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Abstrak :
[Bilateral Investment Treaty merupakan perjanjian internasional antara dua negara yang berfungsi untuk melindungi kepentingan investor asing dan host state. Klausul ekspropriasi merupakan salah satu kalusul penting dalam BIT guna melindungi hak investor asing dari perampasan property secara langsung maupun kerugian lain yang mungkin timbul. Ekspropriasi terbagi menjadi indirect expropriation dan indirect expropriation. Thesis ini mencoba mengalisis ruang lingkup dari indirect expropriation dalam hubungannya dengan kedaulatan negara dalam mengambil kebijakan berdasarkan pada hukum internasional;Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions to protect investor?s interest, as well as, the host state?s. Expropriation clause is one of the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from the act of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriation consists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries to analyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State?s sovereignty in taking policies based on international law.;Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions to protect investor?s interest, as well as, the host state?s. Expropriation clause is one of the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from the act of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriation consists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries to analyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State?s sovereignty in taking policies based on international law., Bilateral Investment Treaty is a treaty between two States which functions to protect investor’s interest, as well as, the host state’s. Expropriation clause is one of the importent clauses in BITs to protect the right of foreign investor from the act of confiscation of property directly, and its subsequent injuries. Expropriation consists of direct expropriation and indirect expropriation. This thesis tries to analyze the scope of indirect expropriation, related to the State’s sovereignty in taking policies based on international law.]

Abstrak :
This research aims to test the debt policy as a mechanism to reduce agency conflict among majority and minority shareholders. This test aims to answer the problems to what extend dbt can be used as corporate governance mechanism in a sense of reducing agency conflict.......

Abstrak :
Expropriation merupakan tindakan pengambilalihan aset atau properti milik investor asing oleh pemerintah untuk alasan kepentingan umum. Namun, pengambilalihan yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah tidak hanya yang secara fisik atau kasat mata terlihat secara nyata. Berdasarkan perkembangannya, pemerintah dapat melakukan expropriation secara sembunyi-sembunyi melalui indirect expropriation. Selain itu, perlindungan terhadap investor asing ini semakin diperluas dengan adanya perlindungan terhadap tindakan setara expropriation. Kasus-kasus yang ada menunjukkan bahwa tindakan pemerintah harus menimbulkan kerugian substansial bagi investor asing apabila hendak dikualifikasi sebaga tindakan setara expropriation. ...... Expropriation is the taking of foreign assets or property for the sake of the public interest. Such taking may involve not only direct or outright taking. Nowadays, we may find governments disguising the taking of foreign property, thus constituting indirect expropriation. Furthermore, foreign investors are now more protected than before with the existence of protection towards measures tantamount or equivalent to expropriation. The established cases demonstrate that governmental measures must constitute substantial deprivation suffered by foreign investors to be considered as measures tantamount to expropriation.

Abstrak :
Pemerintah Indonesia sudah memilih the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes melalui ratifikasi Konvensi ICSID, dan kasus ICSID Case No. ARB/12/14 and 12/40 antara Churchill Mining plc dan Planet Mining Pty Ltd melawan Pemerintah Indonesia merupakan salah satu contoh sengketa penanaman modal asing di Indonesia. Petitum dari Penggugat salah satunya adalah pemerintah Indonesia telah melakukan perbuatan indirect expropriation terhadap obyek penanaman modal asing Penggugat. Hal tersebut membawa dua pokok permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini, yaitu bagaimana penentuan hukum yang berlaku dan forum yang berwenang untuk mengadili sengketa ini, dan bagaimana implementasi hukum dalam konteks hukum investor protection, proper due diligence, dan expropriation dalam kasus ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis-doktrinal. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk hukum yang berlaku, karena proyek penanaman modal asing ini dilakukan menggunakan perseroan terbatas berstatus personal Indonesia, maka hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum Indonesia dan maka dari itu pula, karena Indonesia sudah menjadi negara peserta Konvensi ICSID, serta Penggugat merupakan perseroan-perseroan terbatas yang berstatus personal Inggris Raya dan Australia, maka penanaman modal ini dilakukan berdasarkan bilateral investment treaty antara Indonesia dengan masing-masing kedua negara tersebut, yang memilih ICSID sebagai forum penyelesaian sengketa. Selain itu, untuk investor protection, proper due diligence, dan expropriation, dalam proses acara persidangan di ICSID ditemukan bahwa Penggugat telah melakukan perbuatan pemalsuan tanda tangan Bupati proyek setempat untuk dokumen Kuasa Pertambangan yang diperlukan sebagai salah satu dokumen perizinan dilangsungkannya proyek ini. Maka dari itu, dokumen tersebur dinyatakan batal demi hukum dan oleh karena itu Indonesia tidak terbukti melakukan pelanggaran atas hukum investor protection, proper due diligence, dan expropriation. Penggugat justru yang telah melanggar proper due diligence dengan melakukan perbuatan pemalsuan tersebut. ......The Indonesian Government has chosen the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes as the dispute resolution forum for investor-state disputes regarding foreign direct investments in Indonesia, and the ICSID Case No. ARB/12/14 and 12/40 between Churchill Mining plc and Planet Mining Pty Ltd v Government of Indonesia is one of the example cases concerning foreign direct investment disputes in Indonesia. The Claimants claimed that the Respondent has committed an act of indirect expropriation towards the investment object, and that brings two research questions for this thesis, in which first, what are the technicalities of determining the proper governing law and dispute resolution forum for this case, and also what is the implementation regarding the laws of investor protection, proper due diligence, and expropriation in this case. The method used in this research is judicial-doctrinal. The results indicate that regarding the governing law used in this dispute, due to the fact that in this case, the investment is done through Indonesian limited liability companies, then these companies bear the personal status of Indonesia, making them bound to Indonesian law. Regarding the proper dispute resolution forum, Indonesia is one of the signatories of the ICSID Convention, and the Claimants in this case are a public limited company and a privately-owned company with personal statuses of the United Kingdom and Australia, making this investment bound to the bilateral investment treaties between Indonesia and the mentioned countries. Regarding the laws of investor protection, proper due diligence, and expropriation, the Respondent has been determined to have not broken any of those laws due to the fact that the indication during the arbitration of the Claimant has forged the signature of the Regent of the location of the project for the Kuasa Pertambangan licensing document thus making the licensing document null and void. The Claimant on the other hand has violated the provisions of proper due diligence in this case.

Abstrak :
A dividend decision of a firm is an outcome of various considerations. These considerations differ across time and industry. Based on asymetric information – agency theory thought, this study re-examines various variables that have a bearing on the dividend decision of a firm. In addition to examining the impact of corporate fundamentals on dividend policy, this study also analyzes the effect of expropriation trigger variables (family ownership, cash funds, the level of diversification and Related Party Transaction/RPT) on a dividend policy. The results of panel logistic regression indicate that Cash Funds, RPT, Profitability, Size, Growth, Debt and Macroecomics variables are the determinants of the dividend policy for Indonesian listed public companies, observed during 2002 to 2010.

Abstrak :
Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh diversitas Dewan Komisaris terhadap tindak ekspropriasi dalam perusahaan. Studi ini dilakukan pada perusahaan terbuka non- finansial di Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan adalah data perusahaan dari laporan tahunan dan laporan keuangan perusahaan pada tahun 2015 dan 2016. Diversitas Dewan Komisaris diukur berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, masa jabatan, tingkat pendidikan, latar belakang pendidikan, dan latar belakang fungsional atau pengalaman. Pengukuran diversitas usia dan masa jabatan menggunakan koefisien variasi sedangkan pengukuran diversitas jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan. Latar belakang pendidikan, dan latar belakang fungsional menggunakan indeks Blau. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa diversitas jenis kelamin memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap ekspropriasi dalam perusahaan. Diversitas masa jabatan memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap tindak ekspropriasi. Selain itu, diversitas latar belakang pendidikan dianggap berpengaruh negatif terhadap tindak ekspropriasi dalam perusahaan. Secara keseluruhan, studi ini dapat mendorong pihak perusahaan dan regulator, khususnya Otoritas Jasa Keuangan untuk menetapkan kriteria karakteristik diversitas minimal dalam Dewan Komisaris dalam upaya mengurangi tindak ekspropriasi dalam perusahaan, serta kepada calon investor untuk lebih memperhatikan karakteristik diversitas dalam mengukur indikasi adanya tindak ekspropriasi. ......This study aims to analyze the effect of Board of Commissioners rsquo diversity on corporate expropriation. This study analyze non financial public companies in Indonesia. The sample used in this study is secondary data from companies rsquo annual report and financial report from the year 2015 and 2016. The Board of Commissioners rsquo diversity is measured by age, gender, tenure, education level, educational background, and experience. Age and Tenure diversity is measured using variance coefficient, while gender, educational level, educational background, and functional background is measured using Blau Index. The result indicates that the diversity of gender in the board of Commissioners negatively affects corporate expropriation. In addition, the diversity of tenure in the board of Commissioners positively affects corporate expropriation. Furthermore, the diversity of educational background in the board of commissioners negatively affects corporate expropriation. Overall, this study encourages companies regulators, namely the Financial Services Authority Otoritas Jasa Keuangan in setting the minimum diversity criteria for the Board of Commissioners composition in order to reduce the occurrence of company expropriation, and for future investors to pay attention to Board of Commissioners rsquo diversity as a possible indication of firm expropriation.