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Abstrak :
It is widely accepted that education is one important sector in human life espicially related to access and participation. However , Indonesia sill faces problem in relation to equal education access for boys is higher than rhose for girls. This situation shows, to some point, hind rents the Indonesia government to provide equal education for man and woman as one target of the United Nation's Millenium Declaration. It is the necessary to take a look at policies of Indonesia government on education and how the policies influence women participation in education. One of the government policies which could benefit women is the acknowledgeement of distance education (DE) in Indonesia educational system. This paper discusses how DE could benefit women by providing wider access to education. For illustration , this paper provides analysis of roles and performances of Universitas Terbuka , a state national higher education which fully implements DE system, in relation to efforts to increase access and participation of women in education, espicially in higher education.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Produk tradisional merupakan produk asuransi dimana kebijakan investasi sepenuhnya dikelola dan diatur oleh perusahaan. Kelemahan produk asuransi tradisional adalah tidak adanya garansi mengenai besar jumlah pengembalian dari hasil investasi perusahaan asuransi. Penulis mencoba menganalisa besar premi dan manfaat dari produk asuransi jiwa dwiguna dengan pendekatan metode Annual Ratchet. Metode Annual Ratchet memberikan batasan yaitu batas bawah (floor) dan batas atas (cap) terhadap pengembalian suatu investasi. Besar pengembalian akan digaransi sesuai dengan range batas bawah dan batas atas yang telah ditetapkan. Metode Annual Ratchet terbagi menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu Simple Ratchet dan Compound Ratchet. Metode ini dibedakan menurut cara pengakumulasian dari hasil investasi. Metode Annual Ratchet adalah pengembangan dari metode point to point dimana terdapat nilai garansi berupa tingkat partisipasi dari hasil investasi. Nilai garansi tersebut selanjutnya akan digunakan untuk menghitung besar premi dan manfaat asuransi yang akan diberikan pada akhir suatu periode asuransi. Pendekatan dengan metode Compound Ratchet memberikan tingkat partisipasi dan manfaat pertanggungan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan metode Simple Ratchet. Besarnya manfaat uang pertanggungan dan tingkat partisipasi dipengaruhi oleh jumlah premi dan usia tertanggung.

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ABSTRACT
Traditional insurance product is a product where investment portfolio fully managed and administered by insurer. The weakness of traditional insurance product is no guarantee on investment return. The author tries to analyze premiums and benefits from endowment life insurance products with Annual Ratchet method. Ratchet Annual methods provide restrictions that the lower limit (floor) and the upper limit (cap) against the return on an investment. Return on investment shall be warranted within the range of the lower and upper limits which have been set previously. Annual Ratchet method is divided into 2 (two) types, namely Simple Ratchet and Compound Ratchet. The difference between those two is on how accumulation of investment being set. Annual Ratchet method is developed from point to point method. Annual Ratchet provides guarantee of participation rate from investment. The guarantee value will then be used to calculate premiums and insurance benefits. Benefits will be provided at the end of the insurance period. Sum assured calculated by using Compound Ratchet give higher participation rate and benefits compare to Simple Ratchet. Amount of premium and age of insured determine how much sum assured benefit and participation rate customer can receive

Abstrak :
Regional development is an integral part of national development and in line with the principles of fiscal decentralization and regional autonomy. Regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization is a process that is dynamic. In practice, implementation of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization meant that the region can manage its own finances effectivelyefficiently and accmmtably in order to fund their duties of government provide better public services and creating public decision-making process more democratic. In order to accelerate regional development funds which are not needed less. In the state of region income and Balance Fund as a major source of local revenue is limited, local government is required to explore other revenue sources so as not to hamper the development process, one of which is through the issuance of Islamic Municipal Bonds (Sukuk). To be able to use tl1e Sukuk as an instrument of regional development fmancing, local government must follow the statutory regulations applicable, comply with Sharia compliance and consider the factors that influence the ability of the region, namely capital spending, third party funds and labor force participation rate. Regional groups that have low capital budget, the position of the banking deposits in low-and low labor force participation rate has a probability can be issued Sukuk amounting to 39.35%. Factors affecting the ability of regions to issue Sukuk is a factor in third party funds in the high category. While both categories of factors are capital expenditures and higher categories, third party funding and the medium category of labor force participation rate of both categories of medium and high categories showed no statistically significant effect

Abstrak :
Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) adalah salah satu program pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi sekolah, termasuk partisipasi sekolah anak disabilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh program BOS yang diberikan kepada SLB terhadap Angka Partisipasi Sekolah (APS) anak disabilitas pada tingkat kabupaten/kota di tahun 2020-2021. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis data panel, penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa BOS untuk SLB tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap APS anak penyandang disabilitas di kabupaten/kota yang memperoleh dana BOS minimal sebesar Rp 120juta. Kabupaten/kota yang menerima dana BOS minimal Rp 120juta menandakan bahwa sekolah pada kabupaten/kota tersebut telah memenuhi minimal fixed cost yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan operasional sekolah. Namun demikian, meskipun kabupaten/kota sudah memperoleh besaran dana BOS minimal sesuai fixed cost, ternyata dana BOS tidak dapat meningkatkan partisipasi sekolah anak penyandang disabilitas. Variabel independen lainnya yang berpengaruh signifikan yaitu persentase disabilitas berat, persentase disabilitas yang tinggal di wilayah urban, rasio ketersediaan sekolah inklusi, rata-rata lama sekolah, dan regional. Sedangkan variabel independen lainnya yang tidak signifikan yaitu rasio guru-siswa SLB, rasio ketersediaan SLB, PDRB per kapita, dan usia harapan hidup. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa besaran dana BOS untuk SLB masih relatif sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan operasional sekolah, jenjang pendidikan dan jenis kebutuhan/gangguan; masih belum maksimalnya pendataan SLB untuk dapat menerima dana BOS; serta masih besarnya biaya personal pendidikan yang perlu dikeluarkan oleh keluarga dengan penyandang disabilitas. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa perlu adanya evaluasi terhadap besaran dana BOS untuk SLB dengan menghitung kebutuhan riil operasional, jenjang sekolah dan jenis kebutuhan/gangguan penyandang disabilitas, perlu dimaksimalkannya pendataan SLB dan siswa penyandang disabilitas agar dapat menerima BOS, serta perlu ditingkatkannya bantuan untuk keluarga dengan penyandang disabilitas untuk membantu mengurangi biaya personal pendidikan. ......School Operational Assistance (BOS) is a government program that aims to increase school participation, including school participation for children with disabilities. This study aims to find out how much influence the BOS program provided to SLB has on the School Participation Rate (APS) of children with disabilities at the district/city level in 2020-2021. Using the panel data analysis method, this study shows that BOS for special schools does not have a significant effect on the APS of children with disabilities in 2020- 2021 in regencies/cities that receive a minimum BOS fund of IDR 120 million. Districts/cities that receive BOS funds of more than IDR 120 million indicate that schools are sufficient to meet the minimum fixed costs required for school operations. Even though schools have received the minimum amount of BOS funds according to the fixed cost, they cannot increase the school participation of children with disabilities in districts/cities. Other independent variables that have a significant effect are the percentage of severe disabilities, the percentage of disabled living in urban areas, the ratio of the availability of inclusive schools, the average length of schooling, and the region. Meanwhile, other independent variables that were not significant were the teacher-student ratio of SLB, the ratio of availability of SLB, GRDP per capita, and life expectancy. These results indicate that the amount of BOS funds for special schools is still relatively small when compared to the operational needs of schools, educational levels and types of needs/disorders; the data collection for SLB is still not maximal to be able to receive BOS funds; as well as the large personal costs of education that need to be paid by families with disabilities. This research has implications that it is necessary to evaluate the amount of BOS funds for SLB by calculating real operational needs, school level and types of needs/disorders of persons with disabilities, it is necessary to maximize data collection on SLB and students with disabilities so that they can receive BOS, and it is necessary to increase assistance to families with disabilities to help reduce personal education costs.

Abstrak :
Indonesia telah  menerapkan  kebijakan  desentralisasi,  tidak  saja  yang  berlaku  umum untuk seluruh wilayah di Indonesia, tapi juga sudah mengadopsi desentralisasi asimetris, utamanya untuk wilayah-wilayah tertentu seperti Aceh, Papua, dan Papua Barat. Kebijakan desentralisasi asimetris ini, melimpahkan kewenangan yang lebih besar untuk fungsi tertentu kepada wilayah terkait, yang juga didukung melalui alokasi dana transfer Otonomi Khusus dari pemerintah pusat. Transfer Dana Otonomi Khusus ini telah berjalan belasan tahun dan akan segera berakhir pada 2022 (untuk Papua dan Papua Barat) dan 2028  (untuk  Aceh).  Transfer  Dana  Otonomi  Khusus  diantaranya  digunakan  untuk membiayai  program-program  pengentasan  kemiskinan  dan  pendidikan.  Kedua  hal tersebut merupakan dua indikator penting dalam capaian pembangunan daerah, terutama dikaitkan  dengan  kondisi  capaian  pembangunan  yang  relatif  belum  baik  apabila dibandingkang  daerah  lain  di  Indonesia.  Angka  kemiskinan,  secara  rata-rata  untuk periode 2015-2018, di ketiga daerah tersebut masih berada di atas rata-rata nasional, termasuk juga untuk partisipasi pendidikan khususnya di Papua dan Papua Barat. Oleh sebab itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran pengaruh Dana Otonomi Khusus terhadap angka kemiskinan dan Angka Partisipasi Murni jenjang pendidikan SMP di Aceh, Papua, dan Papua Barat. Menggunakan regresi data panel, studi ini mencakup 23 kabupaten/kota di Aceh dan 11 kabupaten/kota di Papua Barat  pada tahun 2013-2018. Sedangkan Papua dilakukan pada 29 kabupaten/kota tahun 2015-2018. Hasil penelitan ini menunjukkan bahwa Dana Otonomi Khusus pada kabupaten/kota di Papua Barat secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan penurunan  angka kemiskinan, dan  peningkatan angka Partisipasi Murni jenjang SMP, namun studi ini belum menemukan korelasi yang cukup  kuat  untuk  konteks  Dana  Otonomi  Khusus  yang  diterima  kabupaten/kota di Papua dan Aceh.

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