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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Blood lipid is one of the factors which might cause atheroschlerosis especially if hyperlipidemia occurs (blood total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and triglyceride a 150 mg/di). Consumption of foods with !ow lipid content can prevent hyperlipidemia. Soybeans and products made from them, such as soybean tempe, were reported to have a hypolipidemic effect. Those foods can decrease the human blood cholesterol and trigyceride level. Ergosterol is a sterol in cell membranes of microorganism, especially fungi and was found in the hyphae and spores of fungi. Ergosterol in Rhizopus spp. has not yet been studied, while Rhizopus moulds are used in the fermentation of soybean cotyledons into soybean tempe, a product which is widely consumed by all strata of the Indonesian community. The University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) has a number of Rhizopus species, which are most isolated from Indonesian soybean tempe. Morphologically two groups of Rhizopus moulds can be distinguished according to length of hyphae, measurements of the sporangiospores, and growth temperatures. The groups are macro-Rhizopus and micro-Rhizopus. This thesis consists of two parts. Part i is on the ergosterol content of the dry biomass of each UICC Rhizopus strain and in the soybean tempe. In Part II is studies the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats The studies were carried out at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Laboratory of Plant and Animal Reproduction Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Indonesia; at the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Technologies, of The Ministry of Health; Jakarta Ill College; and also Laboratory of Chemical Analysis LIPI Bandung, on June 2006 - April 2007. The aim of this study was to analyse the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of Rhizopus and in the soybean tempe obtained. Five UICC Rhizopus strain respectively UICC 52 (Rh. arrhizus), UICC 128 (Rh. oryzae), UICC 531 (Rh. microsporus var. microsporus), UICC 550 (Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus), and UICC 551 (Rh. microporus var. oligosporus); and to know the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats which were fed with the respective biomass of the five Rhizopus spp. and compared with the rats fed with the soybean tempe using the five mentioned Rhizopus spp. as inoculum the respective fermentation processes. The rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) were obtained from the Laboratory of Animal Drug Testing, Gunung Sindur, Bogor. The rats were males and 2 - 3 months old. Analysis of the ergosterol content was carried out using HPLC. The Diagnostic Liquicolour Cholesteroloxidase 4-aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method was used for the measurement of blood total cholesterol level, and Gliserophosphoxidase Paraaminophenazone (GPO-PAP) for measurement of triglyceride level of the rats. Soybean tempe was prepared using an inoculum of each Rhizopus strain, and then powdered. The rats were given palm oil orally during 7 days to boost up the blood lipid level. Then they were fed with the fungal biomass or with the soybean tempe powder. The results obtained were : the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of the five UICC Rhizopus spp. studied varied between (278,8 - 673,17) mg/g, while in the soybean tempe (3,3 - 8,1) mg/g. Both were able to decrease the blood lipid level in rats. However, soybean tempe gave a higher decrease (58 %) in comparison with the results of the dry biomass of the Rhizopus spp. (51.6 %).

Abstrak :
Khamir Rhodotorula dapat menghasilkan lipid dengan komposisi asam lemak tertentu. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui persentase lipid total, kelas lipid, dan komposisi asam lemak Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-136, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-172, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-214, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-226 dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-234 koleksi University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) yang berasal dari Cagar Alam Pulau Rambut, Cagar Alam Muara Angke dan Teluk Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA UI, Depok, dan Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia, Bogor, dari Januari--Agustus 2008. Kurva pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa kelima strain khamir mencapai fase stasioner untuk pertumbuhan tetap biomassa pada waktu yang berbeda, yaitu Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-136 pada jam ke-96, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-172 pada jam ke-72, Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-214 dan Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-226 pada jam ke 120, dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-234 pada jam ke-48. Hasil ekstraksi lipid dari keseluruhan sel menunjukkan strain khamir Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-172 memiliki persentase lipid total tertinggi sebesar 22,82% dari berat biomassa keringnya (w/w) hasil ekstraksi tanpa alat Soxhlet dan dengan alat Soxhlet sebesar 3,55% (w/w). Kelas lipid dideteksi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Lipid yang terdapat pada kelima strain khamir, yaitu ergosterol, 1,2-diolein dan triolein. Lipid mono-olein dan 1,3-diolein tidak terdeteksi pada kelima strain khamir. Komposisi asam lemak khamir dideteksi dengan Kromatografi gas-cair (KGC). Komposisi asam lemak khamir pada Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-136 adalah miristat 0,75%, palmitat 18,09%, stearat 0,20%, oleat 76,54%, dan linoleat 3,32%, pada Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-172 adalah laurat 0,05%, miristat 0,65%, palmitat 19,67%, stearat 0,18%, oleat 74,87%, dan linoleat 3,57%, pada Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-214 adalah laurat 0,10%, palmitat 22,37%, stearat 0,35%, oleat 73,79%, dan linoleat 2,47%, pada Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-226 adalah laurat 0,14%, miristat 0,65%, palmitat 24,34%, stearat 0,19%, oleat 66,50%, dan linoleat 5,50%, dan pada Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-234 adalah laurat 0,03%, miristat 0,84%, palmitat 19,87%, stearat 0,30%, oleat 71,27%, dan linoleat 6,86%. Strain khamir Rhodotorula sp. UICC Y-172 dapat memproduksi asam linoleat tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 78,05 mg/l medium.

Abstrak :
Rhodotorula minuta merupakan salah satu khamir oleaginous yang dapat mengakumulasi lipid dengan komposisi asam lemak tertentu. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase lipid total, kelas lipid, dan komposisi asam lemak dari Rh. minuta UICC Y-154, UICC Y-156, UICC Y- 161, UICC Y-206, dan UICC Y-227 dari Cagar Alam Pulau Rambut dan Cagar Alam Muara Angke. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA-UI, Depok dan Laboratorium Bioproses Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia, Bogor dari Januari hingga Agustus 2008. Kurva pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa kelima strain khamir memasuki fase stasioner untuk pemanenan biomassa pada waktu yang sama, yaitu pada jam ke-72. Hasil ekstraksi tanpa alat Soxhlet dan dengan alat Soxhlet menunjukkan strain khamir Rh. minuta UICC Y-227 memiliki persentase lipid total tertinggi berturut-turut sebesar 18,62% dan 3,15% dari berat biomassa kering dibandingkan keempat strain khamir lainnya. Hasil analisis menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) memperlihatkan sampel lipid kelima strain khamir selalu menunjukkan adanya ergosterol, 1,2-diolein, dan triolein, sedangkan mono-olein dan 1,3-diolein tidak terdeteksi. Hasil analisis komposisi asam lemak menggunakan kromatografi gas-cair (KGC) menunjukkan strain Rh. minuta UICC Y-154 mengandung asam laurat 0,14%, miristat 0,66%, palmitat 21,34%, stearat 0,19%, oleat 71,73%, dan linoleat 3,58%. Strain Rh. minuta UICC Y-156 mengandung asam laurat 0,04%, miristat 0,36%, palmitat 21,16%, stearat 0,14%, oleat 74,99%, dan linoleat 1,88%. Strain Rh. minuta UICC Y-161 mengandung asam miristat 0,70%, palmitat 22,89%, stearat 0,17%, oleat 71,83%, dan linoleat 3,38%. Strain Rh. minuta UICC Y-206 mengandung asam miristat 0,30%, palmitat 19,88%, stearat 0,16%, oleat 74,59%, dan linoleat 2,88%. Strain Rh. minuta UICC Y-227 mengandung asam miristat 0,49%, palmitat 19,05%, stearat 0,21%, oleat 75,61%, dan linoleat 3,21%. Strain khamir Rh. minuta UICC Y-227 menghasilkan asam linoleat tertinggi sebesar 74,65 mg/l dibandingkan keempat strain khamir lainnya.