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"Seorang pekerja laki-laki 38 tahun mengalami gejala gangguan saraf tepi dan di diagnosis neuropati perifer. Pekerja tersebut memiliki riwayat bekerja sebagai operator mesin Spinning di pabrik pembuatan rayon selama 10 tahun dengan riwayat paparan CS2 melebihi nilai ambang batas secara inhalasi. Tujuan dari laporan kasus berbasis bukti ini adalah untuk mendapatkan jawaban yang tepat tentang hubungan antara paparan karbon disulfida kerja melalui inhalasi dengan neuropati perifer di antara pekerja industri rayon. Pencarian artikel dilakukan melalui PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase dan handsearching. Kriteria inklusi adalah Tinjauan Sistematis, Meta-Analisis, Studi Kohort, Studi Kasus-kontrol, Studi potong lintang, pekerja dengan paparan CS2 secara inhalasi di lingkungan kerja, hasil diagnosis neuropati perifer atau hasil tes konduktifitas saraf sebagai alat diagnostik baku neuropati perifer ( MNCV dan SNCV ). Kemudian ditelaah secara kritis menggunakan kriteria CEBM oxford untuk studi etiologi . Dari hasil pencarian artikel didapatkan 4 jurnal penelitian. Terdapat satu artikel studi kohort prospektif dan tiga artikel studi potong lintang. Hasil telaah kritis 4 studi penelitian belum cukup kuat menunjukkan hubungan antara paparan CS2 inhalasi dengan neuropati perifer. Namun nilai penurunan konduktivitas saraf tepi dikatakan bermakna jika kecepatan konduktivitas saraf tepi ekstremitas atas < 50 m/s dan ekstremitas bawah jika < 40 m/s.

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Carbon disulfide (CS2) is widely used in various industries as a raw material for the manufacture of goods such as rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. Currently, the largest user of this chemical is the rayon fibre industry. This evidence-based case report aims to obtain precise answers regarding the relationship between occupational carbon disulfide exposure through inhalation and peripheral neuropathy among rayon industry workers. A 38-year-old male worker had peripheral nerve disorder symptoms and was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. The worker had a history of working as a spinning machine operator in a rayon manufacturing factory for 10 years with a history of exposure to CS2 exceeding the threshold value through inhalation. An article search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and manual searching. The articles were then critically appraised using Oxford's CEBM criteria for etiological studies. The article searches resulted in one prospective cohort study and three cross-sectional studies. Based on the patient's condition, the findings from the 4 research studies were insufficient to establish a link between inhalation exposure to CS2 and peripheral neuropathy. Further studies with a stronger association level are needed to establish the relationship between inhaled CS2 exposure and peripheral neuropathy."

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Rute pulmonal merupakan rute penghantaran zat aktif yang menjanjikan untuk pengobatan lokal dan sistemik, karena memungkinkan untuk mengadministrasikan obat dengan dosis minimum dan konsentrasi tinggi langsung pada situs terapi, non-invasif, dan tidak melalui metabolisme lintas pertama. Pemilihan eksipien yang tepat dapat menghasilkan sediaan inhalasi dengan karakteristik yang sesuai untuk penghantaran zat aktif sesuai dengan tujuan penggunaannya. Bahan alam Indonesia yang berasal dari laut (seperti kitosan, alginat, gelatin ikan) dan bahan nabati (modifikasi pati, gum alam dan xyloglucan) telah dikembangkan sebagai eksipien pada sejumlah sediaan farmasi. Namun bahan alam tersebut belum banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai eksipien sediaan inhalasi. Oleh karena itu, penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik bahan alam Indonesia yang prospektif untuk dikembangkan sebagai eksipien untuk sediaan inhalasi, serta menganalisa tantangan dalam proses pengembangannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan pencarian artikel penelitian di sciencedirect, PubMed dan google scholar dengan kata kunci natural, excipient dan inhalation. Bahan alam Indonesia yang berasal dari laut (seperti kitosan, alginat, gelatin ikan) dan bahan nabati (modifikasi pati, gum alam dan xyloglucan) menunjukkan karakteristik yang prospektif untuk penghantaran zat aktif ke paru-paru. Pengembangan bahan alam untuk sediaan inhalasi perlu dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan sifat fungsional eksipien yang sesuai untuk tujuan pengobatan yang diinginkan dan proses produksi yang efisien, serta kompatibilitas dan keamanan eksipien tersebut terhadap sel dan jaringan paru-paru.

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Pulmonary route is a prospective delivery route for active substances for local and systemic therapy due to its possibility to administer drugs with minimum doses and high concentrations directly at the therapeutic site, non-invasive method, and avoid the first-pass metabolism. Selecting suitable excipients can produce inhalation dosage forms with appropriate characteristic to deliver API according to their intended use. Natural excipients from Indonesia which are derived from the sea (such as chitosan, alginate, fish gelatin) and from plants (modified starch, natural gum and xyloglucan) have been developed as excipients in several pharmaceutical dosage forms. However, this natural material has not been widely used as excipient in inhalation dosage form. Therefore, this article aimed to identify characteristics of natural resources which are prospective to be developed as excipients for inhalation dosage form, as well as analyze the challenges in its development. The literature review has been performed to explore research articles in sciencedirect, PubMed and google scholar with key words of natural, excipient dan inhalation. Natural excipients from Indonesia which are derived from the sea (such as chitosan, alginate, fish gelatin) and from plants (modified starch, natural gum and xyloglucan) exhibit prospective characteristics for delivering API to the lungs. Furthermore, several considerations should be performed in developing these natural materials for inhalation dosages form, including the functional properties of the excipient required for targeted therapy and efficient production processes, as well as the compatibility and safety of the excipient toward cells and lung tissue.

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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai dampak kesehatan dari pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dengan menggunakan kotinin, yaitu suatu hasil metabolisme nikotin yang terdeteksi dalam urin, telah direkomendasikan sebagai pengukuran kuantitatif nikotin dalam tubuh dan biomarker pajanan asap rokok lingkungan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan pajanan asap rokok di rumah pada perempuan dewasa bukan perokok, dengan mengukur kadar kotinin urin, CO ekspirasi dan melihat dampak kesehatannya.Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis potong lintang terhadap 60 orang perempuan dewasa bukan perokok terpajan dan 58 orang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumahnya dalam wilayah Pasar Rebo, Jakarta. Kadar kotinin urin diukur menggunakan metode pemeriksaan ELISA. Sebagai informasi tambahan, kami mengumpulkan data kadar CO ekspirasi, kuesioner kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga di rumah dan dampak kesehatan respirasi subyek penelitian.Hasil: Nilai median kadar kotinin urin yang didapat adalah 24,65 ng/ml pada kelompok terpajan dan 7,30 ng/ml pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Nilai median kadar CO ekspirasi adalah 5,00 ppm pada kelompok terpajan dan 3,00 ppm pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Durasi terpajan asap rokok (jumlah jam/hari) pada perempuan perokok pasif memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tinggi rendahnya kadar kotinin urin(p=0.037). Gejala sesak napas yang muncul berhubungan signifikan dengan status pajanan asap rokok subjek (p=0.01). Faktor lama pajanan asap rokok terakhir memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kadar CO ekspirasi (p=0,004). Nilai titik potong kotinin urin antara kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok adalah 14,4 ng/ml (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 74,0 %, p=0.000). Nilai titik potong CO ekspirasi adalah 3,5 ppm (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 81,0 %, p=0.000).Terdapat korelasi yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara kadar CO ekspirasi dan kotinin urin (r=0,641, p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dan CO ekspirasi pada perempuan dewasa yang terpajan asap rokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumah. Pengukuran kotinin urin adalah metode pengukuran pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dalam tubuh yang sensitif, non-invasif dan efektif.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results: Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000).Conclusion: The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure., Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.]"

"Penyakit pernapasan kronis seperti asma dan PPOK (Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronis) merupakan salah satu dari empat jenis PTM (Penyakit Tidak Menular) terbesar di dunia. Penyakit pernapasan seperti asma dan PPOK membutuhkan pengobatan jangka panjang dan rutin. Sebagian besar pengobatannya adalah dengan rute pemberian obat secara inhalasi. Terapi inhalasi merupakan suatu terapi yang dapat menghantarkan obat langsung ke saluran pernapasan. Terapi ini dapat memberikan onset yang lebih cepat dan menyebabkan efek samping yang cenderung lebih kecil dibandingkan rute lainnya. Dalam pengunaannya tidak semua orang dapat menggunakan sediaan inhalasi dengan tepat dimana hal ini dapat menyebabkan terapi tidak bekerja secara optimal. Cara penggunaan sediaan inhalasi yang tidak tepat dapat mengurangi jumlah pemberian obat pada saluran udara sehingga menurunkan efektivitas dari obat. Maka dari itu, materi edukasi mengenai cara penggunaan sediaan inhalasi yang tepat melalui media leaflet ini disiapkan sebagai sarana edukasi kepada pasien atau masyarakat sehingga terapi inhalasi dapat berjalan dengan optimal.

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Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) are one of the four largest noncommunicable diseases in the world. Respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD require long-term and regular treatment. Most of the treatment is by the inhalation route. Inhalation therapy is a therapy that can deliver drugs directly to the respiratory tract. It can provide a faster onset and causes fewer side effects than other routes. Not everyone can use inhalation preparations properly, which can cause the therapy doesn't optimally work. Improper use of inhalation preparations can reduce the amount of drug delivery to the airways, thus reducing the effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, educational material about how to use inhalation preparations through leaflet media is prepared as a means of education to patients or the public so that inhalation therapy can be optimized."

"ABSTRAKSeng oksida (ZnO) adalah salah satu kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan penginderaan kelembaban karena murah, stabilitas kimia dan termal yang baik, morfologi permukaan yang dapat dikontrol, dan tidak larut dalam air. Namun demikian, sensor kelembaban berbasis ZnO murni memiliki respon yang buruk dan histeresis besar yang membatasi aplikasinya. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, banyak peneliti telah melaporkan peningkatan kinerja sensor kelembaban ZnO dengan doping, modifikasi permukaan, atau pencampuran dengan bahan lain. Dalam penelitian ini, sensor kelembaban tipe kapasitif dibuat dengan drop-coating larutan tungsten disulfida (WS2) pada ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) yang ditumbuhkan pada substrat kaca dengan elektroda indium tin oxide (ITO). Penelitian ini berhasil melakukan eksfoliasi WS2 menjadi material dua dimensi yang terdiri dari 3 lapis dengan celah pita 2,56 eV. Namun demikian selain WS2, fasa WO3 muncul dengan jumlah yang signifikan. Penambahan WS2 nanosheets pada permukaan ZnO nanorods sebagai sensor kelembaban dapat meningkatkan performa sensor kelembapan dimana dapat menurunkan histeresis sensor, meningkatkan respon dan sensitivitas menjadi 378% dan 101,71 fF/RH% pada kelembapan tinggi, sedangkan waktu respon dan pemulihan tidak menunjukan perubahan yang signifikan. Respon kapasitif disebabkan interaksi molekul air yang meningkatkan permitivitas relatif material. Selain itu, adanya akumulasi elektron pada junction interface dapat menjadi penyebab kenaikan laju disosiasi air dan menaikkan respon sensor.

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ABSTRACTZinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the promising candidates for humidity sensing materials due to its low-cost preparation, good chemical and thermal stability, controllable surface morphology, and low solubility in water. However, pure ZnO based humidity sensors suffer from poor response and large hysteresis that further limit its applications. To overcome this problem, many researchers have reported on improving ZnO based humidity sensor by doping, surface modification, or mixing with other materials. In this study, a capacitive-type humidity sensor was prepared by drop-coating an aqueous solution of exfoliated tungsten disulfide (WS2) onto ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on glass substrate containing pre-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This study succeeded in exfoliating bulk-WS2 into two dimensional material consisting of 3 layers with a band-gap of 2.56 eV. However, besides WS2, a significant amount of WO3 phase appears. The addition of WS2 nanosheets on the surface of ZnO nanorods resulting in improvement of humidity sensor performance by reducing sensor hysteresis, increased response and sensitivity to 378% and 101.71 fF/RH% at high humidity, while response and recovery time do not show significant changes. Capacitive response is due to the interaction of water molecules which increases relative permitivitty of materials. In addition, the formation of accumulation layer on the junction interface can cause an increase in water dissociation rate and therefore increase in sensor response."

"ZnO nanorods adalah salah satu material semikonduktor yang banyak digunakan dalam fotodetektor karena memiliki luas area aktif yang besar, serapan cahaya yang tinggi, dan mudah difabrikasi. Namun demikian, arus gelap yang tinggi menjadi masalah utamanya. Untuk itu, salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah dengan membuat heterostructure ZnO dengan material semikonduktor lain. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat fotodetektor zinc oxide (ZnO) dengan jua jenis MoS₂ yaitu MoS₂ few-layer dan MoS₂ many-layer yang akan dideposisi diatas ZnO dengan metode spin coat. Pengujian fotodetektor dilakukan dibawah penyinaran sinar UV (365 nm) dan cahaya tampak (505, 625 nm) pada tegangan 2V. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kinerja dari segi sensitivitas, responsivitas, dan detektivitas setelah penmabahan MoS₂. Peningkatan kinerja ini diakibatkan oleh penurunan arus gelap yang mungkin disebabkan oleh pasivasi permukaan yang dapat menekan jumlah muatan bebas dari defect ZnO.

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ZnO nanorod is a semiconductor material that is widely used in photodetector device because it has large active area, high light absorption, and  easy to manufacture. However, the high dark currents were the main problem. For that, one of the efforts made is to make the ZnO heterostructure with other semiconductor materials. In this research, zinc oxide (ZnO) photodetector was made with two types of MoS₂, namely multiple-layer MoS2 and many-layer MoS2 which will be deposited on ZnO with the spin coat method. Photodetector testing was carried out under UV light (365 nm) and visible light (505, 625 nm) at a voltage of 2V. The results showed an increase in performance in terms of sensitivity, responsivity, and detectivity after the deposition of MoS₂. The increase in performance is due to decrease in dark currents which may be due to surface passivation which can reduce the amount of free charge from the ZnO defect."

"Latar belakang:Penggunaan pipa endotrakeal merupakan tindakan yang dapat menciptakan jalan napas yang aman selama operasi. Nyeri tenggorok pascaoperasi masih menempati rangking ke-8 dari komplikasi pascaoperasi terutama akibat intubasi dan penggunaan pipa endotrakeal.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode uji klinis prospektif acak tersamar ganda pada 88 pasien yang menjalani operasi dengan anestesi umum dengan pipa endotrakeal. Pasien dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak; Grup A 44 orang dan Grup B 44 pasien. Sebelum induksi, pada grup A diberikan inhalasi NaCl 0,9 10 mL dan injeksi deksametason intravena, grup B diberikan inhalasi lidokain 2 1,5 mg/KgBB dan injeksi NaCl 0,9 2 mL. Penilaian tenggorok menggunakan Numerica Rating Scale dalam 3 waktu yang berbeda, jam ke-0, 2 jam dan 24 jam pascaoperasi. Kekerapan dan derajat nyeri dicatat dan dianalisa dengan menggunakan uji chi-kuadrat.Hasil: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan kekerapan nyeri tenggorok pascaoperasi bermakna pada kedua kelompok sesaat setelah operasi selesai 16,3 pada grup A dan 7 pada grup B, p = 0,313 , jam ke-2 dan jam ke-24 pascaoperasi tidak didapatkan nyeri tenggorok pada kedua grup . Derajat nyeri tenggorok pascaoperasi tidak berbeda bermakna di antara kedua kelompok.Simpulan: Inhalasi lidokain sebelum intubasi memiliki efektivits yang sama dengan profilaksis deksametason intravena dalam mencegah nyeri tenggorok pascaoperasi.Kata kunci: Nyeri tenggorok pascaoperasi, intubasi endotrakeal, deksametason, lidokain.

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Background The use of endotracheal tube ETT is securing airway during surgery. Postoperative sore throat still holding the 8th rank of anesthesia complication however because endotracheal tube and intubation.Methods This study is prospective randomized clinical trials double blind in 88 patients undergoing surgery under anesthesia with endotracheal tube ETT . Patients was divided into two groups at random Group A 44 patients and group B 44 patient. Before the induction, patient in group A was given NaCl 0,9 inhalation 10 mL and intravenous dexamethasone injection 10 mg, group B was given lidocaine inhalation 1,5 mg KgBW and intravenous NaCl 0,9 injection 2mL. The evaluation using Numerical Rating Scale in three different times early after extubation, 2 hours and 24 hours postoperative. The frequency and degree of POST were recorded and analyzed using chi square.Result there are no differences in postoperative sore throat between both groups at early after surgery 16,3 in group A and 7 in group B, p 0,313 , 2 hour and 24 hour postoperative there is no POST were found in both group . The degree of POST was not significantly different between two group.Conclusion lidocaine inhalationbefore intubation has the same effectiveness compare to prophylactic intravenous dexamethason injection in reducing POST."

"Risiko perilaku kekerasan merupakan keadaan seseorang atau perilaku yang pernah berperilaku mengikuti emosi dan tindakan yang dapat membahayakan fisik, baik terhadap dirinya sendiri, orang lain di sekitarnya, atau lingkungan. Angka kejadian berisiko terhadap perilaku buruk terhadap tinggi. Penulisan ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk memberikan laporan tentang asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan risiko perilaku kekerasan melalui penerapan terapi relaksasi nafas dalam. Tindakan yang dilakukan kepada klien adalah mengajarkan teknik mengontrol marah secara non-farmakologis yaitu teknik relaksasi tarik napas dalam dengan penetapan durasi waktu 20 menit pada setiap intervensi selama enam hari. Evaluasi tanda dan gejala perilaku kekerasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen tanda dan gejala perilaku kekerasan. Selain itu, kemampuan klien dalam mengontrol risiko perilaku kekerasan juga diukur sebelum dan setelah dilakukan intervensi selama 10 hari menggunakan lembar kemampuan mengontrol risiko perilaku kekerasan. Hasil yang didapatkan skor tanda dan gejala perilaku kekerasan cenderung selalu menurun setiap hari. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut penulis merekomendasikan penerapan terapi relaksasi tarik nafas dalam dengan durasi waktu 20 menit dapat diterapkan pada asuhan keperawatan jiwa sebagai terapi harian yang efektif membantu pasien yang mengalami diagnosis keperawatan risiko perilaku kekerasan. Kata kunci : Risiko perilaku kekerasan, Tanda dan gejala, Tarik Napas Dalam

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The risk of violent behavior is a person's condition or behavior that has behaved according to emotions and actions that can harm physically, either to himself, others around him, or the environment. The incidence of risk for bad behavior is high. This writing was made with the aim of providing a report on nursing care in patients at risk of violent behavior through the application of deep breathing relaxation therapy. The action taken to the client is to teach non-pharmacological anger control techniques, namely deep breathing relaxation techniques with a duration of 20 minutes for each intervention for six days. Evaluation of signs and symptoms of violent behavior is carried out using the instrument of signs and symptoms of violent behavior. In addition, the client's ability to control the risk of violent behavior was also measured before and after the intervention for 10 days using the ability to control the risk of violent behavior sheet. The results obtained that the scores for signs and symptoms of violent behavior tend to decrease every day. Based on these results the authors recommend the application of deep breathing relaxation therapy with a duration of 20 minutes can be applied to psychiatric nursing care as an effective daily therapy to help patients who experience a nursing diagnosis of risk of violent behavior. Keywords: Deep Breathing, Risk of violent behvior, Signs and symptoms"

"Kebisingan merupakan risiko dalam bidang kesehatan bagi pekerja yang kemungkinan timbulnya penyakit terkait kerja (work related diseases) disebabkan oleh suatu faktor yang berasal dari tempat kerja dalam bentuk gangguan kesehatan, penyakit, kecelakaan, cacat, dan kematian. Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan surat keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. Kep-51/MEN/1999 tentang Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) faktor fisika di tempat kerja, di dalamnya ditetapkan Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) kebisingan sebesar 85 dBA sebagai intensitas tertinggi dan merupakan nilai yang masih dapat diterima oleh pekerja tanpa mengakibatkan penyakit atau gangguan kesehatan dalam pekerjaan seharihari untuk waktu tidak melebihi 8 jam sehari atau 40 jam seminggu.Data Tahun 2000 di Amerika Serikat menunjukkan lebih dari 9 juta pekerja setiap hari terpajan kebisingan sebesar 85 dBA. Ada sekitar 5,2 juta pekerja terpajan kebisingan > 85 dBA pada Manufacturing dan Untilities atau sekitar 35 % dari total pekerja pada industri manufacturing di Amerika. Departemen pekerja Amerika memperkirakan ada 19,3 % pekerja pada manufacturing dan untilities terpajan kebisinganSOH 90 dBA, 34,4 % terpajan kebisingan > 85 dBA dan 53,1 % terpajan kebisingan > 80 dBA.Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan audiometri pada 103 orang pekerja di perusahaan PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja ditemukan adanya penurunan status pendengaran pada frekuensi 4000 Hz sebanyak 52,4 %, terlihat bahwa separuh pekerja dari sampel yang diperiksa pada penelitian ini telah mengalami gangguan fungsi pendengaran tidak normal.PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja adalah salah satu perusahaan berspesialisasi dalam desain dan manufaktur dari peralatan-peralatan proses, fabrikasi baja umum, dan pemeliharaan dan konstruksi untuk minyak dan gas, petrokimia dan industri pembangkit listrik yang beroperasi sejak tahun 1977. Produk permintaan tinggi lainnya yaitu Vessel Pressure, Glycol Dehydration Packages, CO2 Removal Plants, and Heater Treatment Package. Dalam proses kerjanya perusahaan ini menggunakan mesin yang menimbulkan suara yang cukup keras seperti mesin welding, Mechining, bending, rolling, setting dan alat tersebut dioperasikan oleh pekerja, sehingga para pekerja setiap harinya akan terpapar oleh suara bising tersebut, hal ini bagi pekerja/karyawan PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja dapat berpeluang untuk terganggu oleh suara tersebut Besarnya risiko kesehatan yang disebabkan suara bising pada masyarakat khususnya pada karyawan / pekerja dapat berpeluang terhadap gangguan fungsi pendengaran.Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pajanan kebisingan dengan fungsi pendengaran pada pekerja pabrik di PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja tahun 2010.Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif yang bersifat analitik dengan pendekatan rancangan studi yang digunakan Cross Sectional, yaitu melakukan pengamatan dan wawancara pada subyek penelitian dan diikuti pengukuran intensitas kebisingan di lingkungan kerja. Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Mei 2010 di bagian/unit kerja produksi PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, tingkat pajanan kebisingan PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja melebihi nilai ambang batas yang telah di tetapkan, yaitu berkisar antara 82 dB(A) - 89 dB(A) di bagian/unit kerja produksi. Tingkat pajanan kebisingan tertinggi terdapat di unit/bagian kerja/seksi area Vessel II yaitu 89 dB(A) dan tingkat kebisingan terendah yaitu di unit/bagian kerja/seksi area Engineering dan terdapatnya hubungan antara Tingkat pajanan kebisingan dengan fungsi pendengaran.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perlunya peranan Pihak perusahaan agar mengembangkan program pengendalian kebisingan yang telah ada dengan penerapan komponen Hearng loss Prevention Program (HLPP) sebagai upaya meminimalisasi pajanan kebisingan yang diterima oleh pekerja sampai ke titik dimana bahaya terhadap pendengaran dapat dikurangi atau dihilangkan. Contoh; HLPP audit, Audiometric Evaluation, engineering control, dan administrative control.

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Noise is a health risk for workers in the possibility of work-related illness (work related diseases) is caused by a factor derived from the workplace in the form of health problems, illness, accident, disability, and death. The Government has issued Decree No Minister of Labor. Kep-51/MEN/1999 about Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of physical factors in the workplace, in which established Threshold Limit Values (TLV) of 85 dBA noise as the highest intensity and a value that can still be accepted by the workers without causing disease or disorder health in their daily work for a period not exceeding eight hours per day or 40 hours a week.

Data Year 2000 in the United States showed more than 9 million workers daily exposed to noise at 85 dBA. There are about 5.2 million workers exposed to noise> 85 dBA at the Manufacturing and Untilities or approximately 35% of the total workers in manufacturing industry in America. United workers Department estimates there are 19.3% of workers in manufacturing and untilities SOH 90 dBA noise exposure, 34.4% exposed to noise> 85 dBA and 53.1% exposed to noise> 80 dBA.

Based on the results of audiometry in 103 people working in the company of PT. Sarana Baja studio found a decrease in hearing status on the frequency 4000 Hz were 52.4%, showed that half the workers from the sample examined in this study had impaired hearing function is not normal.

PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja is one company specializing in the design and manufacturing of process equipment, general steel fabrication, and maintenance and construction services to oil and gas, petrochemical and power industries operating since 1977. Other high demand products are Pressure Vessel, Glycol Dehydration Packages, CO2 Removal Plants, and Heater Treatment Package. In the process his company uses the machines that create a loud enough voice like welding machines, Mechining, bending, rolling, setting and the equipment operated by workers, so workers will be exposed to everyday noises such, this is for the workers / employees of . Steel Facility workshop can expect to distracted by the voice. The magnitude of health risks caused by noise in the society especially in the employee / worker can expect to auditory dysfunction.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between noise exposure on hearing function of factory workers in PT. Sanggar Sarana Baja 2010. This study was a descriptive study was analytic approach used in study design was cross sectional, that is to make observations and interviews on the subject of research and followed by measuring the intensity of noise in the workplace. When the study was conducted in April-May 2010 in unit of PT Sanggar Sarana Baja.

The results showed that noise exposure level of PT Sanggar Sarana Baja exceeds the threshold value that has been on the set, ranging from 82 dB (A) - 89 dB (A) in the unit of production. Have the highest noise exposure levels in the unit / working part / section II Vessel area that is 89 dB (A) and the lowest noise level that is in the unit / working part / section area of Engineering and the presence of the relationship between the level of noise exposure on hearing function.

Based on this research, the need for companies to develop the role of party noise control programs that already exist with the implementation of component loss Hearng Prevention Program (HLPP) in an effort to minimize the noise exposure received by workers to the point where the danger of hearing loss can be reduced or eliminated. Example; HLPP audit, Audiometric Evaluation, engineering controls, and administrative control."

"Sediaan inhalasi merupakan larutan atau suspensi yang mengandung bahan obat dan diberikan melalui saluran napas hidung atau mulut untuk mendapatkan efek lokal atau sistemik. Pentingnya sistem pengiriman sediaan inhalasi dalam pengobatan gangguan pernapasan adalah karena memungkinkan obat dihantarkan langsung ke sistem pernapasan dengan efek samping minimal. Penggunaan inhaler yang tepat dan konsisten sangat penting dalam pengobatan asma, namun banyak pasien yang belum menggunakan inhaler dengan benar. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk memberikan edukasi kepada pasien mengenai teknik penggunaan, pemeliharaan, dan pembuangan sediaan inhalasi yang tepat. Salah satu metode edukasi ke pasien adalah menggunakan poster. Pembuatan poster sebagai media edukasi dimulai dengan studi literatur mengenai definisi dan petunjuk penggunaan sediaan inhalasi. Informasi tersebut kemudian dirangkum dengan bahasa yang lebih sederhana untuk dipahami oleh orang awam. Fokus poster adalah memberikan panduan yang jelas dan benar mengenai penggunaan sediaan inhalasi, yang dibagi menjadi langkah-langkah penggunaan yang benar dan hal-hal penting terkait penyimpanan dan pembuangan. Desain poster menggunakan gambar-gambar yang dapat menggambarkan informasi dengan jelas agar lebih mudah dipahami dan menarik perhatian. Setelah desain poster selesai, kegiatan edukasi dan sosialisasi dapat dimulai dengan menyampaikan materi melalui poster dan diikuti dengan sesi tanya jawab. Program edukasi ini telah berhasil dilaksanakan dengan baik di Apotek Kimia Farma 0078 Pasar Anyar, dengan hasil yang diukur berdasarkan pemahaman pasien mengenai cara penggunaan yang tepat, penyimpanan, dan perhatian khusus dalam menggunakan sediaan inhalasi.

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Inhalation preparations are solutions or suspensions containing medicinal ingredients and are administered through the nasal or oral airways to obtain local or systemic effects. The importance of inhalation drug delivery systems in the treatment of respiratory disorders is that they allow the drug to be delivered directly to the respiratory system with minimal side effects. Correct and consistent use of inhalers is very important in the treatment of asthma, but many patients do not use inhalers correctly. Therefore, it is important to educate patients regarding the proper use, maintenance and disposal techniques for inhalation preparations. One method of educating patients is using posters. Making posters as educational media begins with a literature study regarding definitions and instructions for using inhalation preparations. This information is then summarized in simpler language to be understood by ordinary people. The focus of the poster is to provide clear and correct guidance on the use of inhalation preparations, divided into steps for proper use and important points regarding storage and disposal. The poster design uses pictures that can clearly describe information to make it easier to understand and attract attention. After the poster design is completed, education and outreach activities can begin by presenting material through posters and followed by a question and answer session. This educational program has been successfully implemented at Kimia Farma 0078 Pasar Anyar Pharmacy, with results measured based on patient understanding regarding proper use, storage, and special attention in using inhalation preparations.

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