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"Although over 70 per cent of the labour force in enganged in agriculture, Africa is loosing the capacity to feed itself. Drought, a fast growing population, widespread deterioration of the countryside, as well as a chronic underinvestment in agriculture, have all contributed to declining yields and a vicious cycle of poverty from which the peasant farmer and African countries have incerasingly found it difficuult to escape. The need therefore is most urgent for African governments to examine their food and agricultural policies to anable them provide more food for their growing population. Encouragement of large and medium scale commercial farming, land reform, environmental management, reduction of population growth, improvement in storage and transport facilities as well as pursue political stability and a cessation of the violent confilicts that have characterized the continent, will reduce the food problem in Africa."

"Anak yang bekerja akan kehilangan haknya dalam mendapatkan pendidikan optimal yang dapat merugikan pembangunan modal manusianya. Salah satu penyebab munculnya pekerja anak adalah ketidakmampuan ekonomi rumah tangga yang umumnya direpresentasikan dengan status kemiskinan moneter. Namun, dorongan untuk melibatkan anak dalam bekerja lebih ditentukan pada persepsi rumah tangga terhadap kemampuan ekonomi rumah tangga dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan pokoknya. Tingkat kerawanan pangan dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu ukuran yang dapat mencerminkan kondisi tersebut dalam menjelaskan munculnya pekerja anak. Hasil first stage IV2SLS menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif antara pengalaman rawan pangan masa lalu terhadap persepsi rawan pangan masa sekarang. Selanjutnya, hasil second stage menunjukkan bahwa semakin rawan pangan suatu rumah tangga, maka akan meningkatkan partisipasi anak dalam rumah tangga itu untuk bekerja. Selain itu ditemukan pula karakteristik sosial-ekonomi dan demografi tertentu yang membuat partisipasi anak bekerja semakin besar. Intervensi pemerintah untuk memastikan ketersediaan stok pangan dan keterjangkauan harga diperlukan untuk mengurangi rasa khawatir kekurangan pangan pada rumah tangga sehingga dapat memperkecil peluang anak bekerja..

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Children in employment put a halt to their own education and human capital development. Labour supply theory argued that monetary poverty is one of the main reasons of their existence. Nevertheless, the urge to involve children in working environment is dependent on households own perception to fulfil their basic needs. Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is an alternative measurement reflecting on the conditions to explain the emergence of child labour. The first stage of Instrumental Variable (IV) with 2SLS method results in there is a negative relationship between exposure to famine in the past and current perceptions of FIES. The second stage estimation shows higher probability of childrens participation in work in households where FIES is severe. In addition, socio-economic and demographic characteristics also has significant contribution. Ensuring food stocks availability and affordability is paramount in eradicating children in employment."

"Sektor pertanian merupakan penyangga utama pasokan pangan dan penyumbang serapan tenaga kerja terbanyak di Indonesia. Namun, rendahnya tingkat pendapatan serta tingginya kemiskinan di rumah tangga petani menimbulkan pertanyaan terkait ketahanan pangan di wilayah mayoritas penduduknya berkerja sektor pertanian. Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan itu dengan menggunakan indikator persentase tenaga kerja sektor pertanian per total pekerja dan skor Indeks Ketahanan Pangan (IKP) di 416 kabupaten di Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan dari Badan Pusat Statistik dan Badan Pangan Nasional selama periode 2020 s.d. 2022. Melalui estimasi Generalized Least Square (GLS) ditemukan korelasi negatif yang signifikan antara jumlah petani dengan ketahanan pangan. Setiap peningkatan persentase jumlah petani sebesar 1% akan diiringi dengan penurunan skor IKP sebesar 0,107 poin dalam kondisi ceteris paribus. Secara singkat, kabupaten dengan persentase jumlah petani dan rumah tangga petani miskin yang lebih banyak, upah/gaji petani lebih tinggi dan produksi beras sedikit, memiliki ketahanan pangan yang lebih rendah. Sebaliknya, kabupaten dengan PDRB tinggi, banyak penduduk, pengeluaran konsumsi beras tinggi dan biaya konsumsi daging rendah, serta banyak penduduk miskin yang mendapatkan Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai (BPNT) akan memiliki ketahanan pangan yang lebih tinggi. Terkait itu, maka upaya penanggulangan kemiskinan di kabupaten-kabupaten yang tenaga kerjanya mayoritas berasal dari sektor pertanian perlu terus dimasifkan guna meningkatkan ketahanan pangan.

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The agricultural sector is the main support for food supply and the largest contributor to labor absorption in Indonesia. However, low-income levels and high levels of poverty among farming households raise concerns regarding food security in areas where most of the population earns their livelihood from the agricultural sector. This research aims to examine the relationship between the percentage of agricultural sector workers per total worker and the Food Security Index (IKP) score in 416 districts in Indonesia. The data were collected from the Central Statistics Agency and the National Food Agency for the period of 2020 to 2022. Through Generalized Least Square (GLS) estimation, a significant negative correlation was found between the percentage of farmers and the IKP score. Every percentage increase in the number of farmers by 1% will be accompanied by a decrease in the IKP score of 0.107 points under ceteris paribus conditions. In short, the research results show that districts with a greater percentage of farmers and poor people from the agricultural sector, higher wages for agricultural labor and less rice production, will have lower level of food security. On the other hand, districts with high GRDP, large populations, higher rice consumption costs, lower meat consumption costs, and many poor people targeted by the Non-Cash Food Assistance program will have a higher level of food security. In relation to this matter, poverty reduction measures in districts where most of the workforce comes from the agricultural sector need to be accelerated to increase food security."