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Abstrak :
Artikel ini menganalisis normativitas ras kulit hitam dalam musik rap dan bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap MC Asia Amerika dan Amerika kulit putih di Rap Battle (khususnya Jin the MC, Dumbfoundead, dan Eminem), nilai rap battle dalam kaitannya antara ras dan rap, dan bagaimana hubungan rap battle dengan ras dan rap berkontribusi pada faktor keberhasilan Jin The MC, Dumbfoundead, dan Eminem saat mereka menangani serangan rasisme dari lawan rap battle mereka. Korpus penelitian ini adalah film dokumenter tentang perjuangan Asia-Amerika di industri hip-hop berjudul Bad Rap (2016) serta film otobiografi Eminem, 8 Mile (2002). Studi ini menggunakan prinsip De La Garza and Ono's Critical Race Theory (2016) dan Edgar and Sedwick's New Criticism (1999) untuk menemukan pentingnya Rap Battle dalam hubungan antara ras dan rap serta bagaimana musik yang berasal dari seniman kulit hitam mempengaruhi ras non-kulit hitam MC tersebut; khususnya dalam karakteristik penampilan mereka sendiri, strategi untuk melawan serangan rasisme dari lawan, serta pengakuan dan pengembangan karir mereka di industri. Setelah itu, peneliti membahas kesenjangan dalam aspek rasial dan sosiokultural dari normativitas kulit hitam dalam rap dan bagaimana hal itu berkontribusi pada 'faktor keberhasilan' artis yang disebutkan ini sementara serangan rasisme memainkan peran kuat dari lawan ras kulit hitam Amerika. ......This article analyze the normativity of black race in rap music and how it affected Asian American and White American MCs in Rap Battle (specifically Jin the MC, Dumbfoundead, and Eminem), the importance of rap battle in connection between race and rap, and how rap battle’s connection with race and rap contributed to Jin the MC, Dumbfoundead, and Eminem’s success factors as they tackled racist attacks from their rap battle opponents. The corpus of the study is a documentary about Asian American’s struggle in the hip-hop industry called Bad Rap (2016) as well as Eminem’s revised-autobiography film 8 Mile (2002). The study uses De La Garza and Ono’s Critical Race Theory (2016) tenets and Edgar and Sedwick’s New Criticism (1999) to discover the importance of Rap Battle in connection between race and rap as well as the ways that black-originated music affected the nonblack MCs mentioned; specifically in their own performance characteristics, strategies to battle racist attacks from the opponents, as well as their recognition and career development in the industry. Following that, the researcher discussed a gap within racial and sociocultural aspects of black normativity in rap and how it contributed to the ‘success factors’ of these mentioned artists whilst racist attacks played a strong role from Black American opponents.

Abstrak :
Isu diskriminasi sosial terhadap kaum minoritas masih menjadi permasalahan sensitif yang masih sulit untuk diselesaikan. Selaras dengan hal itu, Prancis menjadi salah satu negara dengan tingkat diskriminasi rasial yang masih terbilang tinggi (RFI, 2023) Kery James, seorang rapper, kerap kali mengangkat isu rasisme dalam lagunya, seperti dalam “Le Poète Noir” yang secara implisit menampilkan kritik terhadap diskriminasi rasial terhadap kaum minoritas. Dalam hal ini, musik dapat menjadi media penyampaian kritik atas isu sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat, termasuk permasalahan diskriminasi rasial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperlihatkan adanya resistensi wacana diskriminasi sosial melalui pemilihan diksi dan penggunaan gaya bahasa sebagai media fokalisasi kaum minoritas yang terdiskriminasi di dalam lirik lagu “Le Poète Noir” karya Kery James. Melalui metode kualitatifdengan teknik studi kepustakaan, penelitian ini menggunakan teori struktural puisi Schmitt & Viala (1982), teori analisis komponen makna Leech (1982), dan teori aktivitas diskriminasi Baron & Byrne (1997). Ditemukan bahwa eksistensi kritik sosial atas diskriminasi ditunjukkan melalui dominasi penggunaan aliterasi, asonansi, dan metafora pada lagu untuk mendukung pemberian makna penderitaan dan perjuangan sebagai bentuk kritik atas tindakan diskriminasi rasial. ......The issue of social discrimination against minorities is still a sensitive issue that is still difficult to resolve. In line with this, France is one of the countries with a high level of racial discrimination (RFI, 2023) Kery James, a rapper, often raises issues of racism in his songs, such as in "Le Poète Noir" which implicitly criticizes racial discrimination against minorities. In this case, music can be a medium to convey criticism of social issues that occur in society, including the problem of racial discrimination. This research aims to show the resistance of social discrimination discourse through the selection of diction and the use of language styles as a medium of focalization of discriminated minorities in the lyrics of the song "Le Poète Noir" by Kery James. Through qualitative method with literature study technique, this research uses Schmitt & Viala's structural theory of poetry (1982), Leech's theory of componential analysing of meaning (1982), and Baron & Byrne's theory of discrimination activity (1997). It was found that the existence of social criticism of discrimination is shown through the dominant use of alliteration, assonance, and metaphor in the song to support the meaning of suffering and struggle as a form of criticism of acts of racial discrimination.

Abstrak :
Produk hukum yang bersumber dari aktivitas organisasi internasional banyak memberikan kontribusi bagi perkembangan sumber hukum internasional. Kebanyakan instrumen ini hadir sebagai pelengkap dari perjanjian konstitutifnya dengan sifat yang tidak mengikat, tetapi tidak dipungkiri memiliki signifikansi sebagai sumber hukum. Berkaitan dengan ini, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) merupakan badan ciptaan dari International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) yang secara khusus diberikan mandat untuk mengawasi implementasi kewajiban Negara pihak yang lahir dari ICERD. Untuk menjalankan mandatnya, CERD dapat mengeluarkan General Recommendationsebagai panduan bagi Negara pihak dalam memahami ketentuan ICERD sehingga Negara dapat melaksanakan kewajibannya dengan lebih baik. Selain bagi Negara pihak, General Recommendation juga digunakan oleh organ yudisial, seperti International Court of Justice (ICJ) sebagai pertimbangan untuk memahami suatu ketentuan Konvensi. Hal ini tercermin dari praktik ICJ dalam pertimbangan Putusan Diallo, Belgia melawan Senegal, Wall Advisory Opinion, dan IFAD Advisory Opinion. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif dan data sekunder, penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengetahui posisi General Recommendation sebagai sumber hukum internasional, mengamati praktik ICJ sebelumnya dalam menggunakan General Recommendation sebagai bahan pertimbangan, serta menganalisis pertimbangan ICJ terhadap General Recommendation No.30 Tahun 2004 dari CERD dalam perkara Qatar melawan UEA. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ICJ tidak menggunakan General Recommendation No.30 Tahun 2004 untuk menginterpretasikan ketentuan dalam ICERD tanpa mengelaborasikan alasannya. Meskipun hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh ICJ karena ICJ tidak wajib mengikuti interpretasi dari CERD ataupun preseden sebelumnya, hal ini menyimpang dari praktik-praktik ICJ sebelumnya. Sehubungan dengan itu, penggunaan General Recommendation sebagai sarana interpretasi oleh ICJ dapat dilihat sebagai supplementary means of interpretation dalam kaitannya dengan posisi General Recommendation sebagai sumber hukum subsider. Penelitian ini menyarankan General Recommendation diberikan pertimbangan yang besar terhadap suatu pertimbangan interpretasi ketentuan perjanjian HAM internasional. Pun ketika ICJ memilih untuk menyimpang dari interpretasi General Recommendation, hendaknya memberikan justifikasinya demi menjaga konsistensi putusannya. ......Sources of law originating from the activities of international organizations contribute a lot to the development of sources of international law. Most of these instruments are complements to the constitutive agreement with a non-binding nature, but it is undeniable that they have a certain legal significance as a source of law. In this regard, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) is an organ created by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD”) which is specifically mandated to monitor the implementation of obligations of ICERD States parties. To carry out its mandate, CERD can issue General Recommendations as a guide for States parties in understanding the provisions of ICERD so that States can carry out their obligations better. In addition to State parties, the General Recommendation is also used by judicial organs, such as the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) as considerations to interpret International Human Rights Law Convention’s certain provisions. This is reflected in ICJ's practices such as Diallo Judgement, Belgium v. Senegal Judgement, Wall Advisory Opinion, and IFAD Advisory Opinion. By using juridical-normative methods and secondary data, this study aims to locate General Recommendation as a source of international law, observe previous ICJ practices in using General Recommendations as considerations, and further analyse ICJ's considerations on CERD’s General Recommendation No. 30 (2004) in the Qatar v. UAE Judgement. This study concludes that ICJ does not use General Recommendation No. 30 of 2004 to interpret the provisions in ICERD without providing its justification. While this is a common and reasonable practice by the ICJ—as they are not obliged to follow the interpretation of the CERD nor ICJ’s previous precedents—this Judgement deviates from previous ICJ practices. The relation of General Recommendation as a means of interpretation by the ICJ can be seen as a supplementary means of interpretation as this closely relates to the General Recommendation position as a subsidiary source of international law. This study suggests that the General Recommendation is given great weight to the consideration of the interpretation of International Human Rights treaties. In a situation where ICJ chooses to dismiss the interpretation of the General Recommendation, ICJ should provide its justification in doing so to maintain the consistency of ICJ’s jurisprudence.

Abstrak :
This book analyses the interface between medicine and colonial society through the lens of gender. Based on hitherto unused primary sources the work traces how since almost the beginning of the nineteenth century the growth of hospital medicine in Bengal created a space, albeit small, for providing Western health care to female patients. It observes that, unlike in the colonial setup, before the advent of hospital medicine women were treated mostly by female practitioners of indigenous therapies who had commendable skill as practitioners. The book also explores the linkages of growth of medical education for women and the role of the Indian reformers as well as British administrators in this process. The manuscript tackles several crucial questions including those of racial discrimination, reproductive health practices, sexual health, famines and mortality, and the role of womens agencies and other organizations in popularizing Western medicine and health care. Thus this work, explores the different processes which contributed towards the shaping of the discursive domain of medicine with a bearing on womens health as well as highlights different dimensions of empirical developments. In the process it enriches our understanding of colonialism, gender, and politics of medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth century in a novel way.