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"Terjadinya masalah gizi di 1000 hari pertama kehidupan dapat memberikan dampak yang buruk bagi anak yaitu dapat menyebabkan gagal tumbuh seiring dengan bertambahnya usia. Masalah gizi merupakan refleksi dari konsumsi zat gizi yang belum mencukupi kebutuhan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan yang berhubungan dengan status gizi balita usia 6-59 bulan berdasarkan composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) di Indonesia (IFLS5 2014/2015). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) tahun 2014. Total sampel sebanyak 4079 anak balita. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square dan regresi logistic ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara umur balita dengan CIAF, dimana balita yang berusia 6-23 bulan lebih banyak mengalami gagal tumbuh sebanyak 1,1 kali. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan ada hubungan antara keragaman makanan dengan kejadian CIAF, dimana anak balita yang keragaman makanan tidak tercapai berisiko 1,2 kali mengalami gagal tumbuh dan pendidikan ibu menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian gagal tumbuh, ibu yang memiliki pendidikan rendah lebih banyak mengalami gagal tumbuh. Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian CIAF adalah pendidikan ibu (OR 1,565) setelah dikontrol dengan umur, keragaman makanan dan imunisasi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan CIAF adalah pendidikan ibu. Anak yang berasal dari ibu dengan pendidikan rendah berpeluang 1,6 kali lebih besar mengalami gagal tumbuh (CIAF).

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The occurrence of nutritional problems in the first 1000 days of life can have a bad impact on children, which can cause failure to grow with age. Nutritional problems are a reflection of the consumption of nutrients that are not sufficient for the body's needs. This study aims to determine the determinants associated with the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months based on the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) in Indonesia (IFLS5 2014/2015). This study uses secondary data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). The total sample is 4079 children under five. Data analysis used chi square test and multiple logistic regression. The results showed that there was a relationship between the age of children and CIAF, where children aged 6-23 months experienced more anthropometric failure as much as 1.1 times. The results also show that there is a relationship between dietary diversity and the incidence of CIAF, where children under five whose dietary diversity is not reached have a 1.2 times risk of anthropometric failure and mother's education shows a significant relationship with the incidence of anthropometric failure, mothers who have low education experience more anthropometric failure. The dominant factor associated with the incidence of CIAF was maternal education (OR 1.565) after controlling for age, food diversity and immunization. The conclusion of this study is that the dominant factor associated with CIAF is maternal education. Children from mothers with low education are 1.6 times more likely to have anthropometric failure (CIAF)."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan status gizi baduta usia 6-23 bulan berdasarkan composite index anthropometric failure (CIAF) di Kecamatan Babakan Madang tahun 2019. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Respponden yang berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini yaitu sejumlah 279 baduta dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada Mei-September 2019, meliputi pengukuran berat badan dan panjang badan, wawancara terstruktur menggunakan bantuan kuesioner, dan lembar 24-hour recall. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 43,4% baduta yang mengalami anthropomteric failure berdasarkan indikator CIAF. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat, diketahui bahwa usia baduta menjadi faktor paling dominan pada terjadinya anthropomteric failure pada baduta usia 6-23 bulan di Kecamatan Babakan Madang tahun 2019 setelah dikontrol variabel riwayat ASI eksklusif dan riwayat penyakit diare (p=0,028, OR=1,775 95% CI=1,063-2,964). Perlu selalu diperhatikan pemberian asupan makanan anak yang aman, higienis, dan adekuat sesuai usianya.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of the study is to determine the determinants of nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months based on the composite anthropometric failure index (CIAF) in Babakan Madang District in 2019. The study design used in this study was cross sectional. The sample used in this study were 279 children using the purposive sampling method. Data collection was conducted in May-September 2019. Data collection was carried out by measuring body weight and length, structured interviews using a questionnaire, and a 24-hour recall sheet. The results showed that 43.4% of the children had experienced anthropomteric failure based on CIAF indicators. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the age of the children is the most dominant factor in the occurrence of anthropomteric failure in children aged 6-23 months in Babakan Madang Subdistrict in 2019 after controlling for a history of exclusive breastfeeding and a history of diarrhea in the past 1 month. It is always necessary to pay attention to the intake of children who are safe, hygienic, and adequate according to their age."

"Composite Index of Antropometric Failure (CIAF) merupakan indikator penilaian status gizi komposit (BB/U, PB/U, BB/PB) untuk menggambarkan seluruh masalah gizi yang dialami balita. Masalah gizi, tingkat pengangguran, dan kemiskinan Provinsi Banten cukup tinggi serta pendapatan penduduknya rendah. Desa Karangkamulyan adalah desa tertinggal dengan wilayah pertambangan. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi balita berdasarkan CIAF di Desa Karangkamulyan, Kecamatan Cihara, Kabupaten Lebak tahun 2020. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional dengan menganalisis data primer penelitian “Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kecacingan pada Balita di Desa Karangkamulyan Kecamatan Cihara Kabupaten Lebak Tahun 2020”. Sampel penelitian adalah 141 balita berusia 24-59 bulan. Data dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji chi- square. Hasil penelitian menemukan balita dengan masalah gizi berdasarkan CIAF berjumlah 36,2%. Variabel yang berhubungan dengan status gizi balita berdasarkan CIAF, yaitu ASI Eksklusif (p-value 0,026), asupan energi (p-value 0,026), dan kebiasaan konsumsi protein nabati (p-value 0,003). Variabel pendidikan ibu, penghasilan keluarga, jenis kelamin, berat lahir, panjang lahir, asupan balita (protein, karbohidrat, lemak) kebiasaan konsumsi (protein hewani, sayur dan buah), dan riwayat penyakit (ISPA, diare) tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi balita. Dengan kondisi ini, pelaksanaan penanggulangan gizi dari orang tua, puskesmas, dan dinas kesehatan diharapkan dilakukan untuk menanggulangi masalah gizi balita

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Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is an indicator of composite nutritional status assessment (WAZ, HAZ, WHZ) to describe all nutritional problems experienced by toddlers. In 2020, malnutrition, unemployment, poverty in Banten Province is high, and the income of the population tends to be low. Karangkamulyan Village is an underdeveloped village with mining areas. This study aims to determine the factors related to Toddler nutritional status based on CIAF in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Regency in 2020. The study used a cross-sectional study design by analyzing primary data from the study "Factors Associated with the Incidence of Worms in Toddlers in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Regency in 2020". The research sample was 141 toddlers aged 24-59 months. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate using the chi-square test. The results found that toddlers experienced nutritional problems based on CIAF were 36.2%. Variables related to the nutritional status of toddlers, is exclusive breastfeeding (p-value 0.026), energy intake (p- value 0.026), and vegetable protein consumption habits (p-value 0.003). The variables of mother's education, family income, gender, birth weight, birth length, toddler's intake (protein, carbohydrates, fat), consumption habits (animal protein, vegetables, and fruit), and disease history (ARI, diarrhea) were not related to toddler nutritional status. With this condition, the implementation of nutrition control from parents, public health centers, and the health office hoped to be carried out to overcome the toddler nutritional problems."

"Latar belakang: Dampak malnutrisi seperti stunting, wasting, dan underweight pada 1000 hari pertama kehidupan irreversible, namun dapat dicegah dengan makanan pendamping ASI yang berkualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan ketercapaian minimum dietary diversity (MDD) dengan status gizi anak usia 6-23 bulan di Jakarta Timur pada pandemi COVID-19 tahun 2020. Metode: Studi cross-sectional ini menggunakan data sekunder penelitian di Jakarta Timur, dengan jumlah sampel 102 subjek berusia 6-23 bulan. Data terkait MDD diperoleh melalui food recall 24 jam yang kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kuesioner MDD. Data terkait usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan ibu, dan pendapatan rumah tangga juga dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Analisis data dilakukan melalui uji chi square dan regresi logistik menggunakan aplikasi SPSS Statistics versi 25. Hasil: Mayoritas subjek penelitian berusia 12-17 bulan (39,2%) dengan proporsi yang sama antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Sebanyak 52% subjek mencapai MDD pada asupan hari sebelumnya. Stunting merupakan status gizi terbanyak (20,6%) dibandingkan dengan wasting (15,7%) dan underweight (12,7%). Tidak ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara ketercapaian MDD dan status gizi subjek, tetapi jenis kelamin dianggap berhubungan dengan stunting (p=0,003; 95% CI=1,81-19,03) dan underweight (p=0,012; 95% CI =1,54-36,73). Kesimpulan: Dalam menganalisis hubungan kualitas asupan dengan status gizi, aspek lain seperti jumlah asupan juga perlu diperhatikan.

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the 1000 first days of life are irreversible, but could be prevented by giving high quality complementary feeding practice. This study aims to examine the relationship between achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) with nutritional status among children aged 6-23 months in East Jakarta during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from a research in Kampung Melayu Village, East Jakarta, with a total sampling of 102 subjects aged 6-23 months. Data related to MDD was obtained through a 24-hour food recall, which was then entered into the MDD achievement questionnaire. Data related to age, gender, mother's education level, and household income were also analyzed in this study. Data analysis was carried out through the chi square test and logistic regression using SPSS Statistics application version 25. Result: Majority of subjects in the study were 12-17 months (39.2%) and with an equal proportion between male and female. A total of 52% of subjects achieved MDD on the previous day's food intake. Stunting is the most prevalent nutritional status (20.6%) compared to wasting (15.7%) and underweight (12.7%). No significant relationship was found between the achievement of MDD and the nutritional status of the subjects, but gender was considered to be related to stunting (p=0.003; 95% CI=1.81-19.03) and underweight (p=0.012; 95% CI=1.54-36.73). Conclusion: In analyzing the relationship between the quality of intake and nutritional status, other aspects such as the amount of intake also need to be taken into account."

"Balita kurang gizi merupakan masalah yang tinggi di Indonesia. Balita kurang gizi akan mengalami kesulitan utuk tumbuh normal dan lebih rentan terhadap penyakit. Faktor yang diduga berpengaruh adalah jumlah anak di keluarga, dimana jumlah anak mempengaruhi kecukupan asupan makan di keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah anak di keluarga dengan peningkatan status gizi balita di Desa Anin, Kabupaten TTS. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain kuasi eksperimental menggunakan data sekunder hasil pengukuran balita di Posyandu pada bulan Oktober 2009 dan 2010. Jumlah sampel sebesar 71 responden dengan rerata usia pada tahun 2009 adalah 27,62 bulan, 54,9% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 63,4% responden berasal dari keluarga dengan jumlah anak ≤ 2 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kejadian wasting dan underweight menurun dari tahun 2009 ke tahun 2010 menjadi 2,8 % dan 45,1,%, sementara stunting meningkat menjadi 74,7%. Terdapat perbedaan rerata yang bermakna antara nilai Z skor BB/TB (p=0,035) dan BB/U (p=0,020) pada tahun 2009 dan 2010, sedangkan nilai Z skor TB/U tidak bermakna (nilai p=0,272). Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah anak di keluarga dengan peningkatan nilai Z skor BB/TB (p=0,114), BB/U (p=0,250), dan TB/U (p=0,060). Sebagai kesimpulan bahwa persentase kasus balita kurang gizi sangat tinggi di Kabupaten TTS serta jumlah anak di keluarga tidak berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap peningkatan status gizi balita. Program kesehatan ibu dan anak dan kecukupan pangan perlu digalakkan oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan gizi balita.

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Undernutrion in children under five is a problem in Indonesia. One of the factor that can influence the nutritional status of children is number of children in family, where the number of children can affects the adequacy of food intake.Problem examined in this study is the relationship between number of children in the family with increased of nutritional status of children under five in The Village of Anin, TTS District. This study uses quasi experimental design using secondary data of children under five that is measured in Posyandu in October 2009 and 2010. The subjects were 71 respondents which 54,9 % of them is female, with a mean age of 27,62 months in 2009, and 63,4 % of respondents from family with number of children ≤ 2 people.The result showed that the percentages incidence of wasting and underweight decreased to 2,8 % and 45,1 %, while stunting increased to 74,7%. The value of weight/height (p=0,035) and weight/age (p=0,020) Z score in 2009 and 2010 had sinificant mean differences and height/age Z score had not (p=0,272). There was no significant relationship between number of children in family and increasing the value of weight/height , weight/age, and height/age Z score. As a conclusion that percentage of undernourished children under five in Anin Village has very high and number of children in family has no significant effect on improving nutritional status of children. Neverthless, Maternal and child health programs and food sufficiency should be encouraged by governments and communities to improve nutrition status of children."

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Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) merupakan jenis minuman yang paling banyak dikonsumsi oleh usia remaja. Mengonsumsi SSBs secara berlebihan dapat memberikan dampak buruk terhadap kesehatan, salah satunya yaitu meningkatkan risiko kegemukan pada remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor yang paling berhubungan dengan konsumsi SSBs serta hubungan antara konsumsi SSBs dengan status gizi pada siswa di SMPN 2 Bandung tahun 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan Februari dan Maret 2020 di SMPN 2 Bandung dengan jumlah responden 153 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran antropometri dan pengisian kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara univariat, analisis bivariat dengan chi square, dan analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis univariat diketahui 69,9% responden mengonsumsi SSBs tingkat tinggi (> 2 kali/hari). Hasil bivariat menunjukkan pendidikan ibu, ketersediaan SSBs di rumah, dan paparan media memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap konsumsi SSBs. Analasis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi SSBs adalah pendidikan ibu (OR: 3,03), setelah dikontrol oleh variabel paparan media, ketersedian SSBs di rumah dan aktifitas fisik. Responden dengan ibu berpendidikan rendah berpeluang 3 kali lebih tinggi mengonsumsi SSBs tingkat tinggi dibandingkan responden dengan ibu berpendidikan tinggi. Pada penelitian ini juga diketahui bahwa konsumsi SSBs berhubungan dengan status gizi (OR: 2,45). Konsumsi SSBs tinggi berisiko mengalami kegemukan. Peneliti menyarankan siswa mengurangi kebiasaan mengonsumsi SSBs dengan cara mengganti SSBs dengan minuman yang lebih sehat seperti susu plain, pihak sekolah memasukkan hal-hal terkait SSBs pada salah satu mata pelajaran, dan orang tua membatasi ketersediaan SSBs di rumah.

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Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) are the type of drink most consumed by adolescents. Excessive consumption of SSBs can give a negative impact for health, one of which is increasing the risk of being obesity in adolescents. This study aims to determine the factors most related to SSBs consumption and the relationship between SSBs consumption and nutritional status of students at SMPN 2 Bandung in 2020. This study conducted in February and March 2020 at SMPN 2 Bandung with a total of 153 respondents, using a cross sectional study design. Data is collected by anthropometric measurements and filling out the questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate analysis with chi square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression tests. Based on the results of univariate analysis it was found that 69,9% of respondents consumed high levels of SSBs (> 2 times /day). Bivariate results show that maternal education, availability of SSBs at home, and media exposure have a significant relationship to SSBs consumption. Multivariate analysis showed that the dominant factors associated with SSBs consumption were maternal education (OR: 3,03), after being controlled by media exposure variables, SSBs availability at home and physical activity. Respondents with low-educated mothers had a chance 3 times higher of consuming high-level SSBs compared to respondents with highly educated mothers. In this study it was also known that SSBs consumption was related to nutritional status (OR: 2,45). Consumption of high SSBs is at risk of being obesity. Researchers suggest students reduce their habits of consuming SSBs by replacing SSBs with healthier drinks such as plain milk, the school includes things related to SSBs in one subject, and parents limit the availability of SSBs at home.

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"Stunting atau pendek (PB/U < -2SD) merupakan kegagalan pertumbuhan liniear yang menjadi permasalahan dunia terutama negara berkembang. Stunting terjadi akibat dari banyak faktor diantaranya, faktor maternal, lingkungan, MPASI tidak adekuat, dan pemberian ASI. Faktor maternal yang mempengaruhi kejadian MPASI adalah karakteristik ibu, riwayat kehamilan, dan kesehatan mental. Salah satu masalah kesehatan mental pada ibu adalah gangguan mood. Pada penelitian ini penulis ingin mengetahui hubungan gangguan mood dan pola asuh gizi terhadap stunting. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2018. Penelitian ini dimulai dari September 2019 s/d April 2020. Analisis pada penelitian ini adalah univariate, bivariate dan multivariate. Uji Chi-square pada penelitian ini mendapati bahwa ada hubungan signifikan gangguan mood, pola asuh gizi dan karakteristik ibu terhadap stunting (p value < 0.001). Gangguan mood, ASI Eksklusif, MPASI tepat waktu, dan pekerjaan ibu merupakan faktor protektif terhadap stunting (OR<1) Hasil analisis multvariat mendapati usia adalah faktor yang paling kuat mempengaruhi kejadian stunting. Peneliti menyaranakan pemerintah untuk melakukan upaya yang lebih gencar lagi pada skrining gangguan mood, pemantauan status gizi dan pemantauan status gizi ibu dan anak.

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Stunting atau short stature (HAZ < -2SD) is a linear growth failure that largely occur in developing contries. Stunting happened from various causes for instances maternal factor, environment, complementary feeding and breastfeeding. Some of maternal factors potentially causes stunting are maternal characteristic, pregnancy history, and mental health. One of maternal mental health is mood disorder. This study aim for finding relationship between mood disorder and nutritional parenting to stunting aged 6-23 months old. This study used secondary data from Riskesdas 2018 by using cross sectional design. This study also analyzed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate factors. It started on September 2019 until April 2020. This study reported that there is significant relationship between mood disorder nutrition parenting, and maternal characteristic towards stunting. Mood disorder, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and mother’s profession are protective factor to stunting (OR <1). Futhermore, multivariate analysis result showed that mother age is the most impactful factors from all of them. It suggested for stakeholder to be more concern about maternal mood disorder, mother nutririon status, children nutrition status and also exclusive breastfeeding."

"Latar belakang: Anak berusia 2-6 tahun berada pada fase terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fisik dan otak mereka, sehingga penting untuk memastikan kebutuhan gizi anak tercukupi. Anak dengan perilaku picky eating cenderung menolak makanan baru atau asing dan selektif terhadap makanan, menyebabkan terbatasnya jumlah dan variasi asupan makan anak. Hal ini memunculkan kemungkinan tidak tercukupinya kebutuhan nutrisi anak, yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku picky eating dengan status gizi pada anak.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. 64 subjek merupakan anak berusia 2-6 tahun di wilayah Jakarta yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Penggolongan anak sebagai picky eating atau tidak picky eating didapatkan melalui kuesioner Child Eating Behaviour. Status gizi diukur berdasarkan z-skor berat badan per tinggi badan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Uji Fisher (p<0,05).Hasil: Persentase anak picky eating pada populasi anak di wilayah Jakarta adalah 46,9%. Rata-rata skor food fussiness yang digunakan sebagai cut-off adalah 2,75. Prevalensi perilaku picky eating tertinggi di usia 3 tahun sampai usia 4 tahun dengan 4 tahun sebagai puncak (58%). Sebagian besar status gizi subjek populasi adalah normal (90,6%). Terdapat perbedaan proporsi status gizi antara picky eating dan tidak, anak dengan status gizi kurang lebih banyak ditemukan pada anak yang pilih-pilih makanan (6,7% pada kelompok picky eating dan 2,9% pada yang tidak), namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05).Simpulan: Tidak ada hubungan perilaku picky eating dengan status gizi pada anak berusia 2-6 tahun.

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Background: Children aged 2-6 years are in the best phase for growth and development of their physical and brain, so it is important to ensure that children's nutritional needs are fulfilled. Children with picky eating tend to refuse new or unfamiliar foods and are selective about food, causing limitation of the quantity and variety of children's food intake. This raises possibility that the child's nutritional needs are not fulfilled, which can cause disruption to the child's growth and development.

Aim: To determine the relationship between picky eating behavior and nutritional status in children aged 2-6 Years Old in Jakarta in 2020.

Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. 64 subjects were children aged 2-6 years in the Jakarta area who met the inclusion criteria. The classification of children as picky eating or not picky eating is obtained through the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Nutritional status was measured based on weight per height z-score. Data were analyzed using Fisher's Test (p<0,05).

Results: The percentage of picky eatings in the child population in DKI Jakarta is 46.9%. The mean food fussiness score which were used as the cut-off was 2.75. The highest prevalence of picky eating behavior occurs at the age of 3 to 4 years with the peak at 4 years (58%). Most of the population has normal nutritional status (90.6%). There is a difference in the proportion of nutritional status between childrens who were picky and those who do not. Children with poor nutritional status are more often found in children who are picky eatings. However, statistics showed that there is no relationship between picky eating behavior and nutritional status (p>0,05).

Conclusion: There is no relationship between picky eating behavior and nutritional status in children aged 2-6 years."

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Konstipasi fungsional (KF) adalah gangguan pencernaan yang disertai dengan kesulitan defekasi yang persisten atau tidak tuntas serta jarangnya pergerakan usus dan tidak disertai dengan penyebab sekunder. KF kerap diasosiasikan dengan status nutrisi pada anak-anak. Jika tidak diobati, dapat berujung pada rendahnya kualitas hidup. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan agar dapat mengubah kualitas hidup anak menjadi lebih baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan menganalisis data 292 subjek dari SMP Labschool Jakarta pada Maret 2018. Umur subjek berkisar antara 11 hingga 14 tahun. Mereka diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner tentang pola makan, aktifitas fisik, dan evaluasi KF yang menggunakan ROME III criteria, serta pengukuran tinggi dan berat badan untuk penilaian status nutrisi (klasifikasi menggunakan Waterlow criteria). Prevalensi KF dan asosiasinya terhadap status nutrisi dan karakteristik lainnya (jenis kelamin, kelas, pola makan, dan aktifitas fisik) didapatkan dengan Chi Square Test, sementara Mann-Whitney U Test untuk asosiasinya dengan umur. Dari 292 subjek yang dievaluasi, KF ditemukan pada 57 subjek (19,5%), di mana 34 dari mereka adalah perempuan (59,4%). Berdasarkan status nutrisi mereka, 29 subjek (50,9%) normal, 20 subjek (35,1%) memiliki gizi lebih, sementara 8 lainnya (14,0%) gizi kurang. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (p<0,05) antara status nutrisi gizi lebih dengan KF (p=0,011), studi ini sependapat dengan studi-studi yang telah dilakukan. Namun, tidak terdapat adanya hubungan bermakna lain antara jenis kelamin (p=0,398), kelas (p=0,480), umur (median=13,0, p=0,658), pola makan (tidak sarapan, konsumsi sayur dan buah), dan aktifitas fisik (p=0,699) dengan KF.

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Functional constipation (FC) is a gastrointestinal disorder often characterized by persistent or incomplete difficult defecation with infrequent bowel movements and absence of secondary causes. FC is often associated with nutritional status among children. If left untreated, it can lead to a decreased in quality of life. Hence why, this study is essential to improve the children’s quality of life. This research used a cross-sectional method by analyzing a total of 292 subjects from SMP Labschool Jakarta on March 2018. The subjects ranged from 11 to 14 years old and were asked to fill in the questionnaire for dietary pattern, physical activity and FC assessment using ROME III criteria, along with their body height and weight measurement for nutritional status (classified using Waterlow criteria). The prevalence of FC and its association with nutritional status and other characteristics (gender, grade, dietary pattern, and physical activity) is acquired by using Chi Square Test, while Mann-Whitney U Test is for its association with age. Out of 292 subjects that were evaluated, FC is found in 57 subjects (19.5%), in which 34 of them are female (59.4%). Based on their nutritional status, 29 subjects (50.9%) are normal, 20 subjects (35.1%) are overweight or obese, while the remaining 8 subjects (14.0%) are malnourished. A meaningful association (p<0.05) is found between overweight or obese nutritional status and FC (p=0.011), which is in concordance with previous findings. However, no other meaningful association is found between gender (p=0.398), grade (p=0.480), age (median=13.0, p=0.658), dietary pattern (skipping breakfast, intake of vegetables and fruits), and physical activity (p=0.699) with FC."

"Latar belakang: Prevalensi populasi gemuk dewasa terus meningkat di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Hal ini penting terkait perkembangan penyakit degeneratif. Perbedaan perilaku adiposit dengan awitan obesitas yang dimulai sejak kecil atau sejak dewasa belum diketahui secara jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan jumlah, ukuran, tingkat hipoksia, glikolisis anaerobik, autofagi, biogenesis dan fungsi mitokondria adiposit viseral tikus coba.Metode: Tiga puluh lima ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan, usia 4 minggu, BB 65–110 gram, secara acak dibagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan 8 dan 28 pekan. Kelompok 8 pekan terbagi 3 kelompok: PRK8 (pakan rendah kalori 8 pekan), PTL8 (pakan tinggi lemak 8 pekan), PS8 (pakan standar 8 pekan) sebagai kontrol. Kelompok 28 pekan terbagi 4 kelompok: PRK28 (PRK 8 pekan + PTL 20 pekan), PS28 (PS 8 pekan + PTL 20 pekan), PTL28 (PTL 28 pekan) dan kontrol (PS 28 pekan). Jumlah dan ukuran adiposit dianalisis pada pekan 8 dan 28 (histopatologi). Pemeriksaan ekspresi mRNA Hif-1α, Hif-2α, Lc3 (RT-qPCR); kadar HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PGC1α, MnSOD, LC3 (ELISA); dan aktivitas LDH (pemeriksaan enzimatis) dilakukan pada akhir pekan 28.Hasil: BB kelompok PRK8 lebih rendah dibandingkan PS8 (p = 0,008), BB kelompok PTL8 lebih tinggi dibandingkan PS8 (p = 0,008). Jumlah adiposit tidak berbeda bermakna, namun ukuran sel kelompok PRK8 lebih kecil dibandingkan PS8 dan PTL8 (p = 0,000). BB kelompok PRK28, PS28 dan PTL28 lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan kontrol. BB PTL28 didapatkan paling tinggi, namun kenaikan BB akibat pemberian PTL 20 pekan terjadi pada kelompok PRK28. Jumlah adiposit PRK28 paling sedikit namun paling hipertrofi. Kadar HIF-1α PRK28 meningkat dibandingkan PTL28 (p = 0,046) dan kontrol (p = 0,029). Kadar HIF-2α PRK28 meningkat dibandingkan PS28 (p = 0,045) dan PTL28 (p = 0,022). Adiposit PTL28 juga hipertrofi, disertai peningkatan ekspresi mRNA HIF-2α. Kadar PGC1α PRK28 meningkat dibandingkan PS28 (p = 0,000), PTL28 (p = 0,000) dan kontrol (p = 0,000). Aktivitas MnSOD PRK28 meningkat dibandingkan PTL28 (p = 0,038) dan PS28 (p = 0,015). Aktivitas LDH tidak berbeda bermakna pada seluruh kelompok. Ekspresi mRNA Lc3 PRK28 meningkat dibandingkan PTL28 (p = 0,037) dan kontrol (p = 0,047) namun tidak ada perbedaan pada kadar protein LC3.Simpulan: Ditemukan perbedaan respons adiposit viseral pada kelompok tikus gemuk dewasa yang berbeda status gizi pada masa pertumbuhan. Adiposit tikus yang kurus pada masa pertumbuhan didapatkan hipertrofi dan hipoksia; disertai peningkatan gen autofagi, biogenesis dan fungsi mitokondria. Adiposit tikus yang gemuk sejak kecil didapatkan hipertrofi disertai peningkatan ekspresi gen hipoksia.

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Background: The prevalence of obesity in adults is increasing worldwide. This is problematic since obesity is associated with degenerative diseases. Nowadays, Indonesia is facing an interesting phenomenon, where there are adults who have been obese since childhood and others who conversely were undernourished while young. The biological differences of these two types of obesities are not well understood. This study aims to analyse the difference in the size, number, hypoxic state, anaerobic glycolysis, autophagic activity, biogenesis and mitochondrial functions of rat visceral adipocytes that differ in nutritional state at youth.

Method: Thirty five four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8-week and 28-week treatment groups. The 8-week groups consist of groups given a low-caloric diet (LCD8), a high-fat diet (HFD8), a standard chow diet (SD8) as control. The 28-week groups consist of groups given LCD for 8 weeks + HFD for 20 weeks (LCD28), SD for 8 weeks + HFD for 20 weeks (SD28), HFD for 28 weeks (HFD28), and SD for 28 weeks as control. The size and number of visceral adipocytes were analyzed at week 8 and 28 by histopathological examination. The levels of Hif-1α, Hif-2α and Lc3 mRNA (RT-qPCR), HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PGC1α, MnSOD, LC3 (ELISA); and the lactate dehydrogenase activity (enzymatic analysis) were analyzed at week 28.

Result: The LCD8 significantly had the lowest BW and the HFD8 had the highest. There was no difference in the number of adipocytes, but the LCD8 adipocytes were tiny in size. At week 28, there was a significant increase of BW in all the treatment groups compared to control. The highest BW was found in the HFD28 group, but the highest BW increase was found in LCD28. The LCD28 had the least amount of adipocytes, but the size was the largest, with the significant increase of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Although the HFD28 adipocytes were hypertrophic, there was an increase in the Hif-2α mRNA expression but not in the protein level. The PGC1α level and the MnSOD activity of the LCD28 were significantly higher than the other groups. There was no difference in the lactate dehydrogenase activity between all groups. The Lc3 mRNA of the LCD28 was increased significantly, but not in the level of LC3 protein.

Conclusion: There were differences in the visceral adipocyte characteristics of obese adult rats which differ in nutritional state at a young age. Adipocytes of the obese adult rats which were undernourished were hypertrophic, hypoxic, and had increased autophagic gene expression, biogenesis and mitochondrial functions. The adipocytes of rats which were obese since young were hypertrophic and had increased hypoxic gene expression."