To achieve good health, we must first understand it. By drawing links between diet, health, and the immune system, this book provides fascinating insights into the preventive science of Nutritional Immunology."

"Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya riwayat penyakit infeksi sebagai faktor dominan kejadian stunting pada siswa kelas 1 SD di Jakarta Pusat tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian dengan desain studi cross-sectional. Responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 160 responden di 6 sekolah dasar negeri di Jakarta Pusat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebesr 18,8% siswa mengalami stunting. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kejadian stunting memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik kepada riwayat penyakit infeksi, riwayat ASI eksklusif, status imunisasi, suplementasi vitamin A, pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan, frekuensi konsumsi makanan sumber protein, frekuensi konsumsi makanan sumber zinc, frekuensi konsumsi makanan sumber zat besi, frekuensi konsumsi makanan sumber vitamin A, pengetahuan Ibu tentang gizi dan kesehatan, pola asuh makan, pendapatan keluarga dan jumlah anggota keluarga. Hasil pada penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa riwayat penyakit infeksi sebagai faktor dominan kejadian stunting pada siswa kelas 1 SD di Jakarta Pusat tahun 2016. Peneliti menyarankan pada pemerintah dan sekolah agar diadakan pendidikan gizi terkait gizi seimbang, penyakit infeksi, sosialiasi terkait sanitasi total yang baik dan pemantauan status gizi anak secara berkala.

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This thesis aims to determine that history of infectious disease as a dominant factors of stunting among first grades of elementary school in Central Jakarta Region in 2016. This research used cross-sectional research design. The respondence of this research were 160 respondence from six elementary school in Central Jakarta Region. The research resulted that 18,8% of those students are stunting. In this research, found that stunting among children had significantly related to such factors: infectious disease, exclusive breastfeeding, immunization, frequently consumption protein, frequently consumption zinc, frequently consumption iron, frequently consumption vitamin A, mother's nutrition and health knowlegde, feeding practices, and family income. The most dominant factor in this thesis was infectious disease. Researcher suggest to government and school to educate the parents and students about nutrition, infectious disease, sanitary and hygiene and periodically check the linear growth for children."

"ABSTRAKKanker merupakan penyakit yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan nutrisi pada anak. Tujuan dari karya ilmiah akhir adalah menggambarkan aplikasi model konservasi Levine dalam melakukan asuhan keperawatan pada anak dengan kanker yang mengalami masalah ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh dan pencapaian kompetensi praktik spesialis keperawatan anak. Peran perawat yang dilakukan selama praktik residensi adalah sebagai pemberi asuhan, advokat, edukator, dan peneliti yang dilaksanakan dengan memperhatikan etik dan legal. Pendekatan model konservasi Levine menggunakan empat prinsip konservasi yaitu konservasi energi, integritas struktural, integritas personal, dan sosial. Empat prinsip konservasi tersebut diaplikasikan ke dalam proses keperawatan yang dimulai dengan pengkajian, trophicognosis, hipotesis, intervensi, dan evaluasi pada lima kasus kelolaan. Evaluasi yang didapat untuk masalah ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh adalah masalah teratasi sebagian ditandai dengan mual berkurang dan asupan makan meningkat. Model konservasi Levine dapat diaplikasikan pada anak dengan kanker dalam upaya konservasi energi dan peningkatan kualitas hidup anak.

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ABSTRACT

Children with cancer were potentially experienced nutritional imbalance. The purpose of the final report was to described the application of Levine Conservation Model in performing nursing care for children with cancer whom experienced problems nutritional imbalance, and achievement of residency competency for pediatric nursing. The role of the nurse performed during residency were conducted as direct nursing care, advocate, educator, and researcher based on professional, ethical and legal. Levine's model approach using four principles were conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity. These conservation principles were applied to the nursing care since assessment, trophicognosis, hypothesis, intervention, and evaluation phases in five selected cases of patients. Organismic evaluation obtained for all nutritional imbalance problems were solved partially that can be measured from the lower level of nausea and the higher food intake. Levine conservation model may apply to nursing care in children with cancer who experienced nutritional problems to increase quality of life."

"Pasien pada serial kasus ini adalah empat pasien dewasa dengan luka bakar berat, masuk perawatan dalam kondisi resusitasi. Status nutrisi sebelum sakit adalah overweight dan satu pasien normoweight. Inisiasi nutrisi enteral dilakukan 15-39,5 jam pasca kejadian. Pemberian nutrisi dimulai dari hipokalori (<20 Kkal/kgBB/hari), ditingkatkan bertahap menuju kebutuhan energi total yang dihitung berdasarkan formula Xie dengan berat badan sebelum sakit. Selama perawatan di ICU, pasien mencapai kalori sebesar 60-96% KET, protein sebesar 0,6-1,9 g/kgBB/hari, komposisi lemak dan karbohidrat berturut-turut sebesar 15-25%, dan 50-64%. Jalur pemberian nutrisi parenteral dengan central venous cathether (CVC) sedangkan enteral dengan nasogastric tube (NGT) tetes lambat secara intermiten. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa multivitamin antioksidan, vitamin B kompleks dan asam folat. Pemantauan terapi nutrisi meliputi tanda klinis, toleransi asupan makanan, kapasitas fungsional, imbang cairan, parameter laboratorium dan antropometri. Pada kelompok survivor diberikan edukasi nutrisi terkait penyembuhan luka dan preservasi massa otot.

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Patients in the case report were four adult patients with severe burns and admitted to the hospital under resuscitation conditions. Three patients were overweight and one was normoweight Enteral nutrition was initiated within 15–39.5 hours post injury. Nutrition administration began from hypocalory (<20 kcal/kg/day), then increased gradually to the total energy requirement using Xie formula based on the pre-illness weight. In the ICU, energy intake achieved 60-96% of total requirement, protein was 0.6 to 1.9 g/kgBW/day, fat, and carbohydrate were 15-25% and 50-64% respectively. Parenteral nutrition was given via central venous cathether while enteral nutrition was dripped intermittently. Micronutrients were given as multivitamin antioxidants, vitamin B complex, and folic acid. The survivors were given nutrition education related to wound healing and preservation of muscle mass."

"Kanker pada anak terus meningkat jumlahnya setiap tahun, masalah nutrisi merupakan masalah yang sering dikeluhkan oleh anak dan keluarga sehingga, diperlukan asuhan keperawatan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Karya Ilmiah Akhir ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran aplikasi teori Comfort Kolcaba dalam asuhan keperawatan pada anak kanker dengan masalah nutrisi dan pencapaian kompetensi baik sebagai pemberi asuhan, advocator, counselor, educator, colaborator, dan agen perubah. Terdapat lima kasus kelolaan yang menjadi pembahasan dalam karya ilmiah ini, kelima kasus kelolaan mengalami masalah nutrisi. Masalah nutrisi didapatkan dari basil pengkajian berdasarkan pendekatan teori Comfort Kolcaba yaitu pengkajian fisik, psikospiritual, sosiokultural dan Iingkungan. Intervensi menggunakan tiga tipe perawatan standar comfort, coaching dan Comfort food for the soul. Tidak semua masalah nutrisi pada lima kasus kelolaan dapat teratasi dengan cepat, untuk menyelesaikan masalah nutrisi pada anak kanker dibutuhkan waktu dan kerjasama tim yang baik antara ibu, anak, dokter dan dietesien serta perawat.

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Pediatric cancer always increase every year, the problem of nutrition is often complained by the child and their family, so nursing care is required to solve the issue. This research aims to provide an overview of the application of theory Comfort Kolcaba in cancer nursing care in children with nutritional problems and the competence achievement as a caregiver, advocator, counselor, educator, colaborator, and agent of change. There were five cases managed that discussed in this research, and in five cases managed all experiencing nutritional problems. Nutrient problems obtained from the results of the assessment approach based on the theory of Comfort Kolcaba such as physical examination, psikospiritual, sociocultural and environmental. Interventions use three types of standard comfort care, coaching and Comfort food for the soul. Not all nutritional problems in the management of five cases can be resolved quickly, to solve the problem of childhood cancer nutrition takes time and good teamwork among mother, child, and dietision, doctors, and nurses."

"Hati adalah organ terbesar dalam tubuh dan organ metabolisme yang sangat penting. Hepatocelullar Carcinoma (HCC) merupakan pertumbuhan abnormal dari hepatosit yang ditandai dengan peningkatan jumlah hepatosit yang mampu membelah dan menyertai perubahan sel hati yang menjadi ganas. Karsinoma hepatoselular berisiko terjadi retensi cairan karena rusaknya sel hepatosit yang mengakibatkan terganggunya aliran darah menuju ke hati sehingga menimbulkan distensi pembuluh darah dan terganggunya aliran tersebut juga mengakibatkan terganggunya produksi albumin untuk bisa mempertahankan tekanan onkotik. Asites, varises gastroesofagus yang tidak ditangani segera dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup bahkan kematian. Asites dan edema merupakan penyebab yang paling sering ditemukan pada pasien yang harus menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit. Penulisan karya ilmiah ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan menggunakan pemantauan cairan dan nutrisi dibuktikan bahwa pemantauan ini efektif untuk menangani kelebihan volume cairan dibuktikan dengan tidak bertambahnya komplikasi yang terjadi pada pasien.

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The liver is the largest organ in the body and a very important metabolic organ. Hepatocellullar Carcinoma (HCC) is an abnormal growth of hepatocytes which is characterized by an increase in the number of hepatocytes capable of dividing and accompanying changes in liver cells that become malignant. Hepatocellular carcinoma is at risk of fluid retention due to damage to hepatocyte cells which results in disruption of blood flow to the liver, causing distension of blood vessels and disruption of this flow also results in disruption of albumin production to maintain oncotic pressure. Ascites, gastroesophageal varices that are not treated immediately can reduce the quality of life and even death. Ascites and edema are the most common causes in hospitalized patients. The writing of this scientific paper using a case study method using fluid and nutrition monitoring proved that this monitoring is effective for treating excess fluid volume as evidenced by not increasing complications that occur in patients."