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"Pada remaja, konsumsi sayur dan buah sangat penting untuk menjaga kadar serum vitamin C dan pemenuhan kebutuhan asam folat yang cukup tinggi dalam tubuh selama masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Berdasarkan penelitian Setiowati NL di laporkan bahwa pada remaja sering di dapatkan kadar serum vitamin C yang rendah. Tingginya prevalensi kurangnya asupan sayur dan buah-buahan dapat berhubungan secara mendasar dengan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku dari setiap individu dewasa. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan studi lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku dari setiap individu dewasa terhadap asupan sayur dan buah. Populasi di dalam penelitian ini mahasiswa FKUI ≥ 18 tahun dengan jumlah sampel 108, terdiri dari 40 laki-laki dan 68 perempuan yang dipilih secara random. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan cara uji statistik yang disajikan dalam bentuk persentase, rata-rata, standart deviasi, dan untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan dan perilaku yang cukup, disertai sikap yang positif terhadap asupan sayur dan buah. Subyek memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup yaitu 53.7% dan perilaku yang cukup juga yaitu 63%, sedangkan pada subyek yang memiliki sikap positif yaitu 87%. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan sikap yang dimiliki, dan perilaku pada subyek dengan asupan sayur dan buah-buahan. Perlu peningkatan pemahaman mengenai pentingnya konsumsi sayur dan buah sesuai dengan Pedoman Umum Gizi Seimbang (PUGM), dan dapat juga dengan cara sosialisasi dengan mengadakan penyuluhan yang lebih intensif disertai dengan poster, atau brosur yang di sebar di wilayah kampus.

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In adolescents, consumption of vegetables and fruits is very important to maintain serum levels of vitamin C and folic acid are needs in the body during growth and development. Based on research Setiowati NL due to some reports, the teenagers has low serum levels of vitamin C. The high prevalence of lack of vegetables and fruits intake can be related to the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of an individual. Therefore, the researcher wanted to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of an individual on adult group about vegetables and fruit intake. Population in this research were 108 medical students in Faculty of Medicine, who consisted of 40 boys and 68 girls. This research used cross-sectional designed and with the analytical test that presented in the form of percentage, average and standard deviation and the relationship between the variables. The numbers of students that have good knowledge and behavior with a positive attitude towards fruit and vegetable intake are 53.7%, and 63% subjects have knowledge and behavior in the middle category, and subjects that have positive attitude are 87%. There was no significant relationship between knowledge with attitude and behaviour. Need more education about the importance of fruit and vegetable consumption based on the General Guidelines for Balanced Nutrition (PUGM), and can also through socialization way by hold more intensive counseling, along with the posters, or brochures the campus area."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada siswa di SMP Negeri 98 Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi cross sectional menggunakan data primer yang melibatkan 208 responden kelas VII dan VIII SMP Negeri 98 Jakarta. Waktu penelitian dimulai pada bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2017. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi jenis kelamin, pengetahuan, preferensi, self-efficacy, aktivitas fisik, tingkat pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, pengaruh orang tua, pengaruh teman sebaya, ketersediaan buah dan sayur di rumah, serta keterpaparan media massa. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner pengetahuan, preferensi, self-efficacy, tingkat pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, pengaruh orang tua, pengaruh teman sebaya, ketersediaan buah dan sayur, keterpaparan media massa dan kuesioner PAQ-C Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children yang diisi sendiri oleh responden, serta 2 kali wawancara food recall 24-hour. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji korelasi dan regresi, t-independen, serta regresi linier ganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata konsumsi buah dan sayur siswa SMP Negeri 98 Jakarta tahun 2017 adalah 85.13 26.58 gram/hari. Sementara itu, menurut WHO, rekomendasi konsumsi buah dan sayur adalah 400 gram/hari. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan ibu merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur, setelah dikontrol oleh variabel self-efficacy, aktivitas fisik, pengaruh orang tua, keterpaparan media massa, dan ketersediaan buah dan sayur. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan pendidikan gizi melalui sekolah agar terjadi peningkatan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada siswa.

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The aim of this study was to determine dominant factor associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among students in Junior High School 98 Jakarta. This study used a cross sectional study design with primary data among 208 respondents grade VII and VIII in Junior High School 98 Jakarta. This study began in April until Mei 2017. Variable of this study included gender, knowledge, preference, self efficacy, physical activity, mother rsquo s education level, employed mother, parents influence, peers influence, fruit and vegetable availability at home, and mass media exposure. Data were collected through the individual questionnaire from knowledge, preference, self efficacy, physical activity, mother rsquo s education level, employed mother, parents influence, peers influence, fruit and vegetable availability at home, mass media exposure, and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children PAQ C , and 2 times 24 hour food recall interview. Statistical analysis used correlations and regression test, independent t test and multiple regression linier. The result of this study showed the average of fruit and vegetable consumption among student in Junior High School 98 Jakarta was 85.13 26.58 gram day. Meanwhile, according to WHO, recommendation of fruit and vegetable consumption was 400 gram day. The multivariate analysis showed mother education level was the dominant factor associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, once controlled by self efficacy, physical activity, parents influence, mass media exposure, and fruit and vegetable availibility. Therefore, it needs to be done nutrition education from school to increased fruit and vegetable consumption in student."

"Konsumsi sayur-buah masih rendah pada mahasiswa baik di rural maupun urban. Konsumsi buah dan sayur adalah hal yang penting untuk mencegah munculnya penyakit degeneratif. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada mahasiswa di daerah rural dan urban. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Dilaksanakan di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dengan jumlah sampel 196 mahasiswa. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat, chi-square, dan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan frekuensi konsumsi sayuran yang kurang pada mahasiswa lebih tinggi di daerah urban. Berbeda dengan frekuensi konsumsi buah yang kurang pada mahasiswa di daerah rural lebih tinggi. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsumsi sayuran di daerah rural dengan tingkat pendidikan ayah p=0,031 dan persepsi citra tubuh p=0,041 sedangkan di daerah urban yang berhubungan signifikan yaitu pengetahuan p=0,047 dan persepsi citra tubuh p=0,049. Konsumsi buah di daerah rural berhubungan signifikan dengan persepsi citra tubuh p=0,016, sedangkan di daerah urban yaitu uang bulanan p=0,006. Faktor dominan dalam konsumsi sayuran di daerah rural yaitu pendidikan ayah, sedangkan di daerah urban yaitu pengetahuan adapun faktor dominan dalam konsumsi buah di daerah urban yaitu uang bulanan. Untuk meningkatkan konsumsi buah dan sayur perlu peningkatan pengetahuan dan alokasi uang saku agar tercukupi sesuai anjuran.Kata kunci:Faktor individu, konsumsi buah, konsumsi sayur, mahasiswa, rural dan urban

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Consumption of fruit vegetables is still low in college students both in rural and urban. Consumption of fruits and vegetables is an important thing to prevent the emergence of degenerative diseases. The purpose of this research is to know the factors related to the consumption of fruits and vegetables to college students in rural and urban areas. This research use cross sectional research design. Implemented at Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta with a sample of 196. The analysis used is univariate, chi square, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The results showed the frequency of less vegetable consumption in college students was higher in urban areas. In contrast to the frequency of less fruit consumption in college students in higher rural areas. There was a significant correlation between consumption of vegetables in rural area with education level of father p 0,031 and perception of body image p 0,041 while in urban area significant relation was knowledge p 0,047 and perception of body image p 0,049. Fruit consumption in rural areas was significantly related to perception of body image p 0,016, while in urban area that is monthly money p 0,006. The dominant factor in the consumption of vegetables in rural areas is the education of the father, while in the urban areas of knowledge as for the dominant factor in the consumption of fruit in the urban area is monthly money. To increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables need to increase knowledge and allocation of allowance to be fulfilled as recommended."

"Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and growth retardation have long been three of the main health problems in Vietnam. The National vitamin A distribution program for preschool children started since 1988. However, some studies outside Vietnam showed that this method does not maintain the retinal status until the next vitamin A capsule distribution. (Bloem et al 1989). Iron intervention and fortified supplementary feeding have not been done in preschool children. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of vitamin A and iron fortified soybean milk (SBM) supplementary feeding on nutritional status of Vietnamese preschool children. The study consisted of 5 parts: The relative bioavailability test of iron in SBM fortified with 300 EtgRE and 5 mg of iron pyrophosphate, the acceptability test of fortified SBM by preschool children, the study in the per/-urban area, the study in the rural area and the intervention study in the rural area. The fortified SBM with a relative bioavailability of 45% was very well accepted by the rural preschool children attending day-care centers. The studies in the peri-urban and rural areas were done at day-care centers on boys and girls aged respectively 15-72 and 8-62 months, 438 and 417 children. Inadequate dietary intake, high infectious diseases and high worm infestation were detected in both areas. The rural children had significantly worse nutritional status in terms of serum retinol (SR) and physical growth status. However, the prevalence of anemia was about 20% in both areas. Considering this condition, the 5 months intervention study was carried out in the same rural area with the same subjects and number. Before randomly allocated into three groups, the stool of all subjects was examined and Mebendazole was given to those parasite egg positive subjects. The groups received respectively fortified SBM (FSBM), unfortified SBM (UFSBM), and cassava cookies (CC). The FSBM, UFSBM, CC contained respectively 150, 150, 45 kcal; 300, 50, 0 pgRE and 6.8, 1.8, 0.7mg of iron. These supplementary foods were given daily, 6 days a week, at the DCC and provided an additional in percentage of RDA the following: FSBM 12% of energy, 70% of vitamin A, 30% of iron; UFSBM 12% of energy, 12% of vitamin A, 8% of iron; CC about 3% of energy, o% of vitamin A and iron. The daily food of the subjects provided 88.8% energy, 104% iron, 78.5% vitamin A in percentage of (FAO/WHO/UNU 1985, FAO/WHO 1988) 's RDA. Five months of intervention significantly increased serum retinol (SR), hemoglobin (Hb), and physical growth status of all three groups. The best effect was found in the FSBM group. The difference in effect between groups was marginal for SR (p=0.07) and significantly different for Hb (p-0.02). The serum ferritin (SF) significantly increased in the FSBM group only. The mean values of the FSBM group for weight, height, WAZ-score, HAZ-score were significantly higher than the CC group. The best effect found in the FSBM group could be the effect of vitamin A and iron fortification but also of the protein and fat of SBM. The last also explains the improvement found in the UFSBM group. The increase of SR in all the three groups could be the effect of the "intervention" (Hawthorn) but also of deworming which was also shown by other studies. The increase in Hb and SF of the three groups could be related to age increase considering the length (5 months) of the intervention. The increase in Fib concentration could be related to the improvement of vitamin A status. The supplementary feeding using FSBM, preceded with deworming had an excellent effect on the improvement of SR and Hb concentration of preschoolers. Both fortified and UFSBM led to improved physical growth status of preschool children. As bioavailability of iron was low and the serum ferritin did not increase significantly, further research is needed: to identify iron compound suitable for fortification and higher level of iron (3 mg of elemental iron/30 g soybean milk powder), in combination of vitamin C for better effects of supplementation."

"Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A dosis tinggi antara lain partisipasi ibu, kader dan sarana yang menunjang kegiatan tersebut. Partisipasi ibu dalam kegiatan tersebut berhubungan dengan karakteristik ibu, peran pembinaan dari kader, petugas kesehatan dan partisipasi tokoh masyarakat setempat. Masih dijumpai beberapa daerah dengan angka cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A rendah atau dibawah target yang telah ditetapkan, namun ada pula daerah dengan angka cakupan yang tinggi atau melebihi target yang telah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin A dosis tinggi di desa Tlogopragoto dan desa Kertodeso, Kecamatan Mirit Kabupaten Kebumen. Sasaran dalam penelitian ini adalah 248 ibu balita, 33 orang kader dan 8 posyandu. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, kujungan rumah dan pengamatan. Jenis penelitian adalah Cross Sectional dengan menggunakan data primer. Teknik analisa data adalah analisa univariat dan analisa bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Khi Kuadrat, U Mann Whitney dan perhitungan Odds Ratio (OR). Berdasarkan analisa bivariat diperoleh hasil bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan distribusi kapsul vitamin dosis tinggi adalah partisipasi ibu dan pengetahuan kader tentang vitamin A. Sedangkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan partisipasi ibu yaitu pengetahuan ibu tentang vitamin A, pembinaan oleh kader, pembinaan oleh petugas kesehatan dan partisipasi tokoh masyarakat.

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Factors Related with the Coverage of Distribution of High Dosage Vitamin A Capsule in Tlogopragoto Village and Rertodeso Village, Sub district of Mirit, District of KebumenThe factors which are related with the coverage of distribution of high dosage vitamine A capsule among others are the mother's participation, cadres and supporting facilities of the activity. The mother's participation in the activities are related with the mother's characteristics, roles of the cadres, health staffs and participation of the local leaders. There are still areas with low coverage of distribution of vitamine A or below the target, however, there are also area with high coverage of distribution of vitamine A or above the target.

This research is intended to study factors which are related with the distribution coverage of high dosage of vitamine A capsule in Tlogopragoto village and Kertodeso village, Subdistrict of Mirit, District of Kebumen. The subject of this research is 248 mothers, 33 cadres, and 8 integrated health service centers. The data collection technique is interview, home visits and observation. The type of research is a cross sectional by using primary data. The data analysis technique is univariate analysis and bivariate analysis by using the Chi Square test, U Mann Whitney test and calculation of Odds Ratio (OR).

Based on the bivariate analysis that the factors related with the high dosage vitamine A capsule distribution coverage are the mother's participation and cadres knowledge regarding vitamine A. The mother's participation are related with the mother's knowledge regarding vitamine A, counseling of cadres, counseling of health staffs and participation of the community leaders."

"Ruang lingkup dan metodologi: Dislipidemia merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit jantung koroner, sebagai penyebab kematian utama di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan menilai hubungan profil lipid dengan umur. tingkat kerja fisik, asupan nutrisi, kebiasaan olahraga dan merokok, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan Rasio lingkar perut - lingkar panggul (LPe-LPa). Studi kros-seksional ini mengikutsertakan seluruh tenaga kerja PTE Plumpang. Jakarta Utara sebagai subyek. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi sosiodemografi, tingkat kerja fisik, tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap tentang pola makan gizi seimbang, kebiasaan makan, kebiasaan olahraga dan merokok, kualitas pola makan, asupan nutrisi metode tanya ulang 3 X 24 jam, IMT, Rasio LPe-LPa, dan kadar fraksi lipid serum. Hasil: Rata-rata kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol LDL, kolesterol HDL, trigliserida, dan rasio kolesterol total/HDL serum masing-masing adalah 148.3+23.8 mg/dl, 77.2+24.2 mg/dl, 43.2+9.0 mg/dl, 143.3+97.8 mg/dl dan 3.6+0.96. Dijumpai prevalensi hipertrigliseridemia (>200 mg/dl) 12.6 % dan hipokolesteroleinia HDL (<35 mg/dl) 17.7 %. Rata-rata asupan energi dan protein perhari subyek adalah 1841 (1092.3-4060.0) kkal dan 60.9 (30.4-109.0) g. Sedangkan rata-rata proporsi energi yang berasal dari karbohidrat, protein, lemak, asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal (ALTJM), asam lemak tak jenuh majemuk (ALTJM), dan asam lemak jenuh (AU) serta PS ratio masing-masing adalah 63.3+4.9 %, 13.31.9 %. 23.8+4 2 %. 5.2+1.6 % 3.4+0.8 %, 13.6+2.7 %, dan 0.25+0.06. Subyek memiliki rata-rata IMT dan Rasio LPe-LPa 23.97+2.7 dan 0.89+0.05. Dijumpai prevalensi kegemukan (IMT 25.1-27.0) dan obes (IMT > 27) masing-masing 16.5 % dan Rasio LPe-LPa > 0.90 sebesar 51.9 %. Dijumpai korelasi positif bermakna antara IMT dan Rasio LPe-LPa (p<0.01 dan r = 0.632) dan korelasi negatif bennakna antara Rasio LPe-LPa dengan kadar kolesterol HDL (p<0.01 dan r = - 0.336). Berdasarkan analisis regresi logistik berganda binary, Rasio LPe-LPa dan kebiasaan inerokok mempunyai kontribusi sebagai prediktor kadar kolesterol HDL berdasarkan persamaan regresi kadar kolesterol HDL = 0.775 (kebiasaan merokok) + 1.348 (Rasio LPe-LPa) - 4.263. Kesimpulan: Asupan energi subyek masih di bawah AKG. Proporsi energi yang berasal dari karbohidrat dan ALJ melebihi proporsi yang dianjurkan diet tahap 1 dan 2 NCEP. Terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara IMT dengan Rasio LPe-LPa dan korelasi negatif bermakna antara Rasio LPe-LPa dengan kadar kolesterol HDL serum. Rasio LPe-LPa dan kebiasaan merokok mempunyai kontribusi sebagai prediktor kadar kolesterol HDL serum.

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Scope and method: Dislipidemia is the main risk factors of coronary heart disease that major cause of death in Indonesia. The objective of study to detennaine the relationships between lipid profiles and age, physical work nutrient intakes, sports and smoking habits, body mass index (BMI), and abdominal to hip circumference ratio (AHR). The subject of this cross-sectional study was all PTE Plumpang workers, North Jakarta. Data collected were socio-demography, physical work, knowledges and attitudes of balance nutrition, sports dan smoking habits, nutrient intakes with 3 X 24 hour daily recalls method, BM1, AHR, and the concentration of serum lipid.

Results: The Mean concentration of serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,. triglycerides, and total cholesterolWHDL cholesterol ratio were : 148.3+23.8 mg/dl, 77.2+24.2 mg/dl, 43.2+9.0 mg/dl, 143.33+97.8 mg/dl dan 3.6. +0.96, respectively. The prevalence of hipertriglyceridemia (>200 mg/dl) and hipo-HDL-cholesterolemia (<35 mg/di) were 17.7 and 12.6 %. The median of energy and protein intakes of the subjects werel 841 (1092.3-4060.0) kcal and 60.9 (30.4-109.0) g. The composition of intakes were : 63.3+4.9 %, 13.3+1.9 %, 23.8+4.2 %, 5.2+1.6 %, 3.4+0.8 %, 13.6+2.7 %, and 0.25+0.06 for carbohydrate, protein, fat, MUFA, PUPA, SFA, and PS ratio, respectively. The Mean of BMI and AHR were 23.97+2.7 and 0.89+0.05. The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25.0-27.0) and obesity (BMI > 27.0) were 16.5 % respectively. The prevalence of AHR > 0.90 was 51.9 %. There were significant positive correlations between BM1 and AHR (p<0.01 and r = 0.632) and significant negative correlations between AHR and serum HDL cholesterol concentration (p<0.01 and r = -0.336). Using binary multiple regression model analysis, the prediction formula for serum HDL cholesterol concentration was : 0,775 (smoking habits) + 1.348 (AHR) - 4.263.

Conclution: Energy intakes of subjects were low compared to the RDA. The composition of carbohydrate and SFA of intake were high compared to stage I and II of the NCEP diet recommendation. There were significant positive correlations between BMI and AHR and siginficant negative correlation between AHR and serum HDL cholesterol concentration. AHR and smoking habit were predictor factor of serum HDL cholesterol concentration."

"ABSTRACT

Goiter in school children is one of the symptoms of iodine deficiency for a long period. This condition will have a wide spectrum of mental, psychomotor and growth abnormalities if there is no correction immediately. According to many studies, there is an interaction between selenium, vitamin A and iodine. Indonesia has a program of iodine supplementation to eradicate IDD; however, there is still prevalence of IDD in endemic areas. It can be suspected that goiter is not only caused by low intake of iodine but also by other cause, trace elements such as selenium, calcium and other heavy metals. In Indonesia, the study of trace elements is still needed. Therefore, this study has the main objective to assess the effect of selenium and vitamin A supplementation on the goiter size among school children in Central Java.

The study was conducted in Cimanggu sub-district, Cilacap district, Central Java Province, Indonesia from November 1997 till January 1998. School children age 8 - 12 years with palpable goiter was allocated randomly into 2 groups? treatment and control. First group receive once 400 mg iodine capsule and vitamin A (200,000 [ti); Selenium (200p.gram) twice/week for 8 weeks. Second group receive once 400 mg iodine capsule and vitamin A (200,000 IU); placebo. At the beginning and the end of the study, serum selenium, goiter size, UIE, weight and height were measured.

The prevalence of goiter based on palpation was 40.5%. By using ultrasound, the subjects with palpable goiter were 57.3% in treatment and 46.7% in control who positively suffering from goiter. Mean of selenium status of both groups was low (29.lpgll in treatment and 30.1 pgll in control) compared with normal value (86-99 µgI1). After two-month supplementation, serum selenium was increased in treatment group (29.1 to 44.1µg11), but decreased in control group (30.1 to 23.2 p,gll). Median of Urinary Iodine Excretion before supplementation was already high, the prevalence of U1 E < 100 ggll was 5.3% in treatment and 6.7% in control. After supplementation the mean of UIE was increased significantly. The change of UlE was not different between treatment and control. Thyroid volume of both groups was decreased significantly (p