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"Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has become important for Indonesia because this mechanism will provide financial benefits and it adheres to the Indonesian commitment to participate in climate change mitigation. However, a weak forest governance system and lack of transparency have undermined Indonesia’s goals to reduce deforestation and to manage and distribute the compensation appropriately. The idea of transformational change to reform Indonesian forest governance might be hindered by path dependency that has become entrenched within the Indonesian government. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyze path dependency of Indonesian forest governance and to examine the implication of path dependency in the development of REDD+ in Indonesia. Using the political economy lens, the diagnosis of path dependency is determined if there are positive feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry, as the leading agency in the administration of Indonesian forests, to maintain the status quo. This paper shows that there are four positive or reinforcing feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry: (1) vested interests for utilizing the forests as an income source, (2) network effects from managing the forest resources, (3) sunk costs invested to strengthen the institution, and (4) inclusiveness of the institution in managing the forests. This paper also highlights that path dependency within the Ministry of Forestry causes a complexity in the REDD+ debate in Indonesia, particularly regarding which institutional arrangement will best implement REDD+. On the other hand, this paper shows that various policies and activities related to REDD+ could break path dependency."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh revolusi yang terjadi pada negara-negara Timur Tengah sejak akhir tahun 2007 sampai sekarang. Gelombang demokratisasi yang disebut denga Arab Spring dimulai dari Tunisia dan terus Mesir, Libya dan Suriah. Menariknya, revolusi terjadi di negara-negara yang secara ekonomi rendah dan secara politik menganut sistem republik. Negara-negara kaya yang berada di bawah sistem monarki berhasil untuk menangani dinamika politik mereka. Namun, negara-negara Teluk khususnya Arab Saudi, mulai khawatir karena revolusi yang melanda beberapa negara di Timur Tengah dipastikan akan mempengaruhi negara mereka. ,,,,,,This research is motivated by the revolution that happen to the Middle East states since the end of 2007 to the present day. The wave of so called democratization started from Tunisia and continued to Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Interestingly, the revolution happened in the countries that are economically low and politically under the republic system. The rich countries that are under monarchy system succeeded to handle their political dynamics. However, the Gulf countries in particular Saudi Arab, has started to worry since the revolution that hit some countries in the Middle East also influence their countries."

"Ada keuntungan dan kerugian ambigu dari ekonomi bawah tanah dalam suatu negara ekonomi. Gagasan yang bisa diperdebatkan seputar apakah ekonomi bawah tanah dapat membantu negara ekonomi dalam kasus krisis. Banyak ekonom mungkin percaya bahwa itu bisa berubah menjadi pengukuran yang menyesatkan. Masalah meningkat ketika strategi fiskal dan moneter harus menjadi tindakan bersama untuk mengendalikan ekonomi bawah tanah, dalam kasus krisis keuangan global. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan analisis kebijakan publik untuk masalah ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia selama krisis keuangan global. Periode penelitian adalah 2004-2017 dan populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Indonesia. Sampel diperoleh melalui metode purposive sampling. Regresi Least Square Biasa digunakan sebagai metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini. Ditemukan dari penelitian ini bahwa nilai rata-rata ekonomi di Indonesia dari 2004 hingga 2017 adalah 26 dari PDB dengan kerugian dari potensi pajak sekitar 2,8 dari PDB.

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There are ambiguous advantages and disadvantages of underground economy within an economic state. The debatable notions surrounding whether or not underground economy might help an economic state in the case of crisis. Many economists also believe that it might destroy an economic performance of a country since it might turn into misleading measurements. The problems rise when fiscal and monetary strategies should take actions together in order to control underground economy in the case of global financial crisis. The objective of this research is to obtain public policy analysis for underground economy problem in Indonesia during global financial crisis. The research period is from 2004 2017 and population in this research is Indonesia. Sample is obtained through purposive sampling method. Ordinary Least Square regressions are used as the data analysis method in this research. It is found from this research that the average value of underground economy in Indonesia from 2004 to 2017 is 26 of GDP with the loss from tax potential around 2,8 of GDP."

"Penelitian ini secara komprehensif meneliti tentang dampak dari tekanan keuangan global dan uncertainty factors dalam ekonomi global terhadap imbal hasil sukuk di pasar global, GCC dan non-GCC serta secara spesifik melihat dampaknya pada sukuk korporasi global dan sukuk pemerintah global. Pengukuran tekanan keuangan global diukur dengan Global Financial Stress Index GFSI, sedangkan uncertainty factors dalam ekonomi global diukur dengan indeks-indeks berikut, diantaranya Indeks MOVE Merryll Lynch Options Volatility Estimate Index sebagai representasi volatilitas pada harga obligasi konvensional global, indeks VIX CBOE Volatility Index sebagai representasi dari volatilitas harga saham global, indeks USEPU US Economic Policy Uncertainty Index sebagai representasi ketidakpastian kebijakan ekonomi global, indeks OVX CBOE Crude Oil Volatility Index sebagai representasi volatilitas harga minyak global dan indeks GVZ CBOE Gold ETF Volatility Index sebagai representasi dari volatilitas harga emas global. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sukuk global lebih sensitif terhadap tekanan keuangan global dan uncertainty factors dalam ekonomi global dibandingkan dengan sukuk GCC. Selain itu, sukuk korporasi juga lebih sensitif terhadap tekanan keuangan global dan uncertainty factors dalam ekonomi global dibandingkan dengan sukuk pemerintah. Hasil dari penemuan ini memberikan peluang diversifikasi portfolio bagi investor.

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This study comprehensively investigate the impact of global financial distress and uncertainties toward sukuk return dynamic in global market, GCC, non GCC and spesifically towards corporate sukuk and sovereign sukuk. Global financial distress was measured by the GFSI Global Financial Stress Index , meanwhile uncertainty factors were measured by several indices which consist of, MOVE Merryll Lynch Options Volatility Estimate Index repersents bond market volatilty, VIX CBOE Volatility Index represents stock market volatility, USEPU US Economic Policy Uncertainty Index represents economic policy uncertainty, OVX CBOE Crude Oil Volatility Index represents oil price volatility and GVZ CBOE Gold ETF Volatility Index represents gold price volatility. This study found that sukuk in global market is more sensitive than sukuk in GCC and non GCC market. Moreover, this study also found that corporate sukuk is more sensitive than sovereign sukuk toward the impact of financial distress and uncertainties. These results provide diversification portfolio opportunity to the investors."

"ABSTRAKGlobal City merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa terdapat perkembangan isu kemunculan aktor internasional non-negara dalam kajian studi Hubungan Internasional. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berbagai faktor yang mendorong Kota Hangzhou mampu mencapai predikat Global City. Dipilihnya Kota Hangzhou sebagai salah satu contoh kota yang mampu menggambarkan fenomena Global City saat ini karena penulis memiliki tujuan untuk melihat perkembangan Global City di negara berkembang dan kota lapis kedua. Dalam melakukan analisis, penulis menggunakan kerangka kerja analisis entrepreneurial city dan dibantu dengan pemahaman konsep diplomasi kota. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan menggunakan kerangka kerja analisis tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa faktor internal dan eksternal yang berperan dalam meningkatkan daya saing Kota Hangzhou saling bersinergi dan memengaruhi satu sama lain. Hal penting yang dapat dipelajari dari berkembangnya Global City di Cina khususnya di Kota Hangzhou adalah faktor historis Cina pada masa proses keterbukaan menjadi dasar kuat kota-kota mereka untuk beradaptasi terhadap perkembangan. Secara umum tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa tidak ada karakteristik tunggal yang mampu menggambarkan Global City yang berkembang di seluruh kota-kota di dunia. Tren yang terjadi dalam isu perkembangan Global City saat ini telah menggambarkan bahwa Global City tidak lagi menjadi status yang otomatis melekat pada kota-kota di negara besar seperti apa yang dipahami oleh kota-kota di negara Barat. Namun, saat ini kota-kota lapis kedua di negara berkembang pun mampu bergerak ke arah integrasi perekonomian global dan memiliki peran dalam dinamika ekonomi politik global.

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ABSTRACTGlobal City is one proof that the emergence of non-state international actors is one of the most discussed issue in the study of International Relations. Hangzhou City is one of the cities that characterized the development of the Global City issue nowadays. This paper aims to analyze various factors that have encouraged Hangzhou City to achieve the Global City status to explain the development of Global City issue in developing countries and second tier cities. In conducting the analysis in this paper, the author uses Entrepreneurial City as a framework thinking and assisted by understanding the concept of City Diplomacy. Based on the analysis carried out using the analytical framework, the authors found that internal and external factors in increasing the competitiveness of Hangzhou City work together and influence each other. The important thing that can be learned from the development of Global City issue in China, especially in Hangzhou City, is that China's historical factors in the process of openness have become a strong foundation for their cities to adapt to development. In general, this paper concludes that there is no single characteristic can describe Global City that develops in all cities in the world. Current trends in the issue of Global City have illustrated that Global City is no longer a status that automatically attached to cities in big countries as what is understood by cities in Western countries. However, nowadays the second tier cities in developing countries are able to move towards global economic integration and have a role in the dynamics of the global political economy."

"July 2007 is the beginning of the world's subprime mortgage crisis.  Since then, the world's liquidity crisis occurred and never found any solution until now.  The liquidity crisis began to spread developed countries to poor countries, developing countries and emerging markets with two channels. This contagious crisis made growing economy and emerging economy fell.  No country in the world survived, including Indonesia.  This paper discussed the management of investments in Indonesia. It started from the spread of global crisis to Indonesia and its impact on investment in Indonesia.  Then, we discussed the government's efforts to encourage investment.  The last was the view of the investment for the next three years (2010-2014)."

"Tea is a drink that is liked for many reasons by almost every people in the earth. Conscious or not, it fills most of the people's daily live. Some of them even make tea drinking as their habit, which certainly shows their good sense and madness of processed plantation called tea. It is indeed someone's choice of drinking pattern. But among various drinks offered in this world, tea is a famous alternative to make. Human fondness of tea drinking tends also to be found in almost every nation. In Indonesia, tea has also known for centuries. However, the fondness of tea accelerates extraordinarily in the latest century. Various sociological patterns about tea especially in Indonesia will be this research entity. Tea is assumed carrying certain understanding, certain symbol, and certain function for certain group of society, if not all, in certain time. This becomes more interesting while the variation of meaning, symbol and function differs more and more. It certainly cannot be hindered because it relates strictly with individuals and societies. This research's prime vision is to emphasize more portions in the global culture's spectacle. It is so done, because the assumption of a single nations' tradition, which is the English style afternoon tea breaks the limit and penetrates in almost all over the world. It then associates with local tea tradition and assumed as the global culture. Nevertheless, culture cannot work and process all alone. It must relate and link with other sides or spectacles of globalization too. These will also be a little bit discussed in connection with the culture. The penetration process of the tea is not taken for granted. It costs high enough that the tea ritual is not pure anymore. This caused by the society, which is named as market in economical science. Like basic economical law has taught before, the market plays an important role where supply will be adjusted with their demand. This phenomenon can and will be benefited by thorough ?money managers? through business area. Good networking between them and the system strengthen the collaboration and association of the development of the global economy. Globalization in the area of culture and economy is lead and supported by political life. It needs power to make things possible. Power, which is dominated by the state, gives and makes deep and huge impacts on state's life. The state's role is needed instead of positive or negative power. This power shall associate and collaborate to make a fruitful condition. A little bit portion on global politic will be a part of this paper's angle of vision.

Thus, it can be concluded that tea does not discern borders, nations, races, classes or everything concerning with segregation. Human is generally acquainted it. The only matter is the `option'. How people processes, packs, presents, or even actualizes it, are all people's choice according to their preference to the outcome. Some people value it nothing, but some others do appreciate the tradition. In connection with globalization, these reasons base the selection of the title too. So, please have a great pleasure in reading this paper under the title of ?Global Tea in Local Context?."