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"Anemia defisiensi zat besi, yang merupakan kondisi anemia yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan zat besi, memiliki dampak jangka pendek dan panjang, di antaranya menurunkan imunitas tubuh, mengganggu konsentrasi dan fokus, memperbesar risiko melahirkan bayi dengan berat lahir rendah, hingga menyebabkan kematian. Prevalensi anemia remaja putri di Kota Depok tahun 2023 adalah sebesar 36,34%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor risiko anemia dengan status anemia remaja putri pada SMA negeri di wilayah Kota Depok tahun 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross-sectional dengan metode pengambilan sampelnya adalah quota sampling. Data-data pada penelitian ini diambil dengan antropometri, pengukuran hemoglobin dengan Hemocue Hb 201+ System, food recall 2x24 jam, serta pengisian kuesioner. Data kemudian dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, hingga multivariat. Prevalensi anemia pada penelitian ini didapatkan sebesar 53,3% serta analisis bivariatnya menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan zat besi, asupan seng, asupan kalsium, konsumsi teh/kopi, siklus menstruasi, lama menstruasi, konsumsi TTD, status gizi, pengetahuan gizi, dan pendapatan orang tua remaja putri terhadap status anemia remaja putri di Kota Depok tahun 2024 (p-value < 0,005). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap status anemia adalah asupan protein (OR = 6,18).

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Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by a lack of iron and has both short-term and long-term impacts, including reduced immunity, impaired concentration and focus, higher risk of delivering low birth weight babies, and can even cause death. The prevalence of anemia among female adolescents in Depok 2023 was 36,34%. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between risk factors for anemia and anemia status among female adolescents at public high schools in Depok 2024. This study used cross-sectional design with quota sampling for sample collection. Data in this study were collected through anthropometry, hemoglobin level measurement with the Hemocue Hb 201+ System, 2x24 hour food recall, and questionnaires. The data were then analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of anemia found in this study was 53,3%, and bivariate analysis showed a relationship between energy intake, protein intake, iron intake, zinc intake, calcium intake, tea/coffee consumption, menstrual cycle, duration of menstruation, iron supplement consumption, nutritional status, nutritional knowledge, and parents’ income with anemia status among female adolescents in Depok 2024 (p-value < 0.005). Multivariate analysis indicated that the most dominant factor affecting anemia status was protein intake (OR = 6.18)."

"Obesitas menjadi tantangan serius di dunia. Konsumsi protein adalah salah satu faktor penting yang berkontribusi terhadap regulasi lemak tubuh, tetapi informasi mengenai sumber protein specific dan pengaruhnya terhadap regulasi lemak di negara berkembang masih terbatas. Sehingga, peneliti ingin mengetahui hubungan antara asupan protein dan sumbernya dengan obesitas pada orang dewasa di Indonesia. Studi cross-sectional ini melibatkan 167 orang dewasa berusia 19-50 tahun di perkotaan Jakarta Timur. Asupan protein didapatkan dari repeated 24H Recall yang diklasifikasikan sebagai asupan rendah dan tinggi protein. Persentase lemak tubuh diukur dengan metode Air Displacement Plethysmograph yang diklasifikasikan sebagai obesitas wanita (>33%) dan obesitas pria (>25%). Sekitar 69% subjek mengalami obesitas. Sumber utama asupan protein nabati dan hewani berasal dari sereal dan produknya (median =11,3 gr/hari atau 22,9% dari total protein), dan unggas (median =7,85 gr/hari atau 15,9% dari total protein). Setelah penyesuaian terhadap status perkawinan dan jenis kelamin mendapatkan hasil bahwa asupan tinggi protein tidak berhubungan dengan obesitas (OR 1,84, p-value = 0,15), dan jenis asupan protein hewani atau nabati tidak berhubungan dengan obesitas (OR protein hewan 0879, p-value = 0,69; OR protein nabati 0,95, p-value =0,98). Promosi jenis konsumsi protein harus diperhatikan agar berhasil menurunkan prevalensi obesitas di negara ini.

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Obesity is becoming a serious challenge worldwide. Protein consumption is one of the important contributing factors to body fat regulation, but existing information has limitedly explored type of protein and its influence for fat regulation in developing world. Therefore, we investigated the association between protein intake and its sources with obesity. This cross-sectional study involved 167 adults aged in East Jakarta. Protein intake were collected from repeated 24-hour recalls that was classified as low and high intake. Body fat percentage was measured by Air Displacement Plethysmograph method and classified as female obese (>33%) and male obese (>25%). About 69% of subjects were obese. The main sources of plant and animal protein intake came from cereals and its products (median=11.3 gr/day or 22.9% of protein intake), and white meat (median=7.85 gr/day or 15.9% of protein intake), respectively. After adjustment for marital status and sex those who had higher protein intake did not associated with being obese (Adjusted OR 1.84, p-value=0.15), while, animal-plant protein intake was not associated with obesity (Adjusted OR 0.879 animal protein, p-value=0.69; OR 0.95 plant protein, p-value=0.98). The promotion of type of protein consumption must be concerning to successfully lower the prevalence of obesity in the country."

"Latar belakang : Jumlah kelahiran hidup bayi prematur di RSCM adalah 507 dan 112 diantaranya lahir pada usia gestasi 28-32 minggu atau disebut bayi baru lahir sangat prematur (BBLSP). Data RSCM menunjukkan bahwa BBLSP memiliki angka kesintasan 58,9%. Pemberian nutrisi yang agresif dengan diet tinggi protein pada BBLSP diperlukan untuk mempercepat kejar tumbuh. Diet tinggi protein memberikan beban metabolisme pada ginjal BBLSP yang sedang berkembang. Ginjal BBLSP memiliki jumlah nefron fungsional yang lebih sedikit dan imaturitas yang ditandai dengan rendahnya laju filtrasi glomerulus serta kemampuan pemekatan urin yang rendah. Diet tinggi protein menginduksi hipertrofi ginjal, proteinuria, dan sklerosis glomerular melalui single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration (SNGHF) sehingga menyebabkan cedera glomerulotubular yang dapat dideteksi dengan biomarka Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin urin (uNGAL). Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh asupan protein terhadap cedera glomerulotubular pada BBLSP. Metode : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pada BBLSP yang dilakukan dengan desain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat perinatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Bunda Menteng pada periode 1 Juni 2019 hingga Mei 2020. Pengambilan sampel urin dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali yaitu usia 0-48 jam (T1), 72 jam (T2), dan usia 21 hari (T3). Dilakukan pemeriksaan rasio NGAL dan kreatinin urin (uNGAL/Cr). Cedera glomerulotubular didefinisikan sebagai uNGAL/Cr  1 SB. Data karakteristik subyek dan asupan protein diambil dari rekam medik. Rerata asupan protein enteral dicatat sejak usia 14-21 hari sesuai asupan di rekam medik. Kadar protein di ASI diukur dengan human milk analyzer. Asupan tinggi protein adalah kadar asupan protein 3 g/kg/hari. Hasil : Total subyek penelitian adalah 59 BBLSP pada saat rekruitmen dan terdapat 39 subyek menyelesaikan penelitian hingga usia 21 hari. Proporsi BBLSP yang mengalami cedera glomerulotubular pada pemberian kadar asupan tinggi protein 5/29 subyek, sedangkan pada pemberian kadar asupan rendah protein adalah 4/10 subyek. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada BBLSP yang mendapatkan kadar asupan tinggi protein dibandingkan rendah protein adalah 3,54 (0,69-89,16) ng/mg dan 6,88 (0,32-66,64) ng/mg. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada usia 48 jam, 72 jam, dan 21 hari tidak menunjukkan korelasi yang bermakna dengan kadar asupan protein (p=0,80; 0,58; 0,07).Simpulan : Sebanyak 5/29 subyek yang mendapatkan kadar asupan tinggi protein mengalami cedera glomerulotubular. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada BBLSP yang mendapat asupan tinggi protein maupun rendah protein cenderung meningkat pada usia 72 jam dan menurun pada usia 21 hari. Pemberian asupan tinggi protein pada BBLSP tidak menyebabkan cedera glomerulotubular pada bayi sangat prematur.

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Background: Absolute preterm birth rate in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) was 507 in 2018, 112 amongst were born very preterm (28-32 weeks of gestational age). The survival rate was approximately 58.9%. Early aggressive nutrition by administration of high protein intake is needed for catch up growth. High protein produces high metabolic load to the kidney. Kidney in the very preterm neonates have fewer amount of functional nephron. Furthermore, the immaturity of the kidney was shown in lower glomerular filtration rate and ability to dilute urine. High protein intake induces nephron hypertrophy,

proteinuria, and glomerular sclerosis through single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration (SNGHF) which lead to glomerulotubular injury. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to creatinine ratio (uNGAL/Cr) is a biomarker used to detect glomerulotubular injury.

Aim : To analyze the correlation of high protein intake and glomerulotubular injury in very preterm neonates.

Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted in very preterm infants admitted to neonatology ward of CMH and Bunda Hospital Menteng during 1 June 2019 to May 2020. Urine sample were taken in 3 points of time: age 0-48 hours, 72 hours, and 21 days postnatal. Urine NGAL and creatinine (uNGAL/Cr) were examined. Glomerulotubular injury was defined as uNGAL/Cr level 1 SD. Subject characteristic data and protein intake were obtained from medical record. Enteral protein intake was recorded daily from medical record since age 14-21 days postnatal. Protein level in the breastmilk was measured by using human milk analyzer. High protein intake is recorded if the average intake was  3/kg/day.

Results: This study recruited 59 very preterm neonates and 39 of them survived until the end of the study. Proportion of very preterm neonates who had glomerulotubular injury after high protein intake vs low protein intake was 5/29 vs 4/10 subjects. Median of uNGAL/Cr level in high protein intake group compare to low protein intake group were 3,54 (0,69-89,16) ng/mg and 6,88 (0,32-66,64) ng/mg. Protein intake is not correlated to uNGAL/Cr level at 0-48 hours, 72 hours, and 21 days postnatal age (p=0,80; 0,58; 0,07).

Conclusion: There were 5/29 subjects experienced glomerulotubular injury in high protein intake administration. In very preterm neonates, uNGAL/Cr level was increased at the age of 72 hours and decreased in 21 days on both high and low protein intake group. High protein intake had no correlation to glomerulotubular injury in the very preterm neonates. "

"Salah satu faktor yang menentukan BB lahir bayi adalah asupan nutrisi ibu yang adekuat. Beberapa nutrien diketahui memiliki efek terhadap BB lahir bayi di antaranya adalah protein dan seng. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dan dilakukan di 10 puskesmas kecamatan di Jakarta Timur sejak Februari hingga April 2015 dengan subjek ibu hamil berusia 19–44 tahun dengan usia kehamilan 32–37 minggu. Data asupan protein didapatkan dengan metode 24-hour recall, sedangkan asupan seng dengan metode Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire dan 24-hour recall. Pengambilan darah dilakukan sebelum ibu melahirkan dan diperiksa dengan metode Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Berat badan lahir bayi diukur segera setelah bayi lahir. Sebanyak 116 subjek mengikuti penelitian hingga akhir. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan protein dengan kadar seng serum (r = 0,042, p = 0,653), tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan seng dengan kadar seng serum (r = 0,155, p = 0,096), tidak terdapat korelasi antara asupan seng dengan BB lahir bayi (r = - 0,09, p = 0,303), dan tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar seng serum dengan BB lahir bayi (r = -0,116, p = 0,215). Penelitian ini belum berhasil menemukan hubungan antara asupan protein, seng, dan kadar seng serum dengan BB lahir bayi.

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One of the factors affecting birth weight is mother’s adequate nutrient intake. Several nutrients are known to its effect to birth weight, which among them are protein and zinc. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 district public health centres in East Jakarta since Februari until April 2015. Subjects of the study were pregnant mothers aged 19–44 years old whose gestational age between 32–37 weeks.

Protein intake was computed based on 24-hour recall method, while zinc intake was computed based on Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour recall method. Blood specimens were collected before giving birth and being assesed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. Birth weight was measured soon after the baby was born. One hundred and sixteen subjects followed the study until the end.

Statistical analysis showed there were no correlation between protein intake and maternal zinc serum (r = 0,042, p = 0,653), no correlation between zinc intake and maternal zinc serum (r = 0,155, p = 0,096), no correlation between zinc intake and birth weight (r = -0,09, p = 0,303), and no correlation between maternal zinc serum and birth weight (r = - 0,116, p = 0,215). This study has not been able to prove any relationship between maternal intake of protein, zinc, zinc serum and birth weight."

"Kolonisasi Bifidobacterium merupakan bakteri komensal yang baik untuk perkembangan dan kolonisasi awal mikrobiota janin. Jumlah Bifidobacterium dapat dipengaruhi oleh asupan protein ibu selama hamil. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan di seluruh puskesmas kecamatan di Jakarta Timur mulai bulan Februari hingga April 2015 dengan subjek ibu hamil berusia 19 - 44 tahun dan usia kehamilan 32 - 37 minggu. Data asupan protein didapatkan dengan metode 2-day repeated 24 hour food recall, selain itu dinilai juga rasio asupan nabati- hewani menggunakan metode semi quantitative - food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Analisis feses dilakukan pada 52 subjek menggunakan metode real time-polymerase chain reaction (rPCR). Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan terdapat korelasi positif lemah tidak bermakna antara asupan protein dengan jumlah Bifidobacterium (r = 0,132, p >0,05), sehingga penelitian ini belum dapat membuktikan adanya korelasi antara asupan protein dengan jumlah Bifidobacterium pada ibu hamil trimester ketiga.

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Bifidobacterium is a commensal bacteria that are beneficial for the development and early colonization of microbiota on fetus. The amount of Bifidobacterium can be influenced by maternal protein intake during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study had been conducted in all primary health care in East Jakarta Subdistrict, from February to April 2015. Subjects of the study were pregnant women aged 19-44 years old and gestational age 32-37 weeks. The quantity of protein intake was obtained by 2-day repeated 24 hour food recall method, moreover, the study also assessed the intake of vegetable-animal ratio by semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) method. Stool analysis was conducted on 52 subjects using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR). The result of the study showed a poor positive correlation between protein intake with the amount of Bifidobacterium (R = 0.132, p >0.05).This study has not showed any significant correlation between protein intake with the amount of Bifidobacterium in the third trimester of pregnancy."

"Prevalensi balita wasting di Indonesia tahun 2022 sebesar 7,7%, menurut WHO masalah wasting ini sudah termasuk masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang buruk. Wasting adalah masalah gizi pada balita yang berdampak pada morbiditas dan mortalitas. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian wasting pada balita usia 6–59 bulan di Kelurahan Cimpaeun Kota Depok Tahun 2023. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April–Juni 2023, menggunakan desain cross-sectional, metode proportionate stratified random sampling dengan sampel penelitian 136 balita usia 6–59 bulan. Data dianalisis univariat dan bivariat menggunakan chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 9,6% balita usia 6–59 bulan di Kelurahan Cimpaeun Kota Depok Tahun 2023 menderita wasting, dan termasuk pada masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang buruk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan energi, asupan protein, pengetahuan gizi ibu, dan pendapatan keluarga berhubungan dengan kejadian wasting pada balita usia 6–59 bulan. Risiko wasting lebih tinggi pada balita dengan asupan energi dan protein yang kurang, pengetahuan gizi ibu yang kurang, serta pendapatan keluarga yang rendah.

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The prevalence of wasting under five in Indonesia in 2022 is 7.7%, according to WHO this wasting problem is a bad public health problem. Wasting is a nutritional problem in toddlers that has an impact on morbidity and mortality. The research objective was to determine the factors associated with wasting in toddlers aged 6–59 months in Cimpaeun Village in 2023. This research was conducted in April–June 2023, using a cross-sectional design, proportionate stratified random sampling method with a research sample of 136 toddlers aged 6–59 months. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using chi-square. The results showed that 9.6% of toddlers aged 6–59 months in the Cimpaeun Village in 2023 were suffering from wasting, and this is a bad public health problem. The results showed that energy intake, protein intake, mother's nutritional knowledge, and family income were associated with wasting in toddlers aged 6–59 months. The risk of wasting is higher for toddlers with less energy and protein intake, less knowledge of mother's nutrition, and low family income."

"Ventilator mekanik adalah salah satu alat bantuan hidup yang paling sering digunakan oleh pasien kritis, namun terdapat banyak komplikasi apabila digunakan dengan durasi yang memanjang yaitu lebih dari 14 hari (prolonged mechanical ventilation, PMV), dan dikatakan hanya 50% pasien dengan Ventilator mekanik adalah salah satu alat bantuan hidup yang paling sering digunakan oleh pasien kritis, namun terdapat banyak komplikasi apabila digunakan dengan durasi yang memanjang yaitu lebih dari 14 hari (prolonged mechanical ventilation, PMV), dan dikatakan hanya 50% pasien dengan PMV yang dapat dilakukan ekstubasi. Peningkatan durasi pemakaian ventilator dan lama rawat pada pasien ICU disebabkan antara lain karena berkurangnya sintesis protein dan meningkatnya pemecahan protein otot, sehingga asupan protein dalam jumlah yang tepat dan diberikan sesuai dengan waktu rawat dapat mengurangi waktu lama rawat, durasi pemakaian ventilator dan angka kematian pada pasien kritis. Namun, saat ini prevalensi obesitas meningkat pada sakit kritis dan memengaruhi pemanjangan durasi pemakaian ventilator. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort prospektif pada subjek dengan indeks massa tubuh ≥25 kg/m2, berusia 18-70 tahun, menggunakan ventilator mekanik ≥72 jam, dan dirawat di ICU RSCM dan RSUI. Diperoleh 23 subjek dengan proporsi 65,2% laki-laki dan 34,8% perempuan, dengan rerata usia 51 tahun. Mayoritas subjek penelitian memiliki IMT obesitas derajat 1 (91,3%) dan EOSS kelas 2 (56,5%). Berdasarkan diagnosis awal admisi ICU didominasi oleh sepsis dan pasca pembedahan (14,3%). Subjek penelitian sebagian besar belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi berdasarkan rekomendasi (17,52±5,99 kkal/kgBB/hari). Rerata asupan protein pada penelitian ini masih kurang dari rekomendasi (0,833±0,264 g/kgBB/hari) dan rerata durasi pemakaian ventilator pada penelitian ini cukup panjang (245,35±125,16 jam). Hasil penelitian ini tidak didapatkan hubungan antara rerata asupan protein dengan durasi pemakaian ventilator mekanik. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan kriteria subjek pada variabel dependen dan independen yang lebih bervariasi dan dengan mempertimbangkan analisis faktor perancu lain yang dapat memengaruhi durasi pemakaian ventilator mekanik.

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Mechanical ventilators are one of the most frequent life-support used in critically ill patients. However, prolonged mechanical ventilation (more than 14 days) can lead to many complications and only 50% of PMV patients being able to be extubated. The increased duration of ventilator and length of ICU stay in patients is partly due to decreased protein synthesis and increased muscle protein breakdown. Therefore, adequate protein intake may reduce length of ICU stay, duration of ventilation, and mortality in critically ill patients. However, the prevalence of obesity in critically ill patients has been increasing and affecting the longer duration of ventilation. This study employed a prospective cohort design on subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m², aged 18-70 years, who used mechanical ventilators for ≥72 hours, and were treated in the ICUs of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and University of Indonesia Hospital (RSUI). A total of 23 subjects were included, with 65.2% male and 34.8% female, and an average age of 51 years. The majority of study subjects had a BMI obesity grade 1 (91.3%) and EOSS class 2 (56.5%). The initial diagnosis at ICU admission was dominated by sepsis and post-surgery conditions (14.3%). Most subjects in the study could not meet their energy needs (17.52±5.99 kcal/kgBW/day). The average protein intake in this study was still below the recommendation (0.833±0.264 g/kgBW/day) and the average duration of mechanical ventilation was quite long (245.35±125.16 hours). The study did not find a relationship between protein intake and duration of mechanical ventilation. Further research is needed with more varied subject criteria fpr dependent and independent variables, while considering the analysis of other confounding factors that may influence the duration of mechanical ventilator use."

"Prevalensi balita wasting di Jakarta Timur tahun 2017 merupakan prevalensi tertinggi kedua di DKI Jakarta yakni sebesar 11%. Prevalensi wasting di Jakarta Timur termasukmasalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius. Wasting merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius karna dapat menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas balita. Usia 24-30 bulan merupakan usia yang rentan mengalami wasting karena sudah tidak mendapatkan ASI sehingga diperlukannya asupan gizi yang adekuat. Wasting memiliki beberapa faktorlangsung dan tidak langsung sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor dominan kejadian wasting pada anak usia 24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung, JakartaTimur tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan sampel penelitian 221 anak usia 24-30 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 14,9% anak usia24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung, Jakarta Timur tahun 2019 mengalami wasting. Terdapat hubungan positif antara asupan energi, asupan karbohidrat, asupan protein,asupan protein hewani, asupan lemak, frekuensi asupan susu, dan jumlah asupan susu dengan kejadian wasting. Risiko wasting lebih tinggi pada anak dengan asupan energi, karbohidrat, protein, protein hewani, dan lemak yang tidak adekuat serta frekuensi dan jumlah asupan susu yang kurang. Faktor dominan dari penelitian ini yakni asupan protein yang berarti asupan protein tidak adekuat mempunyai peluang 2,8 kali untuk menjadi wasting dibandingkan dengan anak dengan asupan protein adekuat setelah dikontrol oleh asupan energi, asupan asupan karbohidrat, asupan protein hewani, asupan lemak, riwayat ISPA, riwayat diare, usia minum susu, frekuensi asupan susu, jumlah asupan susu, IMD, dan pendidikan ibu. Maka dari itu diperlukannya asupan protein khususnya susu untuk mencegah kejadian wasting.

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The prevalence of wasting toodlers in East Jakarta in 2017 is the second highest prevalance in DKI Jakarta is 11%. The prevalence of wasting in East Jakarta is a serious problem public health. Wasting is a serious problem because it can cause morbidity and mortality in children. Age 24-30 months is the age high risk of wasting because its not getting breast milk anymore, so adequate nutritional intake is needed. Wasting has several direct and indirect factors, the purpose of this study is to find out dominant factors of wasting in children aged 24-30 months in Cakung Sub District, East Jakarta in 2019. This study used a cross-sectional method with 221 children aged 24-30 month. The results showed 14,9% of children aged 24-30 months in Cakung District, East Jakarta in 2019 had wasting. There is a relationship between energy intake, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, animal source protein intake, fat intake, frequency of milk intake, amount of milk intake with wasting. The risk of wasting is higher in children with energy, carbohydrate, protein, animal protein, and inadequate fat intake and less frequency and amount of milk intake. The dominant factor of this study isprotein intake which means that inadequate protein intake has higher risk 2,8 times to be wasting compared to children with adequate protein intake after being controlled by energy intake, carbohydrate intake, animal source protein intake, fat intake, acute respiratory infection, diarrhea, age of drinking milk, frequency of milk intake, amount of milk intake, initiation of breast feeding, and mother education. Adequancy protein intake is needed especially milk intake to prevent wasting in children."

"Balita merupakan salah satu kelompok yang sangat rentan mengalami masalah status gizi. Di Indonesia, prevalensi balita kekurangan gizi, pendek, dan kurus cukup tinggi, terutama di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Selain masalah status gizi, sebagian besar balita di Provinsi NTT juga mengalami kekurangan asupan protein. Asupan protein merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi status gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status gizi balita dan hubungannya dengan tingkat pola asupan protein di Provinsi NTT. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain potong lintang analitik dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 564 balita berusia 12-59 bulan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 47 subjek kekurangan gizi, 62,8 subjek pendek, dan 14,9 subjek kurus. Setengah dari jumlah subjek juga memiliki tingkat pola asupan protein yang kurang 50,4. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-square menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara tingkat pola asupan protein dengan status gizi menurut BB/U p=0,001 dan TB/U p=0,041. Selain itu, juga terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara tingkat penghasilan keluarga dengan status gizi menurut BB/U p=0,019 dan TB/U p=0,002 serta tingkat pendidikan ibu dengan status gizi menurut TB/U p=0,011. Kesimpulannya, prevalensi kekurangan gizi, pendek dan kurus pada balita di Provinsi NTT tinggi dan secara signifikan berhubungan dengan tingkat pola asupan protein.

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Under five children are one of group which is very vulnerable to nutritional status problem. In Indonesia, prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting among under five children is high, especially in Nusa Tenggara Timur. Besides nutritional status problem, most of under five children in NTT also had low protein intake. Protein intake is one of many factors that may influence nutritional status. The aim of this study is to determine nutritional status of under five children and its association with protein intake in NTT. Study design applied is analytical cross sectional with. sample of 564 under five children aged 12 59 months. The results showed that 47 subjects were underweight, 62.8 subjects were stunting, and 14.9 subjects were wasting. Half of subjects had insufficient protein intake 50.4. Bivariate analysis using Chi square test showed significant association between protein intake and nutritional status index of weight for age. 0.001 and height for age. 0.041. In addition, there were significant association between family income and nutritional status index of weight for age. 0.019 and height for age. 0.002. as well as mother rsquo. education and nutritional status index of height for age. 0.011. In conclusion, prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting among under five children in NTT was high and it significantly associated with protein intake."

"Kurang gizi pada balita 0-23 bulan masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat diProvinsi DKI Jakarta. Pada tahun 2017 prevalensi underweight di Provinsi DKI Jakarta tergolong prevalensi medium 14,5, sementara wasting tergolong serius, sedangkanuntuk stunting termasuk rendah 18,1. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan lemak, keragaman jenis makanan, frekuensi pemberian makanan, ASI eksklusif, inisiasi menyusu dini, penimbangaan berat badan, pemberian kapsul vitamin A, riwayat pendidikan formal ibu dan status ibubekerja dengan kurang gizi pada Balita 0-23 bulan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta tahun 2017.Kurang gizi diukur menggunakan Compocite Index of Anthropometric Failure CIAF. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 658 balita 0-23 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi kurang gizi pada Balita 0-23 bulan dengan indikator CIAF jauh lebih tinggi 31,9 dibandingkan dengan indikator BB/U,PB/U, dan BB/PB. Asupan protein, keragaman jenis makanan, pemberian kapsulvitamin A dan status bekerja ibu berhubungan signifikan dengan kurang gizi. Faktor dominan adalah asupan protein. Balita yang mengkonsumsi protein kurang memiliki risiko sebesar 4,8 kali 95 CI: 0.599-38.746 untuk mengalami kurang gizi dibandingkan Balita yang mengkonsumsi protein cukup. Terdapat interaksi antaraasupan protein dan keragaman jenis makanan. Interaksi tersebut saling melemahkan terhadap kejadian kurang gizi.

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Undernutrition in under five children 0 23 months is still a public health problem in DKI Jakarta Province. In 2017, the prevalence of underweight in DKI Jakarta is classified as medium prevalence 14.5, while wasting is considered serious, meanwhile stunting is low 18.1. The objectives of the study were to investigate the relationship between energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, food diversity, feeding frequency, exclusive breastfeeding, early breastfeeding initiation, weight monitoring,vitamin A capsule supplementation, maternal formal education and maternal working status with undernutrition in under five children 0 23 months. Undernutrition was measured using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure CIAF. This research use cross sectional design with number of sample 658.

The results showed prevalence of undernutrition using CIAF indicator is much higher 31.9 compared with BB U, PB U, and BB PB indicators. Protein intake, dietary diversity, vitamin A capsule supplementation and maternal working status were significantly associated with undernutrition. The dominant factor is protein intake. Toddlers who consumed less protein had 4.8 times higher risk 95 CI 0.599 38.746 to experience undernutrition compared to toddlers who consumed enough protein. There is an interaction between protein intake and food diversity. The interactions are mutually debilitating to theincidence of undernutrition."