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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini mempelajari dan membahas bagaimana penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian memiliki peran yang penting dalam manajemen pembiayaan mudarabah oleh lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam mengantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya moral hazard. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan membandingkan antara dua lembaga keuangan mikro syariah yaitu BMT Baitul Karim di Bekasi dan BT Tamzis Bina Utama cabang Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memperoleh gambaran yang menyeluruh langkah-langkah antisipatif yang harus dilakukan oleh manajemen lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam mengantisipasi timbulnya kerugian usaha lembaga keuangan mikro syariah khususnya yang bersumber dari pembiayaan berbasis mudarabah.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis examines and discusses how important the application of prudential principles in mudaraba financing management by Islamic microfinance institutions in accordance with anticipating the possibility of moral hazard. This research using qualitative method by comparing between two micro finance institutions of sharia namely BMT Baitul Karim in Bekasi and BT Tamzis Bina Utama Ahmad Dahlan Branch Yogyakarta. The results of this study is to obtain a comprehensive view of anticipatory steps that must be done by the management of sharia micro finance institutions in anticipation of the occurrence of losses on Islamic microfinance institutions particularly those originating from mudaraba based financing.

Abstrak :
Perilaku moral hazard tertanggung merupakan permasalahan serius industri perasuransian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan tingkat moral hazard pada tertanggung asuransi syariah dan asuransi konvensional. Penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi penerapan hukum syariah dalam kaitannya terhadap tingkat moral hazard tertanggung asuransi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah laporan bulanan penolakan klaim pada divisi roda dua PT. Asuransi XYZ. dari Januari 2008 hingga Desember 2008. Uji hipotesis menggunakan metode compare mean independen samples ttest. Dari hasil penelitian dan analisis ditemukan bahwa dengan pendekatan laporan klaim, ditemukan perbedaan hasil perhitungan tingkat moral hazard pada kelompok tertanggung asuransi syariah dan konvensional. Sedangkan dengan pendekatan polis aktif dari hasil uji hipotesis tidak terdapat perbedaan hasil perhitungan tingkat moral hazard pada kedua kelompok tertanggung. Lebih jauh lagi konsep asuransi syariah dapat dijadikan solusi bagi problematika moral hazard tertanggung.

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Moral hazard behaviour of consumer is a serious problem in insurance industry. This research aims to test the differences between moral hazard proportion in consumer of sharia insurance and modern insurance. This research also evaluates wheather the sharia law application is able to reduce moral hazard behaviour of insurance consumer. Data used in this research are monthly report of rejected claim in two wheeler division PT Asuransi XYZ from January 2008 to December 2008. Compare mean independent samples t-test method is used in testing hypothesis. The analytical result of this research show that there is significant difference in the moral hazard proportion calculation using first method where the reported claim as a divider factor. In other method, there is no difference in the moral hazard proportion using live policy as a divider factor. Furthermore, sharia insurance concept could be a solution for moral hazard of insurance consumer.

Abstrak :
There are two purposes that want to be assessed in this paper. The first purpose is to indicate whether the moral hazard problems are occurred in the Indonesian Sharia Bank (The moral hazard in this paper is the Indirect Moral Hazard which is the negligence of bank in the financing process influencing the moral hazard problems of the debtor in the other side. The second purpose is to assess whether the financing policies in the Sharia Banking are influenced by profit sharing system. The data for assessing this paper are acquired from the monthly financial reports published by Sharia Banks such as BSM and BM] from January 2001 to December 2004. The research based on the Error Correction Model in the long term shows that the increasing of allocation ratio of Murabahah to Musyarakah and Mudharabah results the increasing of non performing financing ratio. It indicates that the moral hazard problems are occurred in BM]. The moral hazard indication demonstrates that bank is both less careful in financing and less incentive in monitoring process. It also demonstrates the weakness of the Sharia bank ?s operational system in countering the debtor's moral hazard. The Granger Causality Test proves that profit sharing ratio (nisbah) between bank and debtor influences return ratio, however it does not ?influence financing allocation). On the other hand, financing allocation ratio influences nisbah ratio, furthermore in BSM case, return ratio influences nisbah ratio. This description shows that nisbah ratio is not only an instrument for calculating revenue/return distribution but also an instrument for Sharia bank in synchronizing profit sharing level with the interest rate in conventional bank.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini akan menguji secara empiris keberadaan ex ante moral hazard di pasar asuransi kesehatan di Indonesia terhadap pilihan gaya hidup seperti merokok dan obesitas. Tantangan utama dalam memahami masalah moral hazard adalah endogenitas. Keputusan tentang memiliki asuransi dan pilihan gaya hidup adalah berurutan, bukan serentak. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, penelitian ini menggunakan analisis multivariate probit. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga seri dari IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) tahun 2000, 2007, dan 2014, karena ketiga seri ini memiliki informasi tentang perilaku merokok dan kondisi obesitas. Penelitian ini menemukan bukti keberadaan ex ante moral hazard di asuransi kesehatan untuk obesitas di tingkat kepala keluarga, tapi tidak untuk perilaku merokok. Regresi dari multivariate probit menunjukkan bahwa memiliki asuransi kesehatan meningkatkan kecenderungan untuk obeitas. Dengan menggunakan sampel yang lebih luas, termasuk semua anggota keluarga, tidak ditemukan bukti keberadaan ex ante moral hazard baik untuk perilaku merokok maupun untuk obesitas.

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This paper will empirically examine the existence of ex ante moral hazard in health insurance in Indonesia with respect to lifestyle choices such as smoking and obesity. A key challenge in understanding the moral hazard problem is endogeneity. Decisions regarding having insurance and lifestyle choices are arguably sequential, not simultaneous. To address this problem, this paper uses a multivariate probit analysis. This paper uses three waves from the IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) over 2000, 2007, and 2014, as these have information about insurance status, smoking behaviour, and obesity condition. This paper finds evidence of the existence of ex ante moral hazard in health insurance for obesity of the head of household, but not for smoking. The multivariate probit regression shows that having health insurance increases the propensity of being obese. Using a wider sample, including all members of households, there is not sufficient evidence of the existence of ex ante moral hazard for either smoking or obesity.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi berupa studi empiris ex ante moral hazard pada Sistem Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) di Indonesia dengan melakukan analisis apakah kepemilikan Program JKN membuat individu menjadi tidak terlalu menjaga kondisi kesehatannya yang kemudian mendorong individu melakukan perilaku kesehatan berisiko. Penelitian ini mengestimasi hubungan antara kepemilikan Program JKN dan perilaku kesehatan berisiko dengan mengutilisasi data longitudinal IFLS4 dan IFLS5 sebanyak 14.767 observasi. Kami menemukan bahwa kepemilikan Program JKN memiliki hubungan negatif dengan aktivitas fisik dan hubungan positif dengan pengeluran rokok individu. Selanjutnya dengan menghitung efek marginal kami mendapatkan bahwa Program JKN mengurangi probabilitas individu untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik sebesar 2.7% dan juga mengurangi intensitas melakukan aktivitas fisik. Program JKN juga ditemukan meningkatkan pengeluran rokok individu yang perupakan perokok. Hasil analisis menyatakan bahwa terdapat indikasi terjadinya ex ante moral hazard pada Program JKN karena kepemilikan JKN meningkatkan probabilitas individu melakukan perilaku kesehatan berisiko. Hasil penelitian ini mengimplikasikan bahwa mungkin diperlukan mitigasi untuk mengatasi isu ini karena dapat mengurangi dampak positif dari Program JKN di Indonesia.

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This paper contributes to the empirical evidence of ex ante moral hazard on the National Health Insurance System (NHIS) in Indonesia. It analyses whether participating in Indonesia National Health Insurance System (NHIS) called Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) lead individual to a less healthy lifestyle decisions and therefore encourage risky health behaviors. This paper estimate the relationship between individual JKN participation and risky health behavior by utilizing longitudinal data from IFLS4 and IFLS5 with 14,767 observations. We find that JKN participation has a negative relationship with physical activity and positive relationship with smoking spending. Furthermore, by calculating marginal effect we obtained that JKN participation reduce the probability of physical activity by 2.7% and also reduce the intensity of individual physical activity. For the smoker, JKN Participation is expected increase in their spending for smoking. The result indicate that there is an evidence of ex ante moral hazard from JKN participation since JKN participation lead individual to have a risky health behaviors. Our result provide implication that there is need to mitigate this issue since it might hamper the positive impact of JKN participation in the future.

Abstrak :
LPS adalah Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan di Indonesia yang menjamin Simpanan nasabah. LPS rate merupakan bagian dari skema penjaminan yang digunakan LPS untuk menentukan jumlah simpanan yang layak bayar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh suku bunga penjaminan simpanan yang dikombinasikan dengan nominal maksimum simpanan yang dijamin terhadap stabilitas perbankan dan seberapa berpotensi mengurangi moral hazard baik pada periode normal maupun krisis. Menggunakan data panel dari 94 bank umum di Indonesia dari tahun 2017 hingga 2022 serta tahun 2020 hingga 2021 dianggap sebagai periode krisis. Hasil kami menunjukkan hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara peningkatan persentase simpanan yang dijamin dan stabilitas bank dalam periode normal atau krisis. Sementara untuk moral hazard pada kondisi normal terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan, namun pada saat krisis tidak menjadi variabel yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi bank untuk menaikkan suku bunga. ......LPS is a deposit insurance Corporation in Indonesia that guarantees bank depositors. The LPS rate is part of the guarantee scheme used by the LPS to determine the number of guaranteed deposits that are eligible to be paid. This research aims to assess the influence of deposit insurance rates combined with the maximum nominal deposit guaranteed on banking stability and how potentially reduces moral hazard both in normal periods and crises. Using data panel of 94 commercial banks in Indonesia from 2017 to 2022. where 2020 to 2021 is considered a crisis period. Our results suggest a significant negative relationship between the increase in the percentage of guaranteed deposits and bank stability in normal periods or crises. Related to moral hazard where under normal conditions there is a significant positive relationship, but during a crisis, it does not become a variable that significantly influences banks to raise interest rates.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas tentang kemampuan Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan dalam menghadapi potensi risiko moral hazard terutama yang berhubungan dengan penyaluran kredit perbankan. Keberadaan suatu institusi penjaminan simpanan dimanapun akan selalu diiringi oleh risiko moral hazard bank-bank anggota penjaminan. Penelitian ini dibatasi hanya meneliti bank-bank perkreditan rakyat karena menimbang selama berdiri hingga saat ini, (2005-2012) paparan terbesar LPS adalah disaat melikuidasi BPR. Risiko moral hazard tidak akan dapat dihilangkan, namun dapat ditekan. Salah satu parameter yang sangat berpengaruh dalam menjaga tingkat risiko moral hazard agar tetap rendah dan berada pada batas toleransi yaitu nilai maksimum simpanan yang dijamin (coverage limit). Tesis ini juga berusaha meneliti parameter lain yang berpengaruh dengan memasukkan variabel-variabel makroekonomi seperti pertumbuhan PDB, laju inflasi, suku bunga acuan Bank Indonesia, suku bunga yang dijamin oleh LPS, dan perkembangan penyaluran dana kredit pada BPR. Dalam perkembangan penyusunan tesis ini, dilakukan juga pengujian dalam mengukur risiko moral hazard yang berhubungan dengan kredit BPR secara kuantitatif dengan mengadopsi metode dalam pengukuran pencadangan klaim LPS yaitu pendekatan perhitungan value at risk CreditRisk+ dengan input data berasal dari data non performing loan (NPL) BPR selama tahun 2011 yang masih berada dalam proses maupun yang telah selesai proses likuidasinya oleh LPS.

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Abstract
This research is to determine Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation (IDIC) ability in order to encounter the impact of moral hazard risk in correlation with bank credit disbursement. The existences of a deposit insurer institution everywhere will always be followed by the moral hazard risk of bank members. This study limited to scrutinize only rural banks because since the establishment (2005-2012) the IDIC largest exposure was when it liquidated rural banks. The risk of moral hazard cannot be eliminated, but it can be suppressed. One of the robust parameter that very important in maintaining the level of moral hazard risk in order to remain low and on the threshold of tolerance is the maximum deposit coverage limit. This research also attempted to examine the other parameters that affect by asserted the macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation rate, BI rate, deposit insurance rate, and the development of rural banks credit disbursement. Furthermore, this study also try to measured moral hazard risk in associated with rural banks credit failure quantitatively by adopting the IDIC?s provision cover claim method using banking credit risk measurement approach (internal rating based). After further consideration, CreditRisk+ value at risk approach was chosen using input data from liquidated rural banks non performing loan (NPL) during 2011

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT It is widely believed that fire alarm oversight (i.e., reactive oversight that responds to the complaints of interest groups) rather than police patrol oversight (i.e., precautionary congressional surveillance), better promotes the performance of government agencies by efficiently reducing bureaucratic moral hazard. However, fire alarm oversight can lead to bureaucrats being falsely accused by interest groups who provide biased information to members of Congress of failure to properly implement a policy, thereby causing an unnecessary administrative delay in public management. This article suggests a formal model that compares fire alarm and police patrol oversight and examines the development of congressional oversight mechanisms in the United States.

Abstrak :
The banking crises over the last two decades around the world has renewed the interest in market disipline in banking systems. This interest is not merely academic but it also apparent in recent policy initiatives such as the latest capital proposal by the Basel Commitee on Banking Supervision . The new basel capital accord has 3 pillars. Pillars 3 is disclosure requirement to enhance market discipline. Market discipline has the potential to reinforce pillar 1 ( minimum capital standar) and 2 pillars (supervisory review process) and promote safety and soundness in banks and financial systems. The first objective of this paper is to explain bank regulatory and the important of market discipline to complement bank regulatory. The second objective to explain the framework of market discipline theory and ask some issue : what is market discipline , why the call for market discipline , how market discipline relates to agency conflict in finance theory and how is the framework of market discipline in banking. The third objective is to review some empirical research in market discipline.

Abstrak :
Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri, maka pihak RS Pusri diberi tanggungjawab memberikan pelayanan kesehatan bagi karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri dengan sistem kapitasi. Sistem kapitasi adalah suatu cara pembayaran dimuka sebelum pelayanan diberikan dan sistem ini memerlukan informasi yang lengkap dan komprehensif terhadap tingkat utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan oleh karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri. Pada pelayanan kesehatan yang dibiayai sering terjadi apa yang disebut moral hazard sehingga sering terjadi over utilisasi. Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah belum diketahuinya informasi tingkat utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan oleh karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor karakteristik karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri yang berhubungan dengan tingkat utilisasi pelayanan kesehatan RS Pusri. Penelitian ini merupakan penetilitian deskriptif analitik dengan data primer didapat dari hasil wawancara dan data sekunder dari rekam medik. Karakteristik karyawan dan keluarga PT Pusri yang merupakan variabel bebas yaitu ; jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan, jabatan, status perkawinan, jenis penyakit , persepsi terhadap RS Pusri, jarak tempat tinggal, jumlah anggota keluarga dan pengeluaran keluarga dengan variabel terikatnya tingkat utilisasi. Pada uji statistik chi square dengan nilai p = 0,05 didapatkan hanya 3 variabel bebas yaitu; jenis penyakit, persepsi dan jarak tempat tinggal yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dan pada analisis multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan variabel jarak tempat tinggal merupakan faktor yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi tingkat utilisasi responden. Hasil uji korelasi diantara variabel-variabel bebas yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna ternyata mempunyai nilai korelasi yang rendah. Variabel jarak tempat tinggal mempunyai nilai korelasi yang paling tinggi dan negatif dibanding dari 2 variabel bebas yang lain. Dalam penelitian ini menyatakan secara tidak langsung bahwa tidak semua teori yang ada dapat sesuai dengan kondisi dari populasi yang dijadikan sampel penelitian terutama pada populasi dimana biaya pelayanan kesehatan ditanggung pihak lain. Saran dari peneliti adalah untuk dapat dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui tingkat utilisasi pada populasi dimana beban biaya pelayanan kesehatan ditanggung pihak lain sehingga dapat melihat seberapa besar terjadinya moral hazard dan derived demand.

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Correlation Analysis between Characteristic of Employees and Families of PT Pusri with the Utilization Level of Health Service of the Pusri Hospital 2003 In fulfilling the needs for health service of the employees and families of PT Pusri, the Pusri Hospital is charged with the responsibility to provide health services for the employees and families of the PT Pusri with capitation system. The capitation system is a prepaid payment system before the service is provided and this system needs complete and comprehensive information toward the utilization level of the health service by the employees and families of PT Pusri. In the health service which is financed often occurred what is call moral hazard that often occurred over utilization. The problem in this research is the unknown information regarding the health utilization level by the employees and families of PT Pusri and the factors which affect it. This research is intended to identify the factors of the employees and families? characteristic which is related to the health service utilization level of Pusri Hospital. This research is a descriptive and analytic one, with the primary data obtained from the result of interview and secondary data from medical record. The employees and families characteristic of PT Pusri which independent variable, namely : sex, age, education, position, marital status, types of diseases, perception towards the Pusri Hospital, distance of residence, family size and family expenditure with its dependent variable: the utilization level. With the chi square statistical test with the p value = 0.05 we only obtained 3 independent variables, namely : types of diseases, perception and distance of residence that have significant correlation and the logistic regression multivariate analysis we obtained the variable of distance of the residence as the most dominant factor in affecting the respondents' utilization level. The results of correlation test between the independent variables which have significant relationship turned out to have low correlation value; the variable of residence distance has the highest correlation value and negative compared to the other 2 independent variables. In this research we found out indirectly that the not all of the available theories can be suitable with the population condition that become samples of this research, especially in the population in which the health service expense is financed by other parties. Suggestion from this research is that further research can he done to identify the utilization in the population in which the health service expense is financed by other parties that we can see the extent to which the moral hazard and derived demand.