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"Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang akan meningkat jumlahnya di masa yang akan datang. Tidak hanya kelompok lanjut usia yang terkena diabetes melitus tipe 2 tetapi juga kelompok dewasa muda seperti mahasiswa. Mahasiswa cenderung memiliki gaya hidup yang tidak sehat sehingga berisiko terkena diabetes melitus tipe 2.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang faktor risiko, tanda dan gejala diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif sederhana. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purpose sampling pada 106 mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa kuesioner berisi data demografi dan 40 pertanyaan.Hasil yang diperoleh berupa mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang baik tentang faktor risiko, tanda dan gejala diabetes melitus tipe 2. Promosi kesehatan berupa pemberian pengetahuan kepada mahasiswa tentang diabetes mellitus tipe 2 diupayakan segara untuk mencegah dan mengontrol perkembangan diabetes mellitus tipe 2.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that will be increased for a few years later. Not only elderly can be attached by type 2 diabetes mellitus but also young people like student at university. Students tended to have unhealthy life style that were risky to be attached by type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The main aim of this research was to identify the knowledge of State Polytechnic of Jakarta about risk factor, sign and symptom type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study used simple descriptive design. The sample was collected using purpose sampling towards 106 student of State Polytechnic of Jakarta. The instrument that used was questionnaire containing demography data and 40 questions.

This research result that students have poorly knowledge about risk factor, sign and symptom type diabetes mellitus. Promotion health in giving knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus is needed soon to prevent and control type 2 diabetes mellitus."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang besar. Data dari studi global menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penderita Diabetes Melitus pada tahun 2011 telah mencapai 366 juta orang di dunia (IDF, 2011). Salah satu provinsi yang memiliki prevalensi Diabetes yang tinggi adalah Provinsi Banten. Prevalensi DM Provinsi Banten di daerah perkotaan sebesar 5,3% (mendekati angka nasional 5,7%) (Balitbangkes, 2008). TUJUAN: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Citangkil dan Puskesmas Kecamatan Pulo Merak, Kota Cilegon. DISAIN: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, yang merupakan analisis data sekunder dari data Program Pengendalian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dan Faktor Risikonya di Kota Cilegon. Data dikumpulkan tahun 2011 dan analisis dilakukan tahun 2012. HASIL: Prevalensi DM Tipe 2 adalah sebesar 4,4%. Variabel yang terbukti memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian DM Tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik (p: 0,032). Orang yang aktivitas sehari-harinya ringan memiliki risiko 2,68 kali untuk menderita DM tipe 2 dibandingkan dengan orang yang aktivitas fisik sehariharinya sedang dan berat (OR: 2,68; 95% CI: 1,11-6,46).

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus is one of big health problems. Global study showed that diabetician in 2011 had reached 336 millions people (IDF, 2011). One of provinces that had high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus is Banten Province. The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Banten Province in urban areas is 5,3% (approaching the national prevalence 5,7%) (Balitbangkes, 2008).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to investigate the risk factors that have correlation with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Citangkil Primary Health Care and Pulo Merak Primary Health Care, Cilegon City.

DESIGN: This research was a quantitative research with cross sectional design. It used the secondary data of T2DM and Its Risk Factors Controlling Program in Cilegon City. Data was collected in 2011 and the analyzing was done in 2012.

RESULT: The Prevalence of T2DM was 4,4%. The variabel that have correlation with T2DM is physical activity (p value: 0,032). People who have low intensity in physical activity has 2,68 times probabilty to get T2DM than people who has middle and high intensity in phisycal activity (OR: 2,68; 95% CI: 1,11-6,46)."

"Pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 berisiko tinggi mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dapat berkembang menjadi penyakit Alzheimer dan memperburuk manajemen mandiri pasien, termasuk manajemen pengobatan mandiri. Akan tetapi, tenaga kesehatan di pelayanan kesehatan primer tidak rutin melakukan pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif. Selain itu, belum diketahui faktor lain yang memengaruhi penurunan fungsi kognitif. Maka dari itu, diperlukan analisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi fungsi kognitif pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 agar menjadi dasar dalam pengambilan langkah tindak lanjut yang tepat. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan untuk menilai prevalensi penurunan fungsi kognitif pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi fungsi kognitif pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan. Sebanyak 101 subjek penelitian diperoleh menggunakan metode consecutive sampling. Data diperoleh melalui observasi rekam medis, wawancara, dan pengukuran langsung. Instrumen asesmen fungsi kognitif yang digunakan adalah The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) yang telah diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia atau MoCA-INA. Subjek penelitian dengan skor MoCA-INA di bawah 26 dinyatakan mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Prevalensi tinggi (81,2%) penurunan fungsi kognitif ditemukan pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan. Pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 memiliki penurunan subdomain fungsi eksekutif atau visuospasial, bahasa, dan memori tunda. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi fungsi kognitif pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan adalah usia (r=-0,351, p=0,001), waktu tempuh pendidikan (r=0,320, p=0,001), durasi menderita diabetes melitus (r=-0,374, p<0,001), durasi konsumsi metformin (r=-0,405, p<0,001), aktivitas fisik (p=0,005), dan diet (p=0,039).

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients are at high risks of developing cognitive function impairment that can progress to Alzheimer’s disease and impair patients’ self-management, including self-medication management. However, primary care physicians do not routinely assess cognitive function. On the other hand, the other factors affecting cognitive function impairment have not been known. Therefore, analysis of factors affecting cognitive function is needed to take appropriate follow-up steps. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess prevalence of cognitive function impairment among diabetes mellitus type 2 patients at Pasar Minggu Community Health Center, South Jakarta and analyze the affecting factors. A total of 101 study subjects were selected by the consecutive sampling method. Data were obtained by medical record observation, interview, and direct assessment. The instrument used to assess cognitive function was The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) which was translated to Bahasa Indonesia or MoCA-INA. Study subjects with MoCA-INA score below 26 were stated as having cognitive function impairment. A high prevalence (81,2%) of cognitive function impairment was found in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients at Pasar Minggu Community Health Center, South Jakarta. Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients was found to have impairments in executive or visuospatial function, language, and delayed recall subdomains. Factors affecting cognitive function of diabetes mellitus type 2 patients at Pasar Minggu Community Health Center, South Jakarta were age (r=-0,351, p=0,001), years of education (r=0,320, p=0,001) duration of diabetes mellitus (r=-0,374, p<0,001), duration of metformin consumption (p<0,001), physical activity (r=-0,405, p=0,005), and diet (p=0,039)."

"ABSTRAKJumlah penderita diabetes di Indonesia saat ini berada di peringkat keenam danakan terus bertambah setiap tahunnya. Kejadian diabetes melitus dapat dicegahdengan meningkatkan pengetahuan faktor risiko diabetes di masyarakat. Disainyang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Jumlah responden yangterlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah 101 responden. Berdasarkan hasil penelitianmenunjukan bahwa responden mayoritas berusia 18-20 tahun (n=56 atau 55,4%),berjenis kelamin perempuan (n=56 atau 55,4%), jurusan akuntansi (n=46 atau45,5%), angkatan 2009 (n=47 atau 46,5%), sumber informasi dari internet (n=87atau 86,1%). Tingkat pengetahuan responden tentang faktor risiko diabetesmayoritas pengetahuan responden dikategorikan cukup dengan 73 responden(72,3%). Peran perawat sebagai edukator dan fasilitator dapat memberikanpendidikan kesehatan dengan cara promosi kesehatan dan penyuluhan kesehatandi masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang diabetes melitus.

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ABSTRACTDiabetic in Indonesia is in the sixth rank worldwide and increase continuously

each year. Diabetes mellitus can be prevented by promoting awareness of the

diabetes risk factor among the society. In this research, the writer used

descriptive design methodology. This research involves 101 respondents. The

research shows that respondent generally aged 18 to 20 years old (q=56, or

55,4%), female (q=56 or 55,4%), accounting studies (q=46 or 45,5%), 2009

enrolled students (q=47 or 46,5%), obtain information from the internet (q=87 or

86,1%). The awareness and knowledge of diabetes of most of the respondents are

considerably well informed, 73 respondent (72,3%). The result will be informed to

Students and Alumni Faculty of Economy University of Indonesia. This aimed to

give information about health education in Faculty of Economy University of

Indonesia."

"Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 adalah penyakit kronis dimana tubuh tidak bisa menggunakan insulin untuk metabolisme glukosa. Penyakit ini terus menerus bertambah setiap tahun baik pada masyarakat perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Disayangkan, penyakit diabetes mellitus tidak dapat disembuhkan, hanya bisa dikendalikan.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kejadian pre DM dan DM tipe 2 pada Staf Kependidikan FKM UI, Depok. Variabel independen yang diteliti adalah umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, asupan zat gizi (energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan serat), aktivitas fisik, status gizi lebih, lingkar pinggang, dan pengetahuan gizi. Desain studi penelitian yaitu cross sectional dengan analisis chi square. Penelitian dilakukan pada 122 responden dan pada bulan April 2014.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 26,2% penderita pre DMDM (Pre DM (17,2%) dan DM (9%)). Variabel yang memiliki perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna dengan kejadian pre DM-DM adalah umur. Faktor dominan adalah riwayat keluarga dan umur. Staf kependidikan FKM UI diharapkan meningkatkan kesadaran untuk melakukan pola hidup sehat baik makan-makanan seimbang maupun olahraga rutin, dan melakukan pengecekan glukosa darah.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic disease which the body can not use insulin for glucose metabolism. The disease is constantly increasing every year both in urban and rural communities. Unfortunately, diabetes mellitus can not be cured, only controlled.

This study aims to determine the dominant factor on the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Education Staff at FKM UI, Depok. The independent variables studied were age, sex, family history, the adequacy of nutrients (energy, carbohydrates, fats, and fiber), physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and nutrition knowledge. The study design is a crosssectional study with a chi-square analysis. The study was conducted on 122 respondents, on April 7 to 25, 2014.

Results showed 26.2% of patients with pre-DM - DM (Pre DM (17.2%) and DM (9%)). Variables that had significant differences in the proportion of the incidence of pre-DM and DM is age. Dominant factor is family history ang age. Education Staff at FKM UI is expected to raise awareness for do healthy lifestyle such as eat balanc meals and exercise regularly, and do a blood sugar check."

"Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 merupakan sekumpulan gangguan metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia. Komplikasi klinis akibat DM berkolerasi dengan status glikemik, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengontrolan status glikemik pasien DM, baik jangka pendek, jangka menengah maupun jangka panjang untuk mencegah atau mengurangi komplikasi progresif akibat penyakit tersebut. Parameter laboratorium untuk pemantauan status glikemik meliputi kadar glukosa darah harian, HbA1c, dan albumin glikat (AG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada pasien DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol, mendapatkan korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG, juga melihat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi diagnostik, yang melibatkan 32 subyek penelitian yang diikuti selama 3 bulan mulai bulan Februari hingga Mei 2014. Diagnosis DM tipe 2 ditegakkan oleh dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam dan diagnosis DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan HbA1c > 7 %. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata (SD) kadar glukosa darah puasa bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3 berturut-turut sebesar 170,5(51,6) mg/dL; 162,7(54,6) mg/dL, dan 147,3(45,9) mg/dL. Median (rentang) kadar glukosa darah 2 jam postprandial l(G2PP) bulan ke-0 dan ke-1 sebesar 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL dan 191,5 mg/dL (114-468) mg/dL; rerata(SD) kadar G2PP bulan ke-3 sebesar 201(65,98) mg/dL. Korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG adalah : pada bulan ke-0, r=0,79, p<0,001, bulan ke-1 r=0,74, p<0,001 dan bulan ke-3 r=0,78, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar HbA1c dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3) adalah median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,43% (0,35-0,74)%, p<0,001 dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 0,89% (0,64-2,30)%, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar AG bulan ke-1 dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3): median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,94% (0,48-1,64)%, p<0,001, dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 1,79% (0,33-1,40)%, p<0,001. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3, dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat (r = 0.7-0.8), selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG yang bermakna sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a group of metabolic disorders with hyperglycemic characteristic. Clinical complications of DM correlate with glycemic state, therefore it is necessary to make an effort to control DM glycemic state, in short-, medium-, and long-term to prevent or minimize progressive complications due to the disease. Laboratory parameters to monitor glycemic state include daily blood glucose, HbA1c, and glycated albumin (GA).

This study aimed to obtain HbA1c and GA levels in uncontrolled type 2 DM patients, the correlations between HbA1c and GA levels, and also the decrease in HbA1c and GA levels after 1 month and 3 months treatment. This was a diagnostic study involving 32 subjects that were followed for 3 months from February to May 2014. Type 2 DM was diagnosed by the internist in the Department of Internal Medicine and the uncontrolled type 2 DM was confirmed by HbA1c measurement of > 7%.

The results showed that mean (SD) fasting blood glucose levels at baseline, 1 month and 3 months were 170.5 (51.6) mg/dL; 162.7 (54.6) mg/dL, and 147.3(45.9) mg/dL, respectively. Median (range) 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels at baseline and 1 month respectively, were 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL and 191.5 mg/dL, respectively, and mean (SD) at 3 months was 201,7 (65,98) mg/dL. Correlations between HbA1c and GA levels : at baseline r =0.79, p<0.001, at 1 month r=0.74, p<0.001 and at 3 months r=0.78, p<0.001.

Decreases of HbA1c level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1was 0.43% (0.35-0.74)%, p<0.001 and median (range) delta-3 was 0.89% (0.64-2.30)%, p<0.001. Decreases of GA level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1 was 0.94%(0.48-1.64)%, p<0.001, and median (range) delta-3 was 1.79%(0.33-1.40)%, p<0.001.

We concluded that there were significant positive correlations between HbA1c and GA levels at baseline,1 month and 3 months, with strong correlations (r=0.7-0.8). In addition, there were also significant decreases in HbA1c and GA levels from baseline at 1 month and 3 months therapy."

"Efikasi diri dan kepatuhan merupakan faktor yang penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat efikasi diri dan kepatuhan dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 yang menjalani rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit di Jakarta.Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional, dengan jumlah sampel 125 pasien DM tipe 2. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy (DMSES), the Diabetes Activities Questionare (TDAQ), dan Diabetes Quality Of Life (DQOL).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efikasi diri (0,0005), dan kepatuhan (0,0005) berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kualitas hidup dengan variabel yang paling dominan adalah kepatuhan.Hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel efikasi diri, kepatuhan, tingkat pendidikan, dan depresi menentukan kualitas hidup pasien DM. Perlunya dikembangkan pengkajian dan intervensi keperawatan yang berfokus pada efikasi diri dan kepatuhan pasien DM tipe 2.

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Self-efficacy and adherence are important factor in improving the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and adherence to the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an outpatient unit of a Hospital in Jakarta.

This study was a cross-sectional, with sample of 125 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Management Self- Efficacy (DMSES), the Diabetes Activities Questionare (TDAQ), and the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) were employed as instruments.

The results showed that selfefficacy (0.0005), and adherence (0.0005) were significantly associated with quality of life and the most dominant variable is adherence.

Multivariate test results indicate that the variable self-efficacy, adherence, education level, and depression determines quality of life of diabetic patients. This study suggestsis the need fornursing assessment and interventions that focus on the self-efficacy and adherence diabetes mellitus patient."

"Kriteria utama obesitas menurut WHO adalah IMT namun obesitas sentral lebih berhubungan dengan risiko kesehatan dibanding obesitas umum Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan cut off point dari ketiga indikator dalam mendeteksi terjadinya DMT2. Juga untuk mengetahui hubungan obesitas dengan indikator IMT, LP dan rasio LP-TB dengan terjadinya DMT2 dan menentukan indikator mana yang lebih baik dari ketiganya. Desain Cross Sectional. menggunakan data sekunder. Analisis menggunakan regresi logistic dan metode ROC. Hasil : prevalensi DMT2 9,1% dan prevalensi obesitas berkisar 38,37 % - 41,98 % Nilai cut off obesitas umum IMT ≥ 25,72 kg/m2, LP laki-laki ≥ 80,65 cm perempuan ≥ 80,85 cm dan LP-TB laki-laki ≥ 0,51 perempuan ≥ 0,55. Kesimpulan : orang dengan obesitas meningkatkan risiko terjadinya DMT2 setelah dikontrol faktor umur. Karena hasil ketiga indikator tidak jauh berbeda, maka penggunaanya tergantung keputusan praktisi kesehatan itu sendiri.

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The WHO's major obesity criteria is BMI but central obesity is more associated to health risks than general obesity. The objective of the research is to define the cut off points of the three measurements in detecting the occurrence of T2DM. It is also aimed to examine the relationship of obesity indicators (BMI, WC, and WHtR) with T2DM and determine the best indicator of them. Design of Cross Sectional employs secondary data. Analysis apply logistic model and ROC method.

The result: prevalence of type 2 DM is about 9.1%, and obesity prevalence is about 38.37 % to 41.98 %. The cut off values of BMI general obesity, male WC, female WC, male WHtR, and female WHtR are ≥ 25.72 kg/m2, ≥ 80.65 cm, ≥ 80.85 cm, ≥ 0.5, and ≥ 0,55 respectively.

Conclusion: adjusted by age, obesity increases the risk of type 2 DM occurrence. Since there is no significantly different result, the use of obesity indicators depends on the health practitioner decisions."

"Latar Belakang: Insidensi dan prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) terus meningkat. Penurunan imunitas yang terjadi pada DMT2 dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi. Kontrol gula darah yang baik bermanfaat dalam pengendalian infeksi dan pencegahan komplikasi makro dan mikrovaskuler tetapi penelitian yang melibatkan pasien DMT2 usia lanjut masih belum konklusif. Serial kasus ini dilakukan untuk melihat efektivitas kontrol gula darah terhadap kesintasan pasien DMT2 yang dirawat di rumah sakit, dan untuk implementasi tatalaksana nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berusia antara 47 ? 65 tahun. Penyulit infeksi pada keempat pasien ini yaitu gangren diabetikum, selulitis, dan sepsis dengan infeksi paru dan infeksi saluran kemih. Tatalaksana nutrisi pasien dilakukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi American Diabetes Association dan Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes disesuaikan dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Perhitungan kebutuhan nutrisi menggunakan rekomendasi untuk perawatan pasien sakit kritis bagi pasien yang dirawat di intensive care unit (ICU), dan menggunakan perhitungan dengan formula Harris-Benedict bagi yang dirawat di ruangan dengan faktor stres sesuai derajat hipermetabolisme pasien. Pasien dipantau selama 7 ? 11 hari. Edukasi diberikan kepada pasien dan keluarga selama perawatan dan saat akan pulang. Hasil: Dalam pemantauan, tiga pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis, toleransi asupan, dan laboratorium, dan dapat dipulangkan, sedangkan satu pasien meninggal dunia. Kesimpulan: Kontrol gula darah, asupan nutrisi yang adekuat, dan edukasi yang sesuai, dapat meningkatkan kesintasan pasien DMT2 dengan penyulit infeksi yang dirawat di rumah sakit.

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Background: The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. Immune disfunction in T2DM patient may increase the risk of infection. The appropriate blood glucose control has a benefit in infection control and macro and microvascular complication prevention. The Studies of glycaemic control included older patients did not find convincing evidence. The aim of this case series is to assess the association between glycaemic control and clinical outcome of hospitalized T2DM patient with comorbid infection, and to provide appropriate nutrition therapy based on individual nutrition needs.

Method: Patients in this case series were between 47 - 65 years old. There of those patients were diagnosed T2DM with comorbid gangrenous diabeticum, cellulitis, and sepsis with lung infection and urinary tract infection. Two patients need intensive care in ICU, and another patients in the ward. Two patients received nutrition therapy as critically ill condition, and the rest as American Diabetic Association recommendation, with basal calorie requirement were calculated using Harris-Benedict formula and stress factor suitable for metabolic changes. Monitoring was done for 7 - 11 days. Education was done for the patient and family during hospitalization and discharge planning.

Results: Three patients showed the improvement of clinical conditions, intake tolerance, and laboratory results, whatever one patient was pass away.

Conclusion: Glycaemic control, adequate nutrition intake, and intensive education, may improve survival rate in hospitalized T2DM patient with infection as comorbid."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang. Prevalensi disfungsi tiroid lebih tinggi pada pasien diabetes dibandingkan populasiumum. Hipotiroidisme memperburuk komplikasi, morbiditas, mortalitas, dan kualitas hidup pasiendiabetes melitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2). Faktor risiko hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 selama ini masihkontradiktif dan belum dikaji secara lengkap. Keberadaan sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 diperlukan untuk membantu diagnosis dan menapis pasien DM tipe 2 yang memerlukanpemeriksaan laboratorium fungsi tiroid sebagai baku emas diagnosis hipotiroidisme.Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2.Metode. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Divisi Metabolik Endokrin(Poliklinik Diabetes) RSCM pada Juli sampai September 2015 dengan metode sampling konsekutif.Subjek menjalani anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (TSH dan fT4). Analisisdata dilakukan dengan program statistik SPSS Statistics 17.0 untuk analisis univariat, bivariat,multivariat, dan Receiving Characteristics Operator (ROC) dan SPSS Statistics 20.0 untuk analisisbootstrapping pada Kalibrasi Hosmer-Lemeshow.Hasil. Sebanyak 303 subjek dianalisis untuk mendapatkan proporsi disfungsi tiroid dan 299 subjekdianalisis untuk mendapatkan determinan hipotiroidisme. Sebanyak 23 subjek (7,59%) terdiagnosishipotiroidisme, terdiri dari 43,5% subjek hipotiroid klinis dan 56,5% subjek hipotiroid subklinisberdasarkan Indeks Zulewski dan/atau Indeks Billewicz, dengan 16,7% hipotiroid klinis dan 83,3%hipotiroid subklinis berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan fT4. Determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga dengan OR sebesar 4,719 (95% IntervalKepercayaan/IK 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), keberadaan goiter dengan OR sebesar 20,679 (95% IK 3,49122,66, p = 0,001),kontrol glikemik yang buruk dengan OR sebesar 3,460 (95%IK 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), dan adanya sindrom metabolikOR sebesar 25,718 (95% IK 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Simpulan. Proporsi hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah 7,59%. Determinan diagnosis dan komponen sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga, keberadaan goiter, kontrol glikemik yang buruk, dan adanya sindrom metabolik. Sistem skor yang diberi nama Skor Hipotiroid RSCM ini diharapkan menjadi alat bantu diagnosis hipotiroidisme pada pasienDM tipe 2. ABSTRACT Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results. 303 subjects included for proportion study of thyroid dysfunction and 299subjects included for analysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients."