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"Produktivitas yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa industri dapat memanfaatkan sumber daya seperti tenaga kerja, mesin operasi, waktu serta hal lainnya yang mempengaruhi proses produksi secara maksimal. Pemborosan bagi perusahaan dapat mengakibatkan lama waktu produksi menjadi bertambah. VSM (Value Stream Mapping) merupakan salah satu metode untuk mengindentifikasi aktivitas produksi pada industri manufaktur, sehingga mempermudah untuk mencari akar permasalahan pada proses. Metode ini dapat memetakan secara keseluruhan gambaran proses produksi dari awal sampai akhir. Process Activity Mapping (PAM) juga dapat memberikan gambaran waktu terkait proses produksi yang meliputi value added time, non-value added time dan necessary non-value added time. PT. Forsta Kalmedic Global merupakan salah satu industri yang melakukan produksi benang bedah yang salah satunya adalah Elvadio. Pemetaan proses menunjukkan bahwa proses produksi yang memakan waktu produksi cukup banyak yaitu bagian quality control (70 %). Proses ini perlu dilakukan tapi tidak menambah value pada benang bedah. Produksi Elvadio memilki waktu proses 23,63 hari dengan komposisi 2,57 % value added, 21,75 % non value added dan 75,68 % necessary but non value added.

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High productivity indicates that the industry can utilize resources such as labor, operating machinery, time and other things that affect the production process to the maximum. Waste can result in increased production time. VSM (Value Stream Mapping) is one method to identify production activities in the manufacturing industry, making it easier to find the root of the problem in the process. This method can map the overall of production process from start to finish. Process Activity Mapping (PAM) can also provide an overview of time related to the production process which includes value added time, non-value added time and necessary non-value added time. PT Forsta Kalmedic Global is one of the industries that produce surgical threads, one of which is Elvadio. x Universitas Indonesia The process mapping shows that the production process that takes up quite a lot of production time is the quality control section (70%). This process needs to be done but does not add value to the surgical thread. Elvadio production has a process time of 23.63 days with a composition of 2.57% value added, 21.75% non-value added and 75.68% necessary but non-value added."

"Takeda merupakan perusahaan farmasi global yang telah berdiri selama 235 tahun. Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen masyarakat Indonesia, PT. Takeda Indonesia berupaya untuk meningkatkan produk dengan kualitas dan mutu terjamin. Dari observasi di lapangan, terdapat beberapa hal yang menjadi perhatian diantaranya terjadinya proses pengambilan bahan baku pada waktu yang mundur dari waktu yang seharusnya sehingga waktu operator produksi bagian penimbangan memulai proses selanjutnya juga mundur. Waktu yang mundur tersebut akan berpengaruh terhadap ketelitian karena dalam jam kerja yang sama harus sudah selesai dengan target yang telah ditentukan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode multimoment observation langsung yang diambil dalam 2 minggu. Dari hasil pengamatan secara langsung dan wawancara dapat disimpulkan pemborosan (Value Added, Non Value Added but Necessary, dan Non Value Added) pada proses pengambilan bahan baku dari Gudang oleh operator produksi yang paling banyak mengambil banyak waktu yaitu transportasi sebanyak 2,99 jam. Jumlah waktu paling sedikit yaitu pada tanggal 22 Juli 2022 sebanyak 0,91 jam, terbanyak yang dibutuhkan dalam pengambilan bahan baku yaitu 1,3 jam pada tanggal 26 Juli 2022. Presentase waktu terbanyak yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan pengambilan bahan baku yaitu pada kategori Non Value Added but Necessary sebesar 68,14%; 72,31%; 50,26%; 69,23%; 61%; 76%; dan 48,72% dari keseluruhan total waktu dari tanggal 19-26 Juli 2022.

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Takeda is a global pharmaceutical company that has been around for 235 years. In meeting the needs of Indonesian consumers, PT. Takeda Indonesia strives to improve products with guaranteed quality and quality. From observations in the field, there are several things that are of concern, including the occurrence of the process of taking raw materials at a later time than it should be so that when the production operator of the weighing division starts the next process it is also backwards. The backward time will affect the accuracy because in the same working hours it must be completed with a predetermined target. This research is a descriptive research with direct multi-moment observation method taken in 2 weeks. From the results of direct observations and interviews, it can be concluded that the waste (Value Added, Non Value Added but Necessary, and Non Value Added) in the process of taking raw materials from the Warehouse by production operators takes the most time, namely transportation of 2.99 hours. The minimum amount of time was 0.91 hours on 22 July 2022, the most needed in collecting raw materials was 1.3 hours on 26 July 2022. The highest percentage of time needed to collect raw materials was in the Non Value Added but Necessary category of 68.14%; 72.31%; 50.26%; 69.23%; 61%; 76%; and 48.72% of the total time from 19-26 July 2022."

"Manusia beraktivitas dalam satuan waktu pada suatu ruang dan memberikan makna baru ke dalam ruangnya. Makna tersebut dapat direpresentasikan dan dapat disampaikan melalui berbagai media, salah satunya adalah komik. Komik merupakan representasi persepsi komikus yang disampaikan melalui susunan gambar untuk menyampaikan informasi kepada pembaca. Komik menyampaikan informasi dengan gambar dan kata yang disatukan dalam sebuah panel yang kemudian disusun agar informasinya dapat terhubung. Informasi yang didapatkan merupakan isyarat terhadap pembentukan ruang dan waktu yang disampaikan komikus dalam komik. Keterhubungan informasi pada panel komik dapat dibaca dengan prinsip Gestalt. Prinsip Gestalt membantu pembentukan persepsi ruang dan waktu dalam komik agar informasi dalam setiap panelnya dapat menjadi satu kesatuan informasi. Dalam aplikasinya terhadap panel dalam komik, prinsip Gestalt yang dominan digunakan adalah figure-ground untuk memisahkan antara karakter dengan latarnya, proximity yang mengelompokkan informasi dari figure-ground sesuai dengan penyusunan panelnya, dan closure yang menghubungkan keseluruhan informasi dari panelnya sehingga terbaca sebagai ruang dan waktu yang utuh dari komik. Sehingga dalam merepresentasikan ruang dan waktu, bagian dari informasinya dapat disampaikan ke dalam media dengan aplikasi prinsip Gestalt khususnya figure-ground, proximity, dan closure agar persepsi visualnya dapat terbentuk.

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Humans activities occured in units of time in a space and give new meaning to the space. These meanings can be represented and can be conveyed through various media, one of which is comics. Comics are representations of comic artists' perceptions conveyed through the arrangement of images to convey information to readers. Comics convey information with pictures and words that are put together in a panel which is then arranged so that the information can be connected. The information obtained is a sign of the formation of space and time delivered by comics in the comic. The connection of information in the comic panel can be read with the Gestalt principle.

The Gestalt principle helps to form perceptions of space and time in comics so that the information in each panel can become a single unit of information. In its application to the panel in comics, the dominant Gestalt principle used is figure-ground to separate characters from background, proximity which groups information from figure-ground according to the arrangement of panels, and closure that connects all information from the panel so that it reads space and time complete from comics. So that in representing space and time, part of the information can be conveyed into the media with the application of the principle of Gestalt specifically figure-ground, proximity, and closure so that visual perception can be formed."

"Peningkatan belanja kesehatan di Indonesia tidak secara bersamaan meningkatkan pendapatan rumah sakit umum. Untuk mengatasi fenomena ini, rumah sakit milik negara sebagai organisasi pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat perlu menekan biaya dan meningkatkan pendapatannya tanpa mengurangi kualitasnya untuk mencapai efisiensi dan efektivitas. Untuk dua tujuan utama tersebut, lean service digunakan oleh rumah sakit untuk mengeliminasi aktivitas yang tidak memiliki nilai tambah. Dalam konteks tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis value stream dari siklus pendapatan brakhiterapi, membuat hierarki aktivitas dan mengeliminasi aktivitas yang tidak memiliki nilai tambah.Temuan penelitian didasarkan pada aktivitas pelayanan yang diberikan di Instalasi Y Rumah Sakit X pada 2019 dan 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 77% aktivitas adalah aktivitas yang memilki nilai tambah dan esensial (kolom A), namun 1 aktivitas dari tahapan penjadwalan dan 1 aktivitas dari tahapan admisi dan kasir adalah aktivitas yang memiliki nilai tambah namun tidak esensial (kolom B). Enam aktivitas lainnya termasuk dalam aktivitas yang tidak memiliki nilai tambah namun termasuk aktivitas yang esensial (kolom C). Eliminasi 2 aktivitas pada kolom B dengan mengimplementasikan sistem penjadwalan yang terkomputerisasi dapat mengurangi biaya sebesar ±57 juta rupiah. Aktivitas dalam kolom C dapat diperbaiki dengan mengimplementasikan monitoring dan evaluasi untuk efisiensi waktu.

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An increase in health spending in Indonesia does not simultaneously increase general hospital revenues. To overcome this phenomenon, state-owned hospitals as public health service organizations need to reduce costs and increase revenues without reducing their quality to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. For these two main purposes, lean service is used by hospitals to eliminate activities that do not have added value. In this context, this study analyzes the value stream of the brakhiterapi income cycle, creates a hierarchy of activities and eliminates activities that do not have added value.

The research findings are based on service activities provided at Installation Y Hospital X in 2019 and 2020. The findings show that 77% of activities are activities that have value-added and are essential (Column A), but an activity from the scheduling stage and an activity from the admission and cashier stages are activities which has value-added but are not essential (Column B). Six other activities included in the column C, those are acitvities that do not have value-added but are essential activities. Elimination of 2 activities in column B by implementing a computerized scheduling system can reduce costs by ±57 million rupiahs. Activities in column C can be improved by implementing monitoring and evaluation for time efficiency."

"[ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah : (1) Untuk menganalisis pengaruh aktivitas pelabuhan terhadap perekonomian Indonesia dilakukan melalui analisis angka pengganda (multiplier analysis), analisis kontribusi (share analysis) dan keterkaitan antar sektor pelabuhan Indonesia; (2) Untuk menganalisis posisi pelabuhan dalam sektor kunci perekonomian Indonesia; (3) Untuk menganalisis dampak investasi PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia (BUMN) terhadap pendapatan (income) dan nilai tambah bruto (NTB) perekonomian Indonesia.Adapun data yang digunakan menggunakan data-data yang dipublikasikan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dan Universitas Indonesia (UI) khususnya adalah Tabel Input Output 2008 Updating dan 2010. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah menggunakan pendekatan analisis Input-Output, yaitu angka pengganda (multiplier analysis), analisa keterkaitan antar sektor (forward-backward linkage), analisis kontribusi (share analysis) dan analisis dampak investasi terhadap pendapatan (income) dan nilai tambah bruto (NTB) sektor-sektor perekonomian Indonesia.Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah (1) Sektor-sektor pelabuhan memiliki nilai angka pengganda output yang relatif besar dan angka pengganda pendapatan yang relatif kecil. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa 4 (empat) sektor terpilih yaitu Jasa Penunjang Angkutan, Jalan, Jembatan dan Pelabuhan, Angkutan Laut dan Industri Kapal dan Jasa Perbaikannya, memiliki potensi penciptaan output yang besar dari permintaannya, tetapi memiliki sedikit potensi penciptaan pendapatan rumah tangga, hal ini disebabkan karena 4 (empat) sektor ini hanya sedikit menggunakan input yang berasal dari rumah tangga atau hanya menyerap sedikit tenaga kerja rumah tangga. (2) Koefisien teknologi tahun 2008 dan 2010, terdapat perbedaansehingga terjadi perubahan teknologi dalam proses produksi output perekonomian. Sektor Jalan, Jembatan dan Pelabuhan merupakan sektor yang memiliki kontribusi output (output share) dan kontribusi permintaan antara (intermediate demand) tertinggi.(3) Sektor Kunci perekonomian, yaitu sektor Jalan, Jembatan, dan Pelabuhan, Angkutan Laut, dan Jasa Penunjang Angkutan, sedangkan Industri Kapal dan Jasa perbaikannya masih belum menjadi sektor kunci perekonomian. (4) Stimulus investasi terhadap sektor-sektor pelabuhandapat meningkatkan distribusi pendapatan ke seluruh sektor-sektor perekonomian lainnya dan terjadi peningkatan total pendapatan dari output seluruh perekonomian.(5) Stimulus investasi terhadap sektor-sektor pelabuhan dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah bruto (NTB) ke seluruh sektor-sektor perekonomian lainnya dan terjadi peningkatan total NTB dari output seluruh perekonomian.(6) penurunan dwelling time terhadap sektor-sektor pelabuhan dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah bruto (NTB) ke seluruh sektor-sektor perekonomian lainnya danterjadi peningkatan total NTB dari output seluruh perekonomian.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study were: (1) To analyze the effect of the port activity on the Indonesian economy is done through the multiplier analysis, analysis of the contribution (share analysis) and linkages between Indonesian port sector; (2) To analyze the position of the port in the key sectors of the Indonesian economy; (3) To analyze the impact of investment and dwelling time on PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia to earnings and gross value added Indonesian economy. The data that is being used from the data published by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the University of Indonesia (UI) in particular is Updating Input Output Table 2008 and 2010. The analysis tool used is using the Input-Output analysis approach, the multiplier analysis, forward-backward linkage analysis, the analysis of the contribution (share analysis) and the analysis of investment impact on income and gross value added the Indonesian economy sectors. The conclusion is (1) Sectors port multiplier output value is relatively large and income multiplier is relatively small. This shows that 4 (four) selected sectors namely Supporting Services Transport, Roads, Bridges and Ports, Sea Transport and Industrial Ship and Improvement Services, has a great potential outputcreation of demand, but it has small potential for the creation of household income, this due to the 4 (four) sector is only inconsiderably small in using the input that comes from households or just absorb small amount of household labor. (2) The coefficient of the technology in 2008 and 2010, there is a difference resulting in a change of technology in the production process of the economy's output. Sector Roads, Bridges and Ports is the one that has the highest output share and intermediate demand. (3) The Roads, Bridges, and Ports, Sea Transport, Transport and Supporting Services are the key sectors of the economy, while the Shipbuilding Industry and Services improvement is still not a key sector of the economy. (4) Stimulus investments to the port sectors can improve incomedistribution to all other sectors of the economy and an increase in total revenue of the output of the entire economy. (5) Stimulus investments to the port sectors could increase the gross value added to throughout other sectors of the economy and an increase in the total value added of the output of the entire economy. (6) reduction in dwelling time for the Indonesian port could increase gross value added to all other sectors of the economy and an increase in the total value added of the whole output economy., The purpose of this study were: (1) To analyze the effect of the port activityon the Indonesian economy is done through the multiplier analysis, analysis of thecontribution (share analysis) and linkages between Indonesian port sector; (2) Toanalyze the position of the port in the key sectors of the Indonesian economy; (3)To analyze the impact of investment and dwelling time on PT. PelabuhanIndonesia to earnings and gross value added Indonesian economy.The data that is being used from the data published by the Central StatisticsAgency (BPS) and the University of Indonesia (UI) in particular is Updating InputOutput Table 2008 and 2010. The analysis tool used is using the Input-Outputanalysis approach, the multiplier analysis, forward-backward linkage analysis, theanalysis of the contribution (share analysis) and the analysis of investment impacton income and gross value added the Indonesian economy sectors.The conclusion is (1) Sectors port multiplier output value is relatively largeand income multiplier is relatively small. This shows that 4 (four) selected sectorsnamely Supporting Services Transport, Roads, Bridges and Ports, Sea Transportand Industrial Ship and Improvement Services, has a great potential outputcreation of demand, but it has small potential for the creation of householdincome, this due to the 4 (four) sector is only inconsiderably small in using theinput that comes from households or just absorb small amount of household labor.(2) The coefficient of the technology in 2008 and 2010, there is a differenceresulting in a change of technology in the production process of the economy'soutput. Sector Roads, Bridges and Ports is the one that has the highest output share and intermediate demand. (3) The Roads, Bridges, and Ports, Sea Transport,Transport and Supporting Services are the key sectors of the economy, while theShipbuilding Industry and Services improvement is still not a key sector of theeconomy. (4) Stimulus investments to the port sectors can improve incomedistribution to all other sectors of the economy and an increase in total revenue ofthe output of the entire economy. (5) Stimulus investments to the port sectorscould increase the gross value added to throughout other sectors of the economyand an increase in the total value added of the output of the entire economy. (6)reduction in dwelling time for the Indonesian port could increase gross valueadded to all other sectors of the economy and an increase in the total value addedof the whole output economy]"

"This book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented."

"In this book, Graham Wills bridges the gap between the art and the science of visually representing data. He does not simply give rules and advice, but bases these on general principles and provide a clear path between them. "