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"Latar Belakang: Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) merupakan kombinasi khas dari VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, dan hipertrofi ventrikel kanan. Operasi total koreksi adalah cara untuk memperbaiki kelainan dengan membuka jantung, tujuan utama total koreksi untuk menutup VSD dan mengoreksi aliran keluar ventrikel kanan dari obstruksi. Kompleksnya permasalahan yang timbul postoperasi bedah jantung khususnya post total koreksi dengan kejadian komplikasi efusi pleura, dengan anak yang harus dipasang atau sudah terpasang chest tube maka peran perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan diharapkan memperhatikan status pernapasan. Jenis penelitian: yang digunakan adalah observasional analitik dengan rancangan case control dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap kejadian efusi pleura pada pasien anak dengan ToF post operasi total koreksi. Cara pengumpulan data dilakukan secara retrospektif yang diambil dari data sekunder berupa rekam medis, lembar observasi pasien selama perawatan, dan data penunjang (Echo dan Xray). Subyek penelitian ini adalah 134 pasien anak dengan ToF di Rumah Sakit Jantung Jakarta periode Januari 2019 sampai Juli 2022. Hasil: Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor-faktor preoperasi (usia saat operasi, saturasi preoperasi, dan berat badan saat operasi), faktor-faktor intraopersi (durasi CPB dan varian) dan faktor postoperasi (Kejadian infeksi), terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor postoperasi (lama ventilasi mekanik) dengan kejadian efusi pleura pada pasien anak dengan ToF post operasi total koreksi. Simpulan: dari penelitian ini uji statistik menunjukkan kejadian infeksi tidak signifikan terhadap kejadian efusi pleura, sebaiknya dapat juga dilakukan pengkajian mengenai faktor infeksi preoperasi untuk melihat hubungannya dengan kejadian efusi pleura.

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Background: Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a typical combination of VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Total correction surgery is a way to correct the abnormality by opening the heart, the main goal of total correction is to close the VSD and correct the right ventricular outflow obstruction. The complexity of the problems that arise after cardiac surgery, especially post total correction with the incidence of complications of pleural effusion, with children who must be installed or have chest tubes installed, the role of nurses in providing nursing care is expected to pay attention to respiratory status. Type of study: the analytic observational used with a case control design with the aim of identifying the factors that contribute to the occurrence of pleural effusion in pediatric patients with ToF post total surgery correction. The method of data collection was carried out retrospectively taken from secondary data in the form of medical records, patient observation sheets during treatment, and supporting data (Echo and Xray). The subjects of this study were 134 pediatric patients with ToF at the Jakarta Heart Hospital for the period January 2019 to July 2022.

Results: There was no significant relationship between preoperative factors (age at surgery, preoperative saturation, and weight at surgery), factors Intraoperative factors (CPB duration and variants) and postoperative factors (incidence of infection), there is a significant relationship between postoperative factors (time of mechanical ventilation) and the incidence of pleural effusion in pediatric patients with total postoperative ToF correction.

Conclusion: from this study statistical tests showed that the incidence of infection was not significant for the incidence of pleural effusion, it is advisable to assess preoperative infection factors to see the relationship with the incidence of pleural effusion."

"Penyakit Jantung Bawaaan (PJB) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) merupakan PJB sianotik (biru) terbanyak. Tatalaksana definitif operasi sedini mungkin. Hampir semua pembiayaan menggunakan BPJS Kesehatan berdasarkan tarif INA-CBG. Adanya selisih negatif tarif INA-CBG tahun 2016 dengan tagihan perawatan operasi TOF menyebabkan banyak rumah sakit tidak mengoperasi dan merujuk ke RSJPD Harapan Kita. Dengan adanya tarif INA-CBG terbaru tahun 2023 yang mengalami kenaikan, diperlukan penelitian apakah terdapat selisih negatif. Perlu dianalisa faktor yang berhubungan dengan tagihan perawatan serta kepatuhan Clinical Pathway (CP) TOF. Penelitian observasional deskriptif cross sectional mengambil sampel pasien perawatan operasi total koreksi TOF tahun 2022 sejumlah 82 pasien. Hasil penelitian didapatkan sebagian besar usia ≥1 tahun, perempuan, status gizi normal, ada diagnosa sekunder, severitas PPK I (ringan) dan INA-CBG II (sedang), tidak ada komplikasi, kelas III, median lama CPB 103,5 menit dan AoX 55 menit, lama rawat post operasi 6 hari dan total 8 hari. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan tagihan perawatan adalah komplikasi, kelas rawat dan lama rawat CP. Hal yang belum sesuai dengan CP TOF yaitu lama rawat, pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, pemakaian obat, alkes dan BMHP. Masih terdapat selisih negatif antara total tagihan perawatan pasien operasi total koreksi TOF tahun 2022 dengan total tarif INA-CBG terbaru tahun 2023.

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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease (CHD). Definitive management is surgery earliest as possible. Almost all financing uses BPJS Kesehatan based on INA-CBG rate. Negative difference between the 2016 INA-CBG rates and TOF surgery treatment bill make many hospitals not operating and refering to Harapan Kita Hospital. With increasing in the latest 2023 INA-CBG rates, research for negative difference is needed. Analyzing factors related to care bills and adherence to TOF Clinical Pathway (CP) is studied too. This cross-sectional descriptive observational study took a sample of 82 patients undergoing TOF total  correction in 2022. Results showed that most were aged ≥1 year, female, normal nutritional status, had secondary diagnoses, severity of PPK I (mild) and INA-CBG II (moderate), no complications, class III, median duration of CPB 103.5 minutes and AoX 55 minutes, length of postoperative care 6 days and total of 8 days. Factors related to treatment bills are complications, class of care and CP length of care. Things not in accordance with the TOF CP are length of stay, laboratory, radiology, drug, medical equipment and BMHP use. There is still negative difference between the 2022 TOF total correction treatment patient bills and the latest 2023 INA-CBG rate."

"[ABSTRAKHipertrofi ventrikel kanan (HVKa) pada tetralogy fallot (TF) merupakan suatu respon adaptif akibat dari peningkatan tekanan di ventrikel kanan (VKa) dan hipoksia. HVKa yang berat vektor jantung akan mengarah ke kanan-posterior dapat menyebabkan gelombang S yang dalam di sadapan V6. Sementara itu pasien TF yang lama tidak dikoreksi akan mengalami paparan tekanan berlebih dan sianosis yang lebih lama juga, yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan di tingkat seluler kardiomiosit yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan disfungsi VKa, dan sindrom curah jantung rendah (SCJR). Walaupun angka kesintasan pasca operasi baik, tapi perburukan SCJR dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Saat ini belum jelas bagaimana hubungan antara gelombang S di V6 dengan luaran total koreksi TF khususnya kejadian SCJR.MetodePenelitian dengan metode potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah TF yang menjalani total koreksi selama tahun 2013 sebanyak 150 pasien, 35 diantaranya dikeluarkan dari penelitian karena tidak memenuhi kriteri inklusi. Subyek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok subyek dengan temuan kriteria S di V6 dan subyek yang untuk melihat hubungan temuan kriteria tersebut dengan variabel dasar. Kemudian dilakukan analisis bifariat terhadap kejadian SCJR, variabel dengan nilai p < 0.25 di masukkan dalam analisa multivariat. Nilai p< 0.05 dianggap bermakna.HasilUsia yang lebih muda, saturasi dan hematokrit yang lebih tinggi ditemukan pada kelompok subyek memenuhi kriteria gelombang S di V6. Kemudian, usia yag lebih muda, saturasi yang tinggi, kriteria gelombang R di aVR, kriteria gelombang S di I dan kriteria gelombang S di V6 berhubungan dengan kejadian SCJR. Analisis multivariat kriteria gelombang S di V6 berhubungan dengan kejadian SCJR dengan OR 3.2, interval kepercayaan 95% 1.2 - 8.5 dan nilai p=0.02KesimpulanKriteria EKG gelombang S di sadapan V6 untuk diagnosis HVKa berhubungan dengan kejadian SCJR pasca total koreksi pasien TF.

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ABSTRACTTetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an adaptive response due to pressure overload and hypoxia in right ventricle (RV); it can be manifested as tall R wave in right precordial leads. This is due to changing direction of cardiac-vector to right In severe RVH, the cardiac vector rotated to right posterior causing deep S wave in V6. Uncorrected TF will expossed to prolong pressure overload and hypoxia, it can caused changes in cardiomyocite that can leads to RV dysfunction, low cardiac output syndrom (LCOS), and arrhythmias. Although the post operation survival rate was quite good, but worsening LCOS could increase mortality. In present time, the association between S wave in V6 and postoperative TOF outcomes, especially LCOS, has not been explained.MethodsThis is a cross sectional study. 150 TOF patients underwent total correction in 2013 included in this study. 35 patients who didn?t meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Subjects divided in 2 groups: (1) patients who meets S in V6 criteria, and (2) control subjects as baseline characteristic. Bivariate analysis was done for incidence of LCOS, the variable with P<0.25 included in multivariate analysis. The significant value was p<0.5.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed S wave in V6 correlated with the incidence of LCOS with odds ratio 3.2, CI 95% (1.2-8.5), p=0.02.ConclusionThe ECG findings S wave in V6 leads to diagnose RVH correlated with incidence of LCOS in post total correction TOF. An S wave criterion in V6 of RVH patients? OR was 3.2 to predicts LCOS;Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an adaptive response due to pressure overload and hypoxia in right ventricle (RV); it can be manifested as tall R wave in right precordial leads. This is due to changing direction of cardiac-vector to right In severe RVH, the cardiac vector rotated to right posterior causing deep S wave in V6. Uncorrected TF will expossed to prolong pressure overload and hypoxia, it can caused changes in cardiomyocite that can leads to RV dysfunction, low cardiac output syndrom (LCOS), and arrhythmias. Although the post operation survival rate was quite good, but worsening LCOS could increase mortality. In present time, the association between S wave in V6 and postoperative TOF outcomes, especially LCOS, has not been explained.MethodsThis is a cross sectional study. 150 TOF patients underwent total correction in 2013 included in this study. 35 patients who didn’t meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Subjects divided in 2 groups: (1) patients who meets S in V6 criteria, and (2) control subjects as baseline characteristic. Bivariate analysis was done for incidence of LCOS, the variable with P<0.25 included in multivariate analysis. The significant value was p<0.5.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed S wave in V6 correlated with the incidence of LCOS with odds ratio 3.2, CI 95% (1.2-8.5), p=0.02.ConclusionThe ECG findings S wave in V6 leads to diagnose RVH correlated with incidence of LCOS in post total correction TOF. An S wave criterion in V6 of RVH patients’ OR was 3.2 to predicts LCOS;Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an adaptive response due to pressure overload and hypoxia in right ventricle (RV); it can be manifested as tall R wave in right precordial leads. This is due to changing direction of cardiac-vector to right In severe RVH, the cardiac vector rotated to right posterior causing deep S wave in V6. Uncorrected TF will expossed to prolong pressure overload and hypoxia, it can caused changes in cardiomyocite that can leads to RV dysfunction, low cardiac output syndrom (LCOS), and arrhythmias. Although the post operation survival rate was quite good, but worsening LCOS could increase mortality. In present time, the association between S wave in V6 and postoperative TOF outcomes, especially LCOS, has not been explained.MethodsThis is a cross sectional study. 150 TOF patients underwent total correction in 2013 included in this study. 35 patients who didn’t meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Subjects divided in 2 groups: (1) patients who meets S in V6 criteria, and (2) control subjects as baseline characteristic. Bivariate analysis was done for incidence of LCOS, the variable with P<0.25 included in multivariate analysis. The significant value was p<0.5.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed S wave in V6 correlated with the incidence of LCOS with odds ratio 3.2, CI 95% (1.2-8.5), p=0.02.ConclusionThe ECG findings S wave in V6 leads to diagnose RVH correlated with incidence of LCOS in post total correction TOF. An S wave criterion in V6 of RVH patients’ OR was 3.2 to predicts LCOS;Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an adaptive response due to pressure overload and hypoxia in right ventricle (RV); it can be manifested as tall R wave in right precordial leads. This is due to changing direction of cardiac-vector to right In severe RVH, the cardiac vector rotated to right posterior causing deep S wave in V6. Uncorrected TF will expossed to prolong pressure overload and hypoxia, it can caused changes in cardiomyocite that can leads to RV dysfunction, low cardiac output syndrom (LCOS), and arrhythmias. Although the post operation survival rate was quite good, but worsening LCOS could increase mortality. In present time, the association between S wave in V6 and postoperative TOF outcomes, especially LCOS, has not been explained.MethodsThis is a cross sectional study. 150 TOF patients underwent total correction in 2013 included in this study. 35 patients who didn’t meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Subjects divided in 2 groups: (1) patients who meets S in V6 criteria, and (2) control subjects as baseline characteristic. Bivariate analysis was done for incidence of LCOS, the variable with P<0.25 included in multivariate analysis. The significant value was p<0.5.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed S wave in V6 correlated with the incidence of LCOS with odds ratio 3.2, CI 95% (1.2-8.5), p=0.02.ConclusionThe ECG findings S wave in V6 leads to diagnose RVH correlated with incidence of LCOS in post total correction TOF. An S wave criterion in V6 of RVH patients’ OR was 3.2 to predicts LCOS, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an adaptive response due to pressure overload and hypoxia in right ventricle (RV); it can be manifested as tall R wave in right precordial leads. This is due to changing direction of cardiac-vector to right In severe RVH, the cardiac vector rotated to right posterior causing deep S wave in V6. Uncorrected TF will expossed to prolong pressure overload and hypoxia, it can caused changes in cardiomyocite that can leads to RV dysfunction, low cardiac output syndrom (LCOS), and arrhythmias. Although the post operation survival rate was quite good, but worsening LCOS could increase mortality. In present time, the association between S wave in V6 and postoperative TOF outcomes, especially LCOS, has not been explained.MethodsThis is a cross sectional study. 150 TOF patients underwent total correction in 2013 included in this study. 35 patients who didn’t meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Subjects divided in 2 groups: (1) patients who meets S in V6 criteria, and (2) control subjects as baseline characteristic. Bivariate analysis was done for incidence of LCOS, the variable with P<0.25 included in multivariate analysis. The significant value was p<0.5.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed S wave in V6 correlated with the incidence of LCOS with odds ratio 3.2, CI 95% (1.2-8.5), p=0.02.ConclusionThe ECG findings S wave in V6 leads to diagnose RVH correlated with incidence of LCOS in post total correction TOF. An S wave criterion in V6 of RVH patients’ OR was 3.2 to predicts LCOS]"

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan mesin pintas jantung paru (PJP) selama operasi koreksi pada pasien tetralogi Fallot (TF) dapat menyebabkan respons inflamasi yang intensif. Kombinasi pemberian kardioplegia dan penglepasan spesies oksigen reaktif selama fase reperfusi juga meyebabkan cedera iskemia reperfusi miokardium. Kurkumin diketahui sebagai scavenger beberapa spesies oksigen reaktif. Selain itu, kurkumin juga meningkatkan aktivitas antioksidan seperti glutation (GSH) dan menekan fosforilasi nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) dan c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibisi NFκB dan regulasi jalur bawah JNK merupakan mekanisme yang penting untuk menekan respons inflamasi. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi efek proteksi kurkumin sebagai antioksidan pada pasien TF yang menjalani operasi koreksi dengan menilai konsentrasi MDA dan GSH dalam serum, protein aktif NFκB, JNK dan kaspase-3 di miokardium, serta luaran klinis pascabedah. Metodologi: Pasien TF usia 1-6 tahun yang direncanakan menjalani operasi koreksi dirandomisasi secara acak ke dalam kelompok kurkumin atau plasebo. Kurkumin (45 mg/hari) diberikan peroral selama 14 hari prabedah. MDA dan GSH dinilai pada fase praiskemia, iskemia, reperfusi, dan 6 jam pasca-klem silang aorta dilepas. Pada saat operasi spesimen darah diambil dari atrium kanan pada fase praiskemia dan 6 jam pasca-klem silang aorta dilepas, sedangkan dari sinus koronarius diambil pada fase iskemia dan reperfusi. Untuk menilai NFκB, JNK, dan kaspase-3, spesimen jaringan otot jantung diambil dari infundibulum pada fase praiskemia, iskemia, dan reperfusi. NFκB dan JNK dianalisis dengan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sedangkan kaspase-3 dengan teknik imunohistokimia. Parameter hemodinamik dan fungsi ventrikel dicatat saat 6 jam, 24 jam, 36 jam, dan hari ke-5 pascabedah. Hasil: Selama periode Juli 2012 - Juli 2013, terdapat 45 orang pasien yang direkrut (22 kurkumin dan 23 plasebo). Tidak ada perbedaan konsentrasi MDA dan GSH pada tiap fase pengamatan pada kedua kelompok. Tidak ada beda bermakna aktivitas protein aktif NFκB di antara ketiga fase pengamatan praiskemia, iskemia, atau reperfusi. Tetapi pada kelompok kurkumin aktivitas protein aktif JNK menurun dari fase praiskemia ke fase reperfusi. Ekspresi kaspase-3 pada fase praiskemia dan reperfusi pada kedua kelompok tidak berbeda. Namun pada kelompok kurkumin terdapat penurunan ekspresi kaspase-3 yang bermakna pada fase iskemia. Hasil klinis menunjukkan terdapat penurunan suhu lebih rendah dan fungsi ventrikel kanan dan kiri yang lebih baik pada kelompok kurkumin secara bermakna, meskipun tidak ada beda dalam waktu pemakaian ventilasi mekanis dan lama perawatan pada kedua kelompok. Simpulan: Efek kardioproteksi kurkumin pada cedera iskemia reperfusi pascabedah koreksi TF menghambat jalur JNK dan kaspase-3 yang terjadi pada kardiomiosit, terutama pada fase iskemia. Kurkumin juga memperbaiki fungsi ventrikel kanan dan kiri, serta menurunkan suhu perioperatif.

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Background. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during tetralogy of Fallot (TF) corrective surgery has been associated with an intense inflammatory response. The cardioplegia used during surgery and the extraburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during reperfusion contributes to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Curcumin has been known as a potent scavenger of several types of ROS. It also enhances the activity of antioxidant, such as glutathione (GSH), and suppresses phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of NFκB and down regulation of the JNK pathway could be potential mechanisms for controlling inflammatory responses and apoptosis, respectively.

Objectives. To evaluate the protective effects of curcumin as an antioxidant in patients undergoing TF corrective surgery by evaluating the blood levels of MDA and GSH, activity of NFκB and JNK, the presence of caspase-3 (C-3) in the myocardium, and post-operative clinical outcomes.

Methods. TF patients aged 1-6 years who were scheduled for elective corrective surgery were randomized double blind to receive either curcumin (45 mg/day) or placebo orally for 14 days prior to surgery. MDA and GSH levels were evaluated during the pre-ischemia, ischemia, and reperfusion phases, as well as 6 hours after aortic clamping off. Blood specimens were taken directly from the right atrium for the pre-ischemia data and for the 6 hours after aortic clamping off data; and from the coronary sinus for the ischemia and reperfusion data. To assess NFκB, JNK, and C-3, tissue specimens were taken from the infundibulum during the pre-ischemia, ischemia, and reperfusion phase. NFκB and JNK were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, and C-3 was measured by an immunohistochemical technique. Hemodynamic parameters and ventricular functions were monitored at 6-, 24-, and 48-hours post-surgery, and day 5 post-surgery.

Results. During July 2012-July 2013, 45 patients were included, 22 in the curcumin and 23 in the placebo groups. In the 4 observation phases, MDA and GSH concentrations were similar between treatment groups. Also, there was no significant difference in NFκB activity between the groups for 3 observations. However, in the curcumin group, JNK activity significantly decreased from the pre-ischemia to reperfusion phases compared to the control group. C-3 expression in both the pre-ischemia and reperfusion phases was not significantly different between groups. However, C-3 expression in the curcumin group was significantly lower than placebo in the ischemia phase. Patients in the curcumin group had lower temperature and better right and left ventricular functions, but there were no significant differences in mechanical ventilation, or length of hospital or ICU stay in the two groups.

Conclusion. Cardioprotective effects of curcumin on ischemia reperfusion injury after TF corrective surgery may include inhibition of the JNK pathway and C-3 in cardiomyocytes, particularly in an ischemia phase. Curcumin also improves right and left ventricular functions and lower perioperative temperature."

"Latar Belakang: Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) pada operasi koreksi Tetralogy Fallot (TF) adalah komplikasi yang dapat meningkatkan angka kematian akibat cedera iskemia reperfusi. Terapi definitif cedera iskemia reperfusi belum ditemukan karena masalah translasi dari penelitian pada sel dan hewan coba ke penelitian pada manusia. Hatter Cardiovascular Institute merekomendasikan multitargeted therapy yang mengatasi obstruksi pembuluh darah (OPM), proteksi kardiomiosit, dan antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi siklosporin dan remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Telah dilakukan pemeriksaan MDA dan edema mitokondria untuk membuktikan manfaat dari kombinasi siklosporin dan RIPC. Metodologi: Penelitian ini adalah uji acak tersamar ganda label terbuka yang dilakukan di RSCM dan JHC antara 2021 hingga 2022. Pasien TF usia 1-6 tahun diacak ke dalam kelompok kontrol yang mendapat terapi standar dan perlakuan yang mendapat siklosporin oral 3-5 mg/kgBB 2 jam sebelum operasi, dan RIPC sesaat setelah induksi. Limbah jaringan otot infundibulum dan sampel darah diambil di 3 fase: praiskemia, iskemia dan pascareperfusi. Ketiga jaringan yang diperoleh dilakukan isolasi mitokondria. Pemeriksaan JC-1 dan succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) dilakukan untuk mengukur kualitas isolat mitokondria. Pemeriksaan spektrofotometri terhadap isolat mitokondria dilakukan untuk mengukur edema mitokondria. Pemeriksaan MDA dilakukan untuk menilai stres oksidatif. Hasil: Terdapat 42 subyek yang mengikuti penelitian. Walaupun secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan bermakna kadar MDA, uji membran potensial, uji aktivitas enzim spesifik dan derajat edema mitokondria pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kontrol namun terdapat kecenderungan penurunan MDA dan penurunan derajat edema mitokondria. Simpulan: Kombinasi siklosporin dan RIPC tidak bermakna secara statistik menurunkan kadar MDA dan derajat edema mitokondria pada pasien TF yang menjalani operasi koreksi. Terdapat kecenderungan penurunan MDA dan derajat edema mitokondria pada pasien TF yang mendapatkan siklosporin dan RIPC.

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Background: Low cardiac output syndrome on Tetrallogy Fallot correction surgery is a complication caused by ischemic reperfusion Injury (IRI), which increases mortality rate. Definitive treatment of IRI has not been found until now. A multitargeted treatment that attenuates microvascular obstruction, cardiomyocyte protection, and antiinflammation in human is proposed by Hatter Cardiovascular Institute. Based on this recommendation, this study used combination of cyclosporine as an antiinflammation and treatment for microvascular obstruction and remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) as a cardiomyocyte protection measure. Outcome of this treatment will be analyzed mostly by evaluation of mitochondrial edema. Methods: This is an open label randomized controlled trial on patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) underwent surgery in RSCM and JHC on 2021 until 2022. We recruited 1-6 year-old TF patient planned for surgical correction. Cyclosporine and RIPC were given as treatment. Chopped infundibular muscle prior to aortic cross clamping defined as preischemic sample, after aortic cross clamping defined as postischemic sample, and after aortic cross clamping off defined as postreperfusion sample. We performed isolation of mitochondria of each sample. JC-1 and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) assays were performed to measure quality of mitochondrial isolation. Results: Forty two subjects were recruited in this research. Although there was no significant difference in MDA level and the severity of mitochondrial edema between control and treatment group, we found lower MDA post- reperfusion and lower trend of mitochondrial edema in treatment group. Conclusion: Treatment of TF patient with Cyclosporine-RIPC combination therapy tends to reduce MDA level and mitochondrial edema significantly."

"ABSTRAKTotal Hip Replacement THR merupakan salah satu tindakan bedah rekonstruktif penggantian sendi panggul akibat gangguan anatomi, fungsi tubuh yang mengganggu dan berpengaruh terhadap status fungsional. Tujuan penelitian teridentifikasinya faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status fungsional pasien paska operasi THR. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control. Penetapan jumlah sampel menggunakan nonprobability sampling dengan metoda consecutive sampling. Hasil penelitian didapatkan distribusi frekuensi status fungsional dengan menggunakan Hip Haris Score HHS proporsi responden yang mengalami gangguan status fungsional mencapai 24,4 kelompok kasus dimana diantara variabel yang mempunyai hubungan yaitu usia, program rehabilitasi dan lama rawat dengan status fungsional pasien paska operasi THR. Pada kelompok kasus usia merupakan faktor paling besar mempengaruhi status fungsional setelah dikontrol oleh program rehabilitasi dan lama rawat dengan nilai odd ratio OR usia 31,30 p value =0,031, program rehabilitasi OR 28,21, p value=0,056 dan lama rawat OR 12,99 dengan p value=0,093. Pada kelompok case penelitian ini merekomendasikan melakukan latihan meningkatkan status fungsional terintegrasi dengan memperhatikan kemampuan dan kelompok usia.

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ABSTRACTAbstractTotal Hip Replacement THR is one of the reconstructive surgery of hip joint replacements which is done due to anatomic disorder, disturbing body function and effect on functional status. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors associated with the functional status of patients post THR surgery. This research uses case control design. Nonprobability sampling with consecutive sampling method is used to determine a number of samples. The result of this research shows that the functional status of frequency distribution using Hip Haris Score HHS proportion of respondents who have functional status disorder reached 24,4 case group where among variables possess age relationship, rehabilitation program and length of stay with functional status of patient after THR surgery. In the age group, it was the greatest factor affected functional status after controlled by rehabilitation program and length of stay with the value of odd ratio OR age 31,30 p value 0,031, rehabilitation program OR 28,21, p value 0,056 and length of treatment OR 12,99, p value 0,018. Based on the result, this case study group recommends for further research to do exercise enhancing functional status integrated with attention to ability and age group."

"ABSTRAKKaki diabetik merupakan komplikasi yang sangat menakutkan bagi pasien DM karenaresiko amputasi yang sangat tinggi. Tujuan Penelitian: menganalisis faktor-faktor yangberkontribusi terhadap kejadian kaki diabetik. Peuelitian ini merupakan penelitiandeskriptif analitik dengan pengumpulan data secara cross sectional. Sampel sebanyak136 pasien DM yang mempunyai kelainan benluk kaki dan Iuka kaki. Pada penelitian inipengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu dengan cara observasi dan kuesioner. Hasilpenelitian analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan senam kaki, perawatankaki, kepatuhan dalam pencegahan Iuka, kontrol gula darah, pengetahuan, dan dietdengan kejadian kaki diabetik. Scdangkan secara analisis multivariat hanya ada 3variabel yang merupakan faktor paling berkontribusi yaitu senam kaki, kepatuhan dalam pencegahan luka dan pengetahuan. Rekomendasi hasil penelitian ini adalah melakukan konseling secara rutin, klub diabetes, dan rutinitas melakukan senam diabetes."

"Latar Belakang: Saat ini masih terdapat perdebatan mengenai usia terbaik untuk dilakukan koreksi total pada tetralogi Fallot (TF). Koreksi lebih dini mempunyai keuntungan serta kerugian. Koreksi total TF saat usia yang terlambat dapat mengakibatkan disfungsi ventrikel kanan dan terkadang disfungsi ventrikel kiri. Parameter disfungsi ventrikel yaitu TAPSE, MPI, franksi ejeksi. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi durasi QRS, TAPSE, dan lama rawat ICU pasien TF yang dilakukan koreksi total ≤ 3 tahun lebih panjang dibandingkan koreksi total pada usia > 3 tahun. Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif pada subjek pasien anak dan dewasa yang menjalani koreksi total, minimum pemantauan 6 bulan pasca-koreksi total. Analisis data menggunakan Mann Whitney U Test serta uji Chi square. Hasil: Sebanyak 358 pasien TF telah menjalani koreksi total sejak 1 januari 2007 sampai 31 Juni 2013 dan sebanyak 52 subjek (18 subjek pada usia koreksi < 3 tahun dan 34 subjek dengan usia koreksi > 3 tahun) dengan median rentang lama pemantauan 24,5 dan 30 bulan. Rentang usia pada kelompok koreksi ≤ 3 tahun 1,8 (0,7-3) tahun dan kelompok koreksi > 3 tahun 5,2 (3,1-25,5) tahun. Rerata waktu PJP 79,1 (27,5) menit dibanding 78,8 (28,7) menit dan rerata aortic cross clamp 35,6 (13,2) dibanding 34,7 (19,1) menit tidak bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Penggunaan ventilator dengan median 1 hari, penggunaan chest tube dengan median 3 hari, lama penggunaan inotropik dengan median 2 hari tidak berbeda pada kedua kelompok. Terdapat abnormalistas rerata pengukuran RVMPI dan LVMPI pada kedua kelompok. Sebagian besar terdapat gangguan irama berupa complete RBBB, dan sekitar 50% didapatkan regurgitasi tricuspid. Residual stenosis pulmonal didapatkan pada 3/34 dan residual DSV pada 2/34 subjek pada koreksi > 3 tahun. Median lama rawat ICU [2 (1-9) hari dibanding 1,5 (1-46) hari, p=0,016] serta median durasi QRS [118 (78-140) ms dibanding 136 (80-190) ms, p=0,039] berbeda bermakna pada kedua kelompok, sedangkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara TAPSE dengan usia koreksi dengan RR 0,85; IK 95% 0,26-2,79 p=0,798. Simpulan: Pasien TF yang dilakukan koreksi total ≤ 3 tahun memiliki durasi QRS lebih pendek, TAPSE yang tidak lebih baik dibandingkan dengan koreksi > 3 tahun, dan waktu rawat ICU lebih panjang.

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Background: Timing for correction in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is controversial. Repair at < 3 years old shows good myocardial performance. Late repair can shows prolonged QRS duration, ventricular dysfunction with parameters myocardial performance index (MPI) and TAPSE, but longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays.

Aims: To evaluate QRS duration, right ventricle function measured by TAPSE, ICU length of stays (LOS) of patients after correction TF which is repaired in age ≤ 3 versus > 3 years old.

Methods: Cohort retrospective study was performed in children and adults who were underwent correction with minimal follow up was 6 months. The TAPSE and QRS duration was evaluated during follow up. We compared using Mann Whitney U test and Chi square test analyses.

Results: Among 358 children recruited, there were 52 subject completed the study, 18 in correction age ≤ 3 years old group and 34 at age > 3 years old group who underwent total correction since January 2007 – June 2013. Age when underwent total correction ranging from 7 months – 25 years old, with follow up data was took at 24-30 months after discharge. There were abnormalities at right ventricle and left ventricle MPI, but weren’t different between groups. There were a significant difference between ICU LOS [2 (1-9) days vs. 1.5 (1-46) days p=0.016] and QRS durations [118 (78-140) ms vs 136 (80-190) ms, p=0.039]. Aged repaired didn’t increase risk of having abnormality TAPSE (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.26-2.79; p = 0.798).

Conclusion: TF total correction at ≤ 3 years old has shorter QRSdurations at follow up and longer ICU LOS. Correction at > 3 years old didn’t proven as a risk to have abnormality TAPSE."

"Latar belakang: Kejadian hiponatremia pada anak pasca-operasi berkisar antara 20-40 . Kegagalan dalam mengenali hiponatremia dapat meningkatkan mortalitas dan menyebabkan luaran neurologis yang buruk. Terdapat beberapa mekanisme yang berperan, di antaranya sindrom hormon antidiuretik tidak tepat dan sick cell syndrome. Risiko hiponatremia pasca-operasi dan potensi bahaya yang ditimbulkan belum banyak disadari oleh para dokter.Tujuan: Mengetahui insidens hiponatremia pada anak pasca-operasi di Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo RSCM , kemungkinan penyebab yang terjadi, serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang analitik di ruang perawatan intensif anak RSCM selama bulan Mei sampai Desember 2016.Hasil: Terdapat 65 subyek yang menjalani operasi-mayor, sebagian besar operasi 87,69 dilakukan secara elektif dengan jenis operasi yang paling banyak adalah operasi hepatogastrointestinal 38,46 dan muskuloskeletal 20,00 . Terdapat penurunan bermakna kadar natrium plasma pasca-operasi, dengan kejadian hiponatremia adalah 43,07 dan 26,16 pada 12 dan 24 jam pasca-operasi. Seluruh subyek yang mengalami hiponatremia memiliki nilai osmolalitas plasma yang normal atau meningkat dan osmolalitas urin >100 mOsm/kg. Sebanyak 70 subyek dengan hiponatremia memiliki natrium urin >30 mEq/L. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan hiponatremia pada 12 jam pasca-operasi adalah status kegawatdaruratan operasi p=0,007 dan perdarahan intraoperatif p=0,024 , sedangkan pada 24 jam pasca-operasi hanya status kegawatdaruratan operasi p=0,001.Simpulan: Terdapat 43,07 dan 26,16 subyek yang mengalami hiponatremia pada 12 dan 24 jam pasca-operasi mayor. Sindrom hormon antidiuretik tidak tepat tidak terbukti menjadi penyebab utama terjadinya hiponatremia pasca-operasi, dan hiponatremia translokasional pada sick cell syndrome mungkin berperan. Hiponatremia pasca-operasi berhubungan dengan status kegawatdaruratan operasi dan jumlah perdarahan intraoperatif.

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Background The incidence of hyponatremia in post surgery pediatric patients is 20 40 . Undetected hyponatremia correlates with higher mortality and bad neurology outcomes. There are several mechanisms in post surgery hyponatremia, such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and sick cell syndrome. Unfortunately, doctors rsquo awareness of hyponatremia and its dangerous complications is still low.Objective To establish the incidence of hyponatremia in post surgery pediatric patients in Cipto Mangungkusuomo CM Hospital, possible etiologies, and its related factors.Design Observational analytic study in CM hospital pediatric intensive care unit was held between May and December 2016.Results There were 65 subjects underwent mayor surgery, which mostly 87.69 was elective surgery. The most common surgeries were gastrointestinal 38,46 and musculoskeletal 20,00 surgery. There was significant decrease of natrium plasma after surgery, with hyponatremia incidence at 12 and 24 hours post surgery were 43.07 and 26.16 . All subjects with hyponatremia had normal or increased plasma osmolality and urine osmolality 100 mOsm kg. More than 70 subjects with hyponatremia had sodium urine 30 mEq L. Hyponatremia in 12 hours post surgery was related to surgery emergency status p 0.007 and intraoperative bleeding p 0.024 , while hyponatremia in 24 hours post surgery was related only to surgery emergency status p 0.001.Conclusion There was 43.07 and 26.16 subjects with hyponatremia at 12 and 24 hours post surgery. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone was not proven to cause hyponatremia in post surgery, and translocational hyponatremia in sick cell syndrome might be involved. Hyponatremia in post surgery was related to surgery emergency status and intraoperative bleeding."

"Latar Belakang: Regurgitasi pulmoner berat pasca-bedah korektif TF berdampak sebagai beban berlebih pada ventrikel kanan dan akan mempengaruhi ukuran dan fungsinya. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang berperan terhadap regurgitasi pulmoner berat pasca-bedah korektif TF dan dampaknya pada ventrikel kanan. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang di Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta pada pada April-Mei 2019. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien TF yang menjalani koreksi TF dalam 5 tahun terakhir. Data demografi dan kuantitatif ekokardiografi diambil dengan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi. Analisis bivariat faktor risiko regurgitasi pulmoner berat yang bermakna dimasukkan ke dalam analisis regresi logistik multipel. Hasil analisis multivariat dilaporkan sebagai odds ratio (OR).Hasil: Terdapat 50 pasien yang sesuai kriteria inklusi. Sebanyak 22 pasien (44%) mengalami regurgitasi pulmoner berat dan 28 pasien (56%) mengalami regurgitasi pulmoner ringan sedang. Analisis multivariat regresi logistik menunjukkan indeks Nakata > 250 mm2/m2bermakna menimbulkan 15,1 kali risiko untuk menjadi regurgitasi pulmoner berat [OR 15,1 (IK 95% 3,1-72,6), p=0,001]. Analisis bivariat untuk ukuran dan fungsi ventrikel kanan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Simpulan: Indeks Nakata > 250 mm2/m2berisiko terjadi regurgitasi pulmoner berat pada pasca- bedah korektif TF. Pada pemantauan 4 tahun, belum ada dampak dilatasi dan penurunan fungsi ventrikel kanan

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Background: Repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TF) result pulmonary regurgitation. Impact of severe pulmonary regurgitation were right ventricular (RV) volume overload predisposing dilatation and dysfunction of RV. Diameter pulmonary artery, McGoon ratio, Nakata index pre-operation, surgery technique can contribute to severe pulmonary regurgitation in the absence of an effective valve.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify predictors of severe pulmonary regurgitation and the impact to the RV.

Methods: A cross sectional study of repaired TF in children at the integrated cardiovascular services (PJT) Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta from April-Mei 2019. The inclusion criteria included children underwent repaired TF in the last 5 years after minimal 6 months post repaired TF. Demographic data and echocardiography data were collected. Logistic regression analysis were used to identify the predictor for severe pulmonary regurgitation.

Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled to the study. There were 22 children (46%) with severe pulmonary regurgitation and 28 children (56%) with mild-moderate pulmonary regurgitation. Logistic regression analysis showed Nakata index showed Nakata index > 250 mm2/m215,1 times greater risk for severe pulmonary regurgitation [OR 15,1 (CI 95% 3,1-72,6), p=0,001]. Bivariate analysis for RV size and function showed no significant difference between the group.

Conclusions: Nakata index > 250 mm2/m2was predictor for severe pulmonary regurgitation after TF repair. RV size and function showed no abnormality in 5 years follow up after TF repair."