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"Depresi merupakan salah satu gangguan kesehatan mental dengan kasus yang paling banyak muncul pada individu dewasa muda. Di masa ini individu harus melewati banyak tuntutan perkembangan yang dapat memberikan tekanan dan distress psikologis. Childhood maltreatment yang dapat muncul dalam bentuk kekerasan fisik, kekerasan seksual, kekerasan emosional, pengabaian fisik, dan pengabaian emosional sebelumnya telah terbukti dapat menjadi faktor risiko dari depresi yang dialami oleh individu dewasa muda. Pada penelitian ini, penulis bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan childhood maltreatment dalam memprediksi kemunculan depresi pada individu dewasa muda. Penulis mendapatkan 192 partisipan yang berusia 18–25 tahun yang tersebar di 19 provinsi yang ada di Indonesia. Depresi diukur menggunakan The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) dan childhood maltreatment diukur menggunakan Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Hasil analisis regresi linear menunjukkan bahwa childhood maltreatment berperan secara signifikan terhadap kemunculan depresi pada individu dewasa muda (R² = 0,382, F(1, 190) = 117,616, p < 0,05). Penulis melakukan diskusi dan memberikan saran pada bagian akhir skripsi.

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Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders affecting young adults. During this stage, individuals must navigate numerous developmental demands that can lead to psychological pressure and distress. Childhood maltreatment, which manifest as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, has been established as a risk factor for depression experienced by young adults. The current study aims to assess the predictive ability of childhood maltreatment regarding the presence of depression in young adults. The study included 192 participants aged 18–25 years, distributed across 19 provinces in Indonesia. Depression was measured using The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), while childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). The results of linear regression analysis indicate that childhood maltreatment significantly contributes to depression in young adults (R² = 0.382, F(1, 190) = 117.616, p < 0.05). The author concludes with discussions and provides suggestions at the end of the thesis."

"Pengalaman childhood emotional maltreatment dan self-compassion memiliki dampak pada kepuasan individu dalam hubungan romantisnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat peran dari childhood emotional maltreatment dan self-compassion terhadap kepuasan dalam hubungan romantis pada individu yang berada pada tahap dewasa awal. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan korelasional dengan tipe convenience sampling. Partisipan dalam penelitian merupakan 92 laki-laki dan 385 perempuan berusia 18-25 tahun di Indonesia yang sedang menjalani hubungan romantis. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (1994), Relationship Assessment Scale (1988), dan Self-Compassion Scale (2003). Hasil analisis regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahwa childhood emotional maltreatment dan self-compassion memiliki hubungan yang positif dan dapat memprediksi kepuasan dalam hubungan romantis pada dewasa awal (F(2,474) = 17,46, p <0,01, R2 = 0,069). Hal tersebut dapat menjadi pertimbangan bagi instiusi terkait untuk melakukan psikoedukasi mengenai bahaya dan dampak negatif yang disebabkan oleh childhood emotional maltreatment serta pentingnya mengembangkan self-compassion yang memiliki dampak positif pada kepuasan hubungan romantis individu.

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Childhood emotional maltreatment experiences and self-compassion in children have an impact on their romantic relationship satisfaction when entering the emerging adulthood phase. This study was conducted to examine the role of childhood emotional maltreatment and self-compassion in romantic relationship satisfaction among emerging adults. This study uses quantitative and correlational research methods with convenience sampling type. Participants of the study consist of 92 men and 385 women, age 18-25 years old in Indonesia who are currently in romantic relationship. The instruments used in the study are Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (1994), Relationship Assessment Scale (1988), and Self-Compassion Scale (2003). The result of multiple regression indicates that childhood emotional maltreatment and self- compassion fully have a positive relationship and can predict romantic relationship satisfaction of emerging adul (F(2,474) = 17,46, p <0,01, R2 = 0,069). This can be a consideration for related institutions to conduct psychoeducation about the dangers and negative impacts caused by childhood emotional maltreatment and the importance of developing self-compassion that has a positive impact on individual romantic relationships."

"Berbagai studi telah dilakukan mengenai keterkaitan antara pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dengan depresi dan keterkaitan makna hidup dengan depresi. Peran kedua variabel tersebut terhadap depresi juga telah diteliti, akan tetapi, belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan peran keduanya terhadap depresi, khususnya pada populasi dewasa muda di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dan makna hidup (keberadaan makna dan pencarian makna) terhadap depresi pada dewasa muda. Partisipan penelitian adalah dewasa muda yang berasal dari wilayah Jabodetabek (N=482), yang diberikan kuesioner BDI-II untuk mengukur depresi, ACE-Q untuk mengukur pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, dan MLQ untuk mengukur makna hidup. Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis multiple linear regression menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman sulit di masa kecil memprediksi depresi secara positif, makna hidup pada dimensi keberadaan makna memprediksi depresi secara negatif, dan dimensi pencarian makna memprediksi depresi secara positif. Dibandingkan pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, makna hidup merupakan prediktor yang lebih kuat terhadap depresi, khususnya dimensi keberadaan makna. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, kesadaran masayarakat mengenai makna hidup sebagai faktor resiko depresi perlu ditingkatkan dan praktisi kesehatan sebaiknya tidak fokus pada faktor resiko lingkungan saja, namun juga pada faktor resiko personal.

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Many studies have done research about the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression and the relationship between meaning in life and depression. The role of those two variables in depression has also been done, however, there isn't any research that compares the role of both variables in depression, specifically, in the young adults population in Indonesia. This study aims to test the role of adverse childhood experiences and meaning in life (presence of meaning and searching for meaning) in depression in young adults. Participants of this study are young adults who live in Jabodetabek (N=482), who were given BDI-II questionnaire to measure depression, ACE-Q to measure adverse childhood experiences, and MLQ to measure meaning in life. The results of this study, using multiple linear regression, showed that adverse childhood experiences predicted depression positively, meaning in life in Presence Of Meaning dimension predicted depression negatively, and meaning in life in Search For Meaning dimension predicted depression positively Compared to adverse childhood experiences, meaning in life is the stronger predictor in depression, especially, in the dimension of presence of meaning. According to the results of this study, public awareness of meaning in life as a risk factor for depression needs to be raised and health practitioners should not just focus on the environmental risk factors that might cause depression, but also on personal risk factors."

"Dewasa muda menggunakan teknologi komunikasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, termasuk untuk menjalin hubungan romantisnya. Namun, teknologi digital kemudian berpotensi menjadi sebuah wadah untuk melakukan kekerasan terhadap pasangan, dikenal sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, CIPA dapat diprediksi oleh adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE dipercaya berpotensi memunculkan early maladaptive schema (EMS) pada individu yang kemudian meningkatkan kemungkinan melakukan CIPA. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa skema domain yang paling berpengaruh antara hubungan ACE dan CIPA adalah disconnection & rejection. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat peran mediasi domain disconnection & rejection, secara keseluruhan dan masing-masing skema di dalamnya, dalam hubungan antara cyber intimate partner aggression dengan adverse childhood experience. Partisipan pada penelitian ini adalah 941 dewasa muda yang pernah atau sedang menjalani hubungan romantis dan berdomisili di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa perilaku cyber intimate partner aggression dapat diprediksi secara signifikan dan positif oleh adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Selanjutnya, skema domain disconnection & rejection secara keseluruhan dapat memediasi hubungan tersebut secara signifikan. Dari lima skema yang ada, skema abandonment dan skema mistrust/abuse yang dapat secara signifikan memediasi hubungan yang ada. Implikasi hasil penelitian dibahas lebih lanjut.

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Young adults use communication technology in their daily lives, including to establish romantic relationships. However, communication technology potentially creates a new platform for violence against partner, known as cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Based on previous research, CIPA can be predicted by adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE is believed to have the potential to cause early maladaptive schema (EMS) in individuals which then increases the likelihood of performing CIPA. Previous research found that the most influential domain scheme in the relationship between ACE and CIPA was disconnection & rejection. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the mediation role of the disconnection & rejection domain, as a whole and separately for each schema in the domain, in the relationship between cyber intimate partner aggression and adverse childhood experience. Participants in this study were 941 young adults who had or are currently in a romantic relationship and domiciled in Indonesia. The results indicate that the behavior of cyber intimate partner aggression can be significantly and positively predicted by adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Furthermore, the overall disconnection & rejection domain schema can significantly mediate the relationship. Out of the five existing schemas, the abandonment schema and the mistrust/abuse schema could significantly mediate the existing relationship. Research implications discussed further."

"Jumlah warga Negara Indonesia yang melakukan bunuh diri adalah sebesar 11 juta orang dengan memiliki latar belakang depresi. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 50% orang yang mengalami adverse childhood experience akan berakhir memiliki gejala depresi di masa dewasa. Jenis attachment style di masa dewasa juga berhubungan dengan adverse childhood experience dan berkontribusi dalam memunculkan gejala depresi. Penelitian kali ini mencoba melihat hubungan antara adverse childhood experience, jenis attachment style di masa dewasa, dan gejala depresi. Gejala depresi diukur menggunakan Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), adverse childhood experience diukur dengan menggunakan Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE), dan attachment style di masa dewasa diukur dengan menggunakan Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). Penelitian kali ini dilakukan terhadap 482 orang dewasa muda di jabodetabek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara adverse childhood experience (r = 0,388, n = 482, p < 0,01). Adverse childhood experience memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan paling besar dengan anxious attachment style di masa dewasa dibandingkan dengan jenis attachment lain (r = 0,271, n = 482, p < 0,01). Anxious attachment style di masa dewasa juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan paling tinggi dengan gejala depresi dibandingkan dengan jenis attachment lainnya (r = 0,486, n = 482, p < 0,01). Penelitian ini memiliki limitasi yakni kriteria partisipan yang kurang terfokus terhadap orang-orang yang pernah mengalami adverse childhood experience dan proporsi sampel yang kurang merata.

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The number of Indonesian citizens who commit suicide is 11 million people with a background of depression. Previous research has shown that as many as 50% of people who experience bad childhood experiences end up with depressive symptoms in adulthood. This type of stylistic attachment in adulthood is also associated with adverse childhood experiences and contributes to depressive symptoms. The current study looks at the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, types of attachment styles in adulthood, and symptoms of depression. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), adverse childhood experiences as measured using the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE), and attachment style in adulthood measured using the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). The current research was conducted on 482 young adults in Jabodetabek. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between bad experiences during childhood (r = 0.388, n = 482, p <0.01). Adverse childhood experiences had a significant and greatest association with anxious attachment style in adulthood compared with other attachment types (r = 0.271, n = 482, p <0.01). Anxious attachment style in adulthood also had a significant and highest association with depressive symptoms compared to other types of attachments (r = 0.486, n = 482, p <0.01). The limitations of this study are, the criteria of participants are less focused on people who have experienced adverse childhood experience and the proportion of the sample is not evenly distributed."

"Berbagai studi telah dilakukan mengenai keterkaitan antara adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) dan self-compassion terhadap gejala depresi. Peran kedua variabel tersebut terhadap gejala depresi juga telah diteliti, akan tetapi penelitian yang membandingkan peran keduanya terhadap gejala depresi masih sangat terbatas, khususnya pada populasi emerging adulthood di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran pengalaman sulit di masa kecil dan self-compassion terhadap gejala depresi pada emerging adulthood. Partisipan penelitian adalah individu emerging adulthood (N=482), yang diberikan kuesioner BDI-II untuk mengukur depresi, ACEQ untuk mengukur pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, dan SCS-SF untuk mengukur self-compassion yang dilakukan secara daring. Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahwa baik pengalaman sulit di masa kecil maupun self-compassion berperan secara signifikan terhadap gejala depresi. Dibandingkan pengalaman sulit di masa kecil, self-compassion merupakan prediktor yang lebih kuat terhadap gejala depresi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, kesadaran masyarakat tentang self-compassion perlu ditingkatkan karena dapat menjadi faktor pelindung potensial untuk gejala depresi.

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Many studies have done research about the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion as predictors to depression symptoms. The role of those two variables in depression symptoms has also been done, however studies that comparing role those two variable on depressive symptoms are still very limited, specifically, in the emerging adulthood population in Indonesia. This study aims to test the role of adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion in depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. Participants of this study were emerging adulthood individuals (N=482), who were given BDI-II questionnaire to measure depression, ACE-Q to measure adverse childhood experiences, and SCS-SF to measure self-compassion conducted online. The results of this study, using multiple linear regression, showed that both adverse childhood experiences and self-compassion have a significant role in depression. Compared to adverse childhood experiences, self-compassion is the stronger predictor in depression symptoms. According to the results of this study, public awareness of self-compassion needs to be raised as it can be a potential protective factor for depression symptoms."

"Alexithymia adalah sebuah trait kepribadian yang ditandai dengan kesulitan mengidentifikasikan dan mengekspresikan emosi, serta orientasi berpikir terhadap hal-hal eksternal. Alexithymia dapat muncul akibat paparan terhadap pengalaman trauma dan telah ditemukan berhubungan dengan pengalaman childhood maltreatment. Meskipun begitu, mekanisme hubungan antara keduanya belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian ini menguji peran experiential avoidance sebagai mediator. Experiential avoidance diduga dilakukan oleh individu dengan pengalaman childhood maltreatment dan dapat mempersulit individu untuk memaknai emosinya sehingga mendukung perkembangan alexithymia. Sejumlah 558 individu emerging adults (18–29 tahun) di Indonesia telah berpartisipasi dalam kuesioner self-report dan mengisi alat ukur TAS-20, AAQ-II, dan CTQ-SF. Analisis mediasi sederhana dilakukan menggunakan PROCESS dengan mengontrol jenis kelamin dan tingkat pendidikan partisipan. Hasil analisis mediasi menemukan bahwa experiential avoidance secara signifikan memediasi hubungan antara childhood maltreatment dan alexithymia. Hubungan langsung antara childhood maltreatment dan alexithymia tetap signifikan, sehingga peran mediasi experiential avoidance hanya bersifat parsial. Penelitian ini mengimplikasikan bahwa individu dengan pengalaman childhood maltreatment dan memiliki trait alexithymia dapat mendapatkan manfaat dari mereduksi experiential avoidance dengan meningkatkan psychological flexibility.

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Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions, as well as externally-oriented thinking. Alexithymia can arise as a result of exposure to traumatic experiences and has been found to be associated with experiences of childhood maltreatment. However, the mechanism of the relationship between the two is not well understood. This study examines the role of experiential avoidance as a mediator. Experiential avoidance is hypothesized to be practiced by individuals with experiences of childhood maltreatment and can make it difficult for individuals to understand their emotions, thereby supporting the development of alexithymia. A total of 558 emerging adults (18–29 years) in Indonesia participated in a self-report questionnaire and completed the TAS-20, AAQ-II, and CTQ-SF. Simple mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS while controlling for participants' gender and education level. The mediation analysis results found that experiential avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and alexithymia. The direct relationship between childhood maltreatment and alexithymia remained significant, indicating that the mediation role of experiential avoidance was only partial. This study implies that individuals with experiences of childhood maltreatment and who possess the trait of alexithymia could benefit from reducing experiential avoidance by increasing psychological flexibility."

"Meski secara teoretis diduga sebagai hambatan utama pencapaian pertumbuhan pascatrauma, peran disregulasi emosi terhadap pertumbuhan pascatrauma jarang sekali diteliti secara empiris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah benar terdapat hubungan negatif signifikan antara disregulasi emosi dan pertumbuhan pascatrauma; dan jika iya, apakah penggunaan regulasi emosi interpersonal merupakan moderator signifikan. Partisipan merupakan 388 dewasa muda Indonesia 87,1% wanita; Musia = 21,06, SD = 2,12) yang pernah mengalami kekerasan dan/atau penelantaran di masa kecil. Disregulasi emosi diukur menggunakan Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Short Form DERS SF, regulasi emosi interpersonal diukur menggunakan Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire IER-Q, dan pertumbuhan pascatrauma diukur menggunakan Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Melalui analisis moderasi ditemukan bahwa disregulasi emosi memprediksi pertumbuhan pascatrauma secara signifikan (b = -0,3683, t(384) = -6,235, p < 0,001) dan penggunaan regulasi emosi interpersonal bukan merupakan moderator signifikan (b = 0,0027, t(384) = 0,850, p > 0,001). Bukti empiris ini menekankan betapa penting teregulasi dengan baiknya emosi negatif dan perasaan distres untuk mencapai pertumbuhan pascatrauma."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat peran dari childhood emotional maltreatment dan psychological mindedness terhadap college emotional adjustment. Penelitian merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, korelasional, dengan convenience sampling. Partisipan dari penelitian merupakan 335 mahasiswa sarjana yang berkuliah di perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Student Adjustment to College Questionnaires (1984), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (1994), dan Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (2009). Data diolah menggunakan analisis korelasi dan analisis multiple regression. Hasil analisis menemukan hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara childhood emotional maltreatment dengan college emotional adjustment, dan hubungan positif yang signifikan antara psychological mindedness dengan college emotional adjustment. Childhood emotional maltreatment dan psychological mindedness juga ditemukan sebagai prediktor dari college emotional adjustment.

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The study was conducted to see the role of childhood emotional maltreatment and psychological mindedness on college emotional adjustments. This is a quantitative, correlational study with convenience sampling. Participants in this study are 335 undergraduate students studying at universities in Indonesia. The measuring instruments used are Student Adjustment to College Questionnaires (1984), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (1994), and Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (2009). The data were analysed using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that there are significant relationships between childhood emotional maltreatment and college emotional adjustment, and significant relationship between psychological mindedness and college emotional adjustment. Childhood emotional maltreatment and psychological mindedness were found to be significant predictors of college emotional adjustment."

"Penelitian terdahulu telah membuktikan bagaimana kodependensi berakar dari faktor bawaan masa kecil sebagai strategi untuk mengatasi trauma. Kodependensi juga berkaitan dengan pola kelekatan yang terbentuk sejak kecil dan bertahan sepanjang waktu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pengaruh pengalaman menyakitkan di masa kecil (ACE) terhadap pengembangan kodependensi pada dewasa muda dengan melakukan uji regresi terhadap kelekatan dimensi anxiety dan dimensi avoidance sebagai variabel mediasi. Kodependensi dalam penelitian ini diukur dengan menggunakan instrumen Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale (SFCS; Fischer et al., 1991), kelekatan diukur dengan menggunakan instrumen Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS; Fraley et al., 2011), dan ACE diukur dengan menggunakan instrumen Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003). Penelitian ini melibatkan 204 partisipan dewasa muda usia 18-40 tahun (M = 23,89, SD = 4,73). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ACE memiliki direct effect yang dapat memprediksi pengembangan kodependensi secara langsung (β =  0,12, SE = 0,04, p = 0,00). Selain itu, ditemukan pula bahwa kelekatan dimensi anxiety dapat memediasi pengaruh ACE terhadap kodependensi Î² =  0,08, SE = 0,02), sedangkan tidak ditemukan pada kelekatan dimensi avoidance< (β =  0,00, SE = 0,00).

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Prior studies have proven how codependency is rooted in childhood as a strategy to cope with trauma. Codependency is also closely related to attachment styles that were formed in childhood and persist over time. This research aims to investigate how adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can predict the development of codependency among young adults by performing regression tests on the attachment-related anxiety and attachment-related avoidance as mediating variables. In this study, codependency was measured using the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale (SFCS; Fischer et al., 1991), attachment was measured using Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS; Fraley et al., 2011), and ACE was measured using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003). This study involved 204 young adults aged 18-40 years (M = 23.89, SD = 4.73). The results showed that ACE had a direct effect that could predict the development of codependency (β = 0.12, SE = 0.04, p = 0.00). In addition, it was also found that attachment-related anxiety could mediate the effect of ACE on codependency (β = 0.08, SE = 0.02), while it was not found in attachment-related avoidance (β = 0.00, SE = 0.00)."