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"Cardiovascular disease has not only affected the quality of human resources, but also a primary cause of deathin Indonesia today. The high incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among diverse ethnicity in Indonesia have incurred a speculation that is closely related to the food consumption as well as nutrient intake patterns among ethnic group in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese.The general objective of this study is to study the importance of the ethnic factors for known risk factor of CVD. This study consists of three cross sectional studies. Each cross sectional study had its own objective and own sample size. The objectives of the first cross sectional study was to describe nutrient intake patterns and body mass index among the four ethnic group. The objective of the second cross sectional study was to describe lipid profiles among the four ethnic groups. While the objective of the third cross sectionl study were to assess the interplay between ethnics, nutrient intake patterns, body mass index and physical activity index as predictors determinant of lipid profiles in the study population and also to assess the association between nutrient intake patterns and lipid profiles among MInangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Bugines ethnic."

"Skripsi ini membahas hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh (IMT), persen lemak tubuh (PLT), asupan zat gizi makro (kalori, karbohidrat, lemak dan protein), asupan zat gizi mikro (thiamin, riboflavin, piridoksin, vit.C dan Fe), dan aktivitas fisik dengan VO2max. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 81 mahasiswa Reguler Gizi Kesehatan Masyarakat FKM UI angkatan 2010 dan 2011. VO2max diukur dengan menggunakan alat Fitmate Med Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan hubungan negatif antara IMT (r= -0,231) dan persen lemak tubuh (r= -0,447) dengan VO2max pada responden keseluruhan. Terdapat hubungan positif antara asupan Fe (r=0,231), dan aktivitas fisik (r=0,338) dengan VO2max pada responden keseluruhan. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan sampel yang lebih besar pada atlet dengan pengendalian yang lebih ketat terhadap faktor-faktor lain yang berpotensi menyebabkan bias dalam penelitian agar korelasi variabel indepenen dengan data VO2max dapat merepresentasikan kekuatan hubungan yang sebenarnya.

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This thesis discusses the relationship between body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (BFP), the intake of macro nutrients (calories, carbohydrates, fats and proteins), the intake of micro nutrients (thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vit. C and Fe), and physical activity with VO2max. The study was a quantitative study with cross sectional design conducted in 81 undergraduate students of Public Health University of Indonesia majoring Nutrition in 2012. VO2max was measured by using Fitmate Med. The result of correlation test showed a negative relationship between BMI (r= -0,231) and percent body fat (r= -0,447) with VO2max in the overall respondents. Artifacts positive association between intake of Fe (r=0,231) and physical activity (r=0,338) with VO2max in the overall respondents. There were no significant relationship between other independent variables with VO2max. Further research is needed with larger samples in athletes with a more strict control of other factors that could potentially lead to bias in the study so that the data correlation with VO2max independen variables can represent the real strength of the relationship."

"Prevalensi anak dengan disabilitas intelektual di Indonesia meningkat setiap tahunnya. Anak dengan disabilitas intelektual memiliki risiko lebih besar mengalami gizi lebih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan gizi (energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, kalsium (Ca), dan zat besi (Fe)), aktivitas fisik, dan gangguan makan terhadap status gizi anak dengan disabilitas intelektual di Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan metode total sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April – Mei 2013 di SLBN 5 dan 6 Jakarta. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 80 responden yang terdiri dari anak dengan disabilitas intelektual kelas satu hingga enam. Instrumen yang digunakan terdiri dari dua berdasarkan fungsinya, yaitu (1) timbangan digital dengan ketelitian 0,1 kg & microtoise dengan ketelitian 0,1 cm untuk pengukuran antropometri; dan (2) kuesioner dengan metode wawancara untuk pengambilan data asupan gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan gangguan makan. Sementara itu, uji statistik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Chi square. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui 43,75% anak dengan disabilitas intelektual berstatus gizi lebih, 70% mengonsumsi energi 'cukup', 71,25% protein 'cukup', 90% lemak 'cukup, 90% karbohidrat 'kurang', 88,75% vitamin A 'cukup', 86,25% vitamin B6 'kurang', 82,5% vitamin C 'kurang', 88,75% kalsium 'kurang', dan 96,25% zat besi 'kurang'. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan lemak dengan status gizi lebih (p=0,043) dan berisiko 3 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami gizi lebih. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, disarankan kepada sekolah untuk memberikan pengetahuan terkait gizi dalam bentuk penyuluhan kepada orang tua.

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The prevalence of overweight intellectual disability children in Indonesia keep increasing every year. Children with an intellectual disability have a greater risk of experiencing overweight. The study aimed to determine the relationship between intake of nutrient (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe)), physical activity, and feeding problem to nutritional status of children with intellectual disability in Jakarta. This study is using cross sectional and total sampling method.

This study was conducted on April – Mei 2013 at SLBN 5 and 6 Jakarta. Total sample of this study was 80 children consisted of class one to six. Instrument used were scale and microtoise as instrument for measurements anthropometry, and also used by interview for measurement intake of nutrition, questionnaire physical activity, and feeding problem data. The statistical method of this study was Chi Square.

Based on the research of 43.75% samples are overweight, 70% energy 'good', 71,25% protein 'good', 90% fat 'good', 90% carbohydrate 'less', 88,75% vitamin A 'good, 86,25% vitamin B6 'less', 82,5% vitamin C 'less', 88,75% calcium 'less', dan 96,25% iron 'less'.

Statistic result is showing there is association between fat consumption to overweight intellectual disability children (p=0,043) and had risk to be overweight 3 times. Based on the result, it was suggested to give information about balance nutrition to the parents and teachers at school."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan perubahan kadarmalondialdehida plasma pada perawat dan pegawai administrasi yang telahbekerja selama 7 jam berturut-turut dan mendapatkan modifikasi makanan berupamakanan dengan kandungan makronutrien sebesar 65% dari kebutuhan sehari danasupan mikronutrien antioksidan (β-karoten, vitamin C, vitamin E, Cu, Zn, danSe) sebesar 65% dari AKG/DRI. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitianpotong lintang berulang dengan rentang jangka waktu pemeriksaan pertamadengan pemeriksaan kedua adalah satu shift kerja (7 jam). Pengambilan datadilakukan di RSUD Tarakan, Jakarta pada bulan Januari sampai Februari 2013.Sebanyak 39 orang subyek bersedia ikut serta dalam penelitian ini dan sebanyak31 orang subyek (15 perawat dan 16 pegawai administrasi) memenuhi kriteriapenelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik demografi, dataantropometri (berat badan dan tinggi badan), pola asupan makronutrien danmikronutrien antioksidan, serta pemeriksaan kadar malondialdehida plasma.Rerata persentase asupan lemak terhadap energi pada kelompok perawat (37 +5,79 %) dan kelompok pegawai administrasi (36,57 + 6,72 %) melebihi asupanlemak total yang dianjurkan. Sebesar 42,86% subyek pada kelompok perawat danpegawai administrasi memiliki asupan β-karoten yang kurang berdasarkan DRI,14,29% subyek pada kelompok perawat dan 35,71% subyek pada kelompokpegawai administrasi memiliki asupan vitamin C yang kurang berdasarkan AKG.Sebagian besar subyek pada kedua kelompok memiliki asupan vitamin E, Cu, Zndan Se yang kurang dibandingkan AKG/DRI. Terdapat peningkatan bermaknakadar MDA plasma kelompok perawat setelah bekerja dan mendapatkan asupanmakanan (p = 0,001) tetapi tidak pada kelompok pegawai administrasi (p =0,063). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara rerata perubahan kadar MDAplasma sebelum dan setelah bekerja serta mendapatkan asupan makanan padakelompok perawat dan pegawai administrasi. Dari penelitian ini dapatdisimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan bermakna kadar MDA plasma setelahbekerja dan mendapatkan asupan makanan pada kelompok perawat yangmenunjukkan peningkatan kerusakan oksidatif setelah bekerja.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of study is to find out the differences of plasma malondialdehydeconcentration in nurses and administrative workers after 7 hours of work and hadmeal modifications which contain 65% of total daily needs macronutrient and65% of AKG/DRI antioxidant (β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, Cu, Zn, and Se).This is a repeated cross-sectional study. The range from first examination tosecond examination is one work shift (7 hours). The data were obtained inTarakan District General Hospital, Jakarta from January to February 2013. Outof 39 people whom signed the consents, 31 people matched the study criteria. Thedata taken in this study include demographic characteristic, anthropometric(weight and height), assessment of macronutrient and antioxidant micronutrientintake, and plasma malondialdehyde. The mean of percentage fat intake perenergy in nurses group were 37 + 5,79 % and in administrative workers groupwere 36,57 + 6,72 %, both of them exceed the recommendation of fat intake. Asmuch as 42,86% subjects in both group had a low β-carotene intake according toDRI, 14,29% subjects in nurses group and 35,71% in administrative workersgroup had a low vitamin C intake according to AKG. Most subjects in both grouphad a low vitamin C, Cu, Zn, and Se intake according to AKG/DRI. There was asignificant increase of plasma MDA concentration after work and mealmodification within nurses group (p = 0,001), but not on administrative workers?(p = 0,063). There were no significant increases of plasma MDA concentrationafter work and meal modification between nurses group and administrativeworkers group. The conclusion of this study is there was a significant increase ofplasma MDA concentration after work and had meal modification within nursesgroup, which implicates an increase of oxidative damage after work."

"Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang terjadi akibat penimbunan lemak tubuh secara berlebihan sehingga meningkatkan risiko terjadinya penyakit kronis. Prevalensi obesitas terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Di Indonesia, kejadian obesitas cenderung lebih tinggi pada kelompok penduduk dewasa dengan pekerjaan sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS). Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi karakteristik individu (umur, jenis kelamin, dan tingkat pendapatan), faktor perilaku (aktivitas fisik dan kebiasaan sarapan), asupan zat gizi (energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein), dan faktor stres terhadap kejadian obesitas pada PNS di Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan dan Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Tahun 2014. Penelitian menggunakan disain studi cross sectional. Sampel diambil secara acak sederhana dengan jumlah sebanyak 135 orang. Data penelitian dianilisis menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi obesitas pegawai sebesar 54,1% dan terdapat perbedaan proporsi asupan energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein terhadap kejadian obesitas. Disarankan agar pegawai memperhatikan asupan makanan dan melakukan aktivitas fisik berupa olahraga.

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Obesity is a global health problem caused by excessive accumulation of body fat that increases the risk of chronic diseases. The prevalence of obesity continues to be risen. In Indonesia, the incidence of obesity tend to be higher in the adult population especially for civil servant.

This study aims to determine the differences in the proportion of individual characteristics (age, gender, and income level), behavioral factors (physical activity and breakfast habit), nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein), and stress level toward obesity in civil servant at Directorate General of Employment 2014. The study uses crosssectional design. The samples are taken randomly with a total of 135 people.

The result of this research is analyzed using the chi-square test. The result shows that the prevalence of obesity is 54.1%. Furthermore, there are statistically differences in the proportion of energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake to obesity. It is recommended for employees in order to pay attention to food intake and physical activity."

"Tingkat kebugaran kardiorespiratori seseorang berhubungan dengan risiko kematian akibat penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan status kebugaran kardiorespiratori berdasarkan status gizi (IMT dan persen lemak tubuh), aktivitas fisik, asupan gizi, dan perilaku merokok. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Juni tahun 2015 di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 72 orang pegawai Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok. Pengambilan data status kebugaran kardiorespiratori menggunakan 1 mile walk test, status gizi diukur dengan pengukuran antropometri, asupan gizi diperoleh dengan metode food recall 2 x 24 jam, aktivitas fisik diperoleh dengan GPAQ, dan perilaku merokok diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat. Analisis bivariat yang digunakan adalah uji chi-square, independent t-test, dan non-parametric test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 62,5% pegawai tidak bugar. Variabel yang memiliki perbedaan bermakna terhadap status kebugaran kardiorespiratori pada penelitian ini adalah IMT dan aktivitas fisik.

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Cardiorespiratory fitness level of a person associated with the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine differences in cardiorespiratory fitness status based on nutritional status (BMI and body fat percentage), physical activity, nutrient intake, and smoking behavior. This study used a cross-sectional study design. The study was conducted in April and June 2015 in Depok City Health Department. Respondents in this study were 72 employees of Depok City Health Department. Cardiorespiratory fitness status data was collected with an 1 mile walk test, nutritional status measured by anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake obtained by the method of food recall 2 x 24 hours, physical activity obtained by GPAQ, and smoking behavior was obtained through questionnaires. Analysis is conducted univariate and bivariate analyzes. Bivariate analysis used was chi-square test, independent t-test, and non-parametric test. The results showed that there were 62.5% of employees do not fit. Variables that have significant differences on the status of cardiorespiratory fitness in this study is BMI and physical activity."

"Probiotics, product containing viable, defined and sufficient microorganisms that beneficially alfects the host, has shown cholesterol-lowering effect in in vitro, animal and human studies. However, studies in human showed inconclusive findings.

A randomized double-blind two-way cross-over study was conducted to investigate whether daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus improves lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adult males. Each period of treatment was 4 wk, separated by a 2 wk washout period. During both treatment periods, subjects consumed daily either yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI I6 (test yoghurt) or traditional yoghurt (control yoghurt).

By the end of the first period, serum total cholesterol concentration of subjects in test group was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to those in control group (21 0.4 kurang lebih 8.3 vs 226.8 kurang lebih 4.5 mg/dL); and the concentration in both groups was significantly lower compared to baseline. The reduction, however, was not significantly different between groups (-6.0 kurang lebih 2.0 vs -5.9 kurang lebih 2.1 %). There were no significant differences between groups on other lipid profile variables i.e serum LDL-C, HDL-C, tryglicerides, and LDL/HDL ratio, after supplementation. No significant differences on all lipid profile variables between groups were observed after supplementation at the second treatment period and when the treatment period was combined. However, there was a tendency that test group had better lipid profile, except for triglycerides, than control group (p<0.05 for LDL/HDL ratio; p=0.053 for LDL-C).

This cross-over study showed that daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI 16 showed hypocholesterolemic effect only at the first period, but not at the second and the combined periods."

"Program PMT telah dilakukan di kecamatan Bogor Selatan pada tahun 1999 bagi balita gizi buruk dan kurang agar dapat meningkatkan status gizinya. Namun hingga saat ini belum pernah dilakukan evaluasi atau penelitian, khususnya mengenai waktu peningkatan status gizi balita selama mengikuti program PMT tersebut.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang peluang balita dan waktu peningkatan status gizi selama dua belas minggu intervensi PMT serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Desain penelitian ini longitudinal selama dua belas minggu dengan melibatkan 194 balita. Analisis Kaplan Meier dilakukan untuk menentukan probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat selama dua belas minggu. Analisis multivariat regresi cox dilakukan untuk menentukan besarnya nilai probabilitas peningkatan status gizi berdasarkan kecurigaan ada faktor lain secara bersama-sama.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sampai dua belas minggu sebesar 67,01%. Median waktu peningkatan status gizi tidak diketahui, artinya sampai dua belas minggu intervensi PMT belum ada 50% balita yang mengalami peningkatan status gizi.Secara bivariat diketahui ada perbedaan antara umur ibu, konsumsi energi dan umur balita dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi. Hasil analisis ini tidak melihat perbedaan antara pendidikan, pengeluaran, pengetahuan, pola asuh, besar keluarga, konsumsi protein, penyakit infeksi, status gizi awal, jenis kelamin, partisipasi dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi. Probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sampai minggu kedua belas pada balita yang mempunyai ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 76,24%. Balita yang ibunya berumur kurang dari 20 atau lebih dari 30 tahun probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sebesar 55,29%. Peningkatan status gizi balita yang mempunyai ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 0,480 kali (95% CI : 1,100 - 3,038) dibanding balita yang ibunya berumur kurang dari 20 atau lebih dan 30 tahun. Balita yang konsumsi energinya baik memiliki probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat sebesar 62,30% dan 74,58% bagi balita yang konsumsi energinya kurang. Peningkatan status gizi pada balita dengan konsumsi energi baik 1,828 (95% CI ; 1,100 - 3,038) kali dibanding balita yang konsumsi energinya kurang. Probabilitas status gizi tidak meningkat pada balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun sebesar 72,73% dan > 2 tahun sebesar 54,84%. Peningkatan status gizi balita yang berumur > 2 tahun sebesar 1,798 (95% CI : 1,096 - 2,948) kali dibanding balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun. Secara multivariat faktor yang berhubungan dengan waktu peningkatan status gizi balita selama dua belas minggu intervensi PMT adalah umur ibu, pengetahuan, konsumsi protein dan umur Balita, Peningkatan Status gizi pada balita yang memiliki ibu berumur antara 20 - 30 tahun sebesar 0,471 (95% CI : 0,279 - 0,795) dibanding balita yang umur ibunya < 20 atau > 30 tahun dengan mengendalikan pengetahuan ibu, konsumsi protein dan umur balita. Berdasarkan pengetahuan gizi ibu, peningkatan status gizi balita yang ibunya berpengetahuan baik sebesar 1,694 (95% CI : 1,061 - 2,969) kali dibanding balita yang pengetahuan gizi ibunya kurang dengan umur ibu, konsumsi protein dan umur balita yang sama. Balita yang konsumsi proteinnya baik peningkatan status gizinya 1,659 (95% CI : 0,911 - 3,023) kali dibanding balita lain yang konsumsi proteinnya kurang pada kondisi umur ibu, pengetahuan dan umur balita yang sama. Dilihat dari umur balita, balita yang berumur > 2 tahun peningkatan status gizinya sebesar 1,775 (95% CI : 0,984 - 2,914) kali dibanding balita yang berumur ≤ 2 tahun dengan umur ibu, pengetahuan gizi ibu dan konsumsi protein yang sama.

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Supplemental Food Giving Program for Balita with bad and less nutrient had done in South Bogor Sub-district in 1999. But, there isn't evaluation/research about it yet, specialties the time of Balita?s nutrient status increasing during follow this program.

This research goal is to obtain information regarding the opportunities and the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing within twelve weeks supplemental food giving intervention, also factors which influenced them.

This research design is longitudinal within twelve weeks involved 194 Balita. Kaplan Meier Analysis was done to determine probability of Balita with nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks. While Multivariate Regression Cox Analysis was done to determine probability value of Balita's nutrient status increase, based on suspicious there's another factor coinciding.

The result of this research showed that Balita's nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks probability 67,01 %. Median time of Balita's nutrient status increasing is unknown, it means within twelve weeks intervention the program less than 50 % Balita increasing their nutrient status.

From the outcomes of bivariate analysis known, there's difference between mother's age, energy consumption and Balita's age with the time of nutrient status increasing. But, there's no difference between mother's educational background, expenses, knowledge, bring-up pattern, sum of family's member, protein consumption, infection disease, early nutrient status, gender, participation with the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing, Balita's nutrient status not increase within twelve weeks if their mother's between 20 - 30 years old probability 76,24 %. While their mother's <20 or >30 years old probability 55,29 %. Balita's nutrient status increasing if their mother between 20 - 30 years old 0,480 time ( 95 °.b CI : 1,100 - 3,038 ) compare with Balita's mother < 20 or > 30 years old. Balita with good energy consumption but their nutrient status not increase probability 62,30 % and 74,58 % for the Balita with less energy consumption. Balita < 2 years old with nutrient status not increase probability 72,73 % and > 2 years old nutrient status increasing 1,798 times (95 % CI : 1,096 - 2,948 ) comparing with Balita = 2 years old.

From the outcomes of multivariate analysis, factors related to the time of Balita's nutrient status increasing within twelve weeks intervention of the Supplemental Food Giving Program are mother's age, knowledge, protein consumption and Balita's age. Balita's nutrient status increasing with their mother's age between 20 - 30 years old 0,471 times ( 95 % CI : 0,279 - 0,795 ) compare with Balita's mother < 20 or > 30 years old, under control of mother's knowledge, protein consumption and Balita of the same age. Based on mother's nutrient knowledge's good, so Balita's nutrient status increasing 1,694 times (95 % CI: 1,061 - 2,969) compare with Mother's knowledge deficit with mother's age, protein consumption and Balita's with the same age. Balita with good protein consumption have nutrient status increasing 1,659 times (95 % CI: 0,911 - 3,023) compare with another Balita with less protein consumption and the same condition of mother's age, knowledge and Balita's age. Balita > 2 years old have nutrient status 1,775 times (95 % CI: 0,984 - 2,914) compare with Balita = 2 years old with the same mother's age, mother's nutrient knowledge and Balita's protein consumption."

"Latar belakang : Jumlah kelahiran hidup bayi prematur di RSCM adalah 507 dan 112 diantaranya lahir pada usia gestasi 28-32 minggu atau disebut bayi baru lahir sangat prematur (BBLSP). Data RSCM menunjukkan bahwa BBLSP memiliki angka kesintasan 58,9%. Pemberian nutrisi yang agresif dengan diet tinggi protein pada BBLSP diperlukan untuk mempercepat kejar tumbuh. Diet tinggi protein memberikan beban metabolisme pada ginjal BBLSP yang sedang berkembang. Ginjal BBLSP memiliki jumlah nefron fungsional yang lebih sedikit dan imaturitas yang ditandai dengan rendahnya laju filtrasi glomerulus serta kemampuan pemekatan urin yang rendah. Diet tinggi protein menginduksi hipertrofi ginjal, proteinuria, dan sklerosis glomerular melalui single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration (SNGHF) sehingga menyebabkan cedera glomerulotubular yang dapat dideteksi dengan biomarka Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin urin (uNGAL). Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh asupan protein terhadap cedera glomerulotubular pada BBLSP. Metode : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pada BBLSP yang dilakukan dengan desain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat perinatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Bunda Menteng pada periode 1 Juni 2019 hingga Mei 2020. Pengambilan sampel urin dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali yaitu usia 0-48 jam (T1), 72 jam (T2), dan usia 21 hari (T3). Dilakukan pemeriksaan rasio NGAL dan kreatinin urin (uNGAL/Cr). Cedera glomerulotubular didefinisikan sebagai uNGAL/Cr  1 SB. Data karakteristik subyek dan asupan protein diambil dari rekam medik. Rerata asupan protein enteral dicatat sejak usia 14-21 hari sesuai asupan di rekam medik. Kadar protein di ASI diukur dengan human milk analyzer. Asupan tinggi protein adalah kadar asupan protein 3 g/kg/hari. Hasil : Total subyek penelitian adalah 59 BBLSP pada saat rekruitmen dan terdapat 39 subyek menyelesaikan penelitian hingga usia 21 hari. Proporsi BBLSP yang mengalami cedera glomerulotubular pada pemberian kadar asupan tinggi protein 5/29 subyek, sedangkan pada pemberian kadar asupan rendah protein adalah 4/10 subyek. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada BBLSP yang mendapatkan kadar asupan tinggi protein dibandingkan rendah protein adalah 3,54 (0,69-89,16) ng/mg dan 6,88 (0,32-66,64) ng/mg. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada usia 48 jam, 72 jam, dan 21 hari tidak menunjukkan korelasi yang bermakna dengan kadar asupan protein (p=0,80; 0,58; 0,07).Simpulan : Sebanyak 5/29 subyek yang mendapatkan kadar asupan tinggi protein mengalami cedera glomerulotubular. Kadar uNGAL/Cr pada BBLSP yang mendapat asupan tinggi protein maupun rendah protein cenderung meningkat pada usia 72 jam dan menurun pada usia 21 hari. Pemberian asupan tinggi protein pada BBLSP tidak menyebabkan cedera glomerulotubular pada bayi sangat prematur.

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Background: Absolute preterm birth rate in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH) was 507 in 2018, 112 amongst were born very preterm (28-32 weeks of gestational age). The survival rate was approximately 58.9%. Early aggressive nutrition by administration of high protein intake is needed for catch up growth. High protein produces high metabolic load to the kidney. Kidney in the very preterm neonates have fewer amount of functional nephron. Furthermore, the immaturity of the kidney was shown in lower glomerular filtration rate and ability to dilute urine. High protein intake induces nephron hypertrophy,

proteinuria, and glomerular sclerosis through single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration (SNGHF) which lead to glomerulotubular injury. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to creatinine ratio (uNGAL/Cr) is a biomarker used to detect glomerulotubular injury.

Aim : To analyze the correlation of high protein intake and glomerulotubular injury in very preterm neonates.

Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted in very preterm infants admitted to neonatology ward of CMH and Bunda Hospital Menteng during 1 June 2019 to May 2020. Urine sample were taken in 3 points of time: age 0-48 hours, 72 hours, and 21 days postnatal. Urine NGAL and creatinine (uNGAL/Cr) were examined. Glomerulotubular injury was defined as uNGAL/Cr level 1 SD. Subject characteristic data and protein intake were obtained from medical record. Enteral protein intake was recorded daily from medical record since age 14-21 days postnatal. Protein level in the breastmilk was measured by using human milk analyzer. High protein intake is recorded if the average intake was  3/kg/day.

Results: This study recruited 59 very preterm neonates and 39 of them survived until the end of the study. Proportion of very preterm neonates who had glomerulotubular injury after high protein intake vs low protein intake was 5/29 vs 4/10 subjects. Median of uNGAL/Cr level in high protein intake group compare to low protein intake group were 3,54 (0,69-89,16) ng/mg and 6,88 (0,32-66,64) ng/mg. Protein intake is not correlated to uNGAL/Cr level at 0-48 hours, 72 hours, and 21 days postnatal age (p=0,80; 0,58; 0,07).

Conclusion: There were 5/29 subjects experienced glomerulotubular injury in high protein intake administration. In very preterm neonates, uNGAL/Cr level was increased at the age of 72 hours and decreased in 21 days on both high and low protein intake group. High protein intake had no correlation to glomerulotubular injury in the very preterm neonates. "

"Obesitas anak meningkat dua kali lipat dalam 20 tahun terakhir dan terjadi pada negara berkembang seperti Indonesia Pengaruh pengetahuan gizi terhadap asupan remaja masih dalam perdebatan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri hubungan tingkat pengetahuan gizi dengan asupan energi dan makronutrien Pengambilan data berlangsung pada Februari hingga April 2012 pada salah satu fakultas kedokteran di Jakarta Seluruh mahasiswa berusia 15 18 tahun diikutsertakan dalam penelitian potong lintang ini Pengetahuan gizi diukur melalui kuesioner isian Asupan energi dan makronutrien ditelusuri melalui wawancara gizi dengan panduan kuesioner FFQ Sebanyak 75 subyek ikut serta dalam penelitian dengan 62 di antaranya memiliki tingkat pengetahuan gizi sedang dengan rerata skor 21 00 12 00 27 00 Konsumsi rerata energi karbohidrat protein dan lemak harian responden adalah 2443 60 761 30 ndash 5109 00 kkal 316 10 106 50 ndash 734 20 gram 88 89 37 02 gram dan 82 00 14 80 211 30 gram Proporsi karbohidrat protein dan lemak pada responden adalah 53 97 9 31 13 31 7 67 ndash 22 45 dan 31 95 12 59 ndash 53 47 Laki laki mengonsumsi total energi dan makronutrien yang lebih tinggi tetapi komposisi yang serupa dengan perempuan Tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan gizi dengan asupan energi p 0 415 jumlah dan komposisi karbohidrat p 0 715 p 0 323 protein p 0 634 p 0 387 serta lemak p 0 116 p 0 398 Oleh karena itu peningkatan pengetahuan gizi tidak berhubungan dengan asupan energi dan makronutrien yang lebih baik.

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Adolescent's obesity increased two times in recent two decades and existed in developing countries like Indonesia Effect of nutrition knowledge on nutrition intake is still debated We investigated the relationship between nutrient knowledge levels and energy and macronutrient intake Data was collected from February to April 2012 at a medical school in Jakarta All students aged 15 to 18 years old enrolled in this cross sectional study Nutrition knowledge was assessed by open ended questions Energy and macronutrient intake was estimated by guidance of FFQ in the interview Among 75 subjects out of 62 students scored lsquo average'in nutrition knowledge with mean of 21 00 12 00 27 00 Mean consumption of energy carbohydrate protein and fat were 2443 60 761 30 ndash 5109 00 kcal 316 10 106 50 ndash 734 20 grams 88 89 37 02 grams and 82 00 14 80 ndash 211 30 grams respectively Proportion of carbohydrate protein and fat in the diet were 53 97 9 31 13 31 7 67 ndash 22 45 and 31 95 12 59 ndash 53 47 Males consumed higher energy and macronutrients intake but had similar diet composition There were no significant correlations between nutrition knowledge levels and energy intake p 0 415 number and composition of carbohydrate p 0 715 p 0 323 protein p 0 634 p 0 387 and fat p 0 116 p 0 398 intake Therefore better nutrition knowledge did not correspond to better energy and macronutrient intake."