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"Penelitian ini ingin melihat perbedaan kualitas secure attachment ibu-anak antara anak usia sekolah yang terpapar gadget sebelum usia dua tahun dan setelah tiga tahun. Penelitian dilakukan pada 97 ibu yang memiliki anak berusia 6-8 tahun. Kualitas attachment ibu-anak dilihat berdasarkan tingkat security yang diukur menggunakan PCRI (Parent/Child Reunion Inventory). Peneliti juga menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan gadget ibu dan anak dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua kelompok dalam penelitian ini memiliki skor tingkat secure attachment yang tinggi. Meskipun begitu, skor tingkat secure attachment pada kelompok anak usia sekolah yang terpapar gadget sebelum usia dua tahun lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok anak usia sekolah yang terpapar gadget setelah usia tiga tahun.

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This study was conducted to see the differences of mother-child secure attachment quality between school aged children who are exposed by gadget before the age of two years old and after the age of three years old. The participants were 97 mothers of children aged 6-8 years. The quality of mother-child attachment was measured by its security degree using PCRI (Parent/Child Reunion Inventory). Researcher also used a questionnaire to collect a general description of gadget usage by mother and children in everyday activities. The results of this study showed that the score of mother-child secure attachment degree in school aged children who are exposed by media before the age of two years old was higher than children who are exposed by media after the age of three years old. However, the two groups in this study still have a high score of secure attachment degree."

"Latar belakang: Tingkat penggunaan gadget yang tinggi pada anak bertentangan dengan rekomendasi oleh American Academy of Pediatrics dan Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia yang betujuan untuk memastikan anak mendapat stimulasi adekuat dari lingungan sekitar untuk mendukung perkembangan neurologis mereka. Selain itu hubungan terkait pengaruh penggunaan gadget pada perkembangan neurologis juga belum banyak diteliti terutama pada anak di Indonesia.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan gadget yang dapat memengaruhi perkembangan neurologis anak usia 1-2 tahun serta faktor risiko yang turut memengaruhi.Metode: Penelitian kasus kontrol ini menggunakan data primer yang diperloleh melalui wawancara orang tua/ wali anak serta hasil penilaian perkembangan neurologis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Poliklinik Anak RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta Pusat dan Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang, Jakarta Selatan.Hasil: Diperoleh sebanyak 162 subjek dengan perbandingan kasus dan kontrol 1:1 berdasarkan rentang usia yang sesuai. Hubungan antara faktor risiko dan perkembangan neurologis anak dianalisi menggunakan uji chi-square. Ditemukan 3 faktor risiko yang signifikan memengaruhi perkembangan neurologis anak yakni durasi penggunaan gadget (p = 0,011, OR = 2,816 1,241-6,389), waktu diberikannya gadget (p =0,004, OR = 4,738, IK 95% = 1,509-14,880) dan jenis gadget (p =0,046, OR = 0,509, IK 95% = 0,262-0,991). Jenis gadget touchscreen (p =0,035 OR=0,479, IK 95%=0,242-0,948) dan gadget yang diberikan setiap waktu (p =0,006 OR=5,054, IK 95%=1,589-16,075) juga menunjukkan hasil signifikan pada analisis multivariat yang dilakukan dengan uji regresi logistik.Simpulan: Durasi penggunaan >3 jam dan pemberian gadget setiap waktu berpengaruhterhadap keterlambatan perkembangan neurologis anak sedangkan jenis gadget layar sentuh merupakan faktor protektif terhadap keterlambatan perkembangan anak usia 1-2 tahun

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Background: Increasing gadget use in children is contrary to the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatric and Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia which were released to make sure that children receive adequate stimulation from surroundings to support their neurological development. On top of that, such association has not been investigated especially among children in Indonesia.

Objectives: To identify the effect of gadget use on neurological development in children aged 1-2 years old and its associating risk factors.

Method: This case control study collects primary data thorough interview with parents or legal guardians and assessment on neurological development. Data was collected from Poliklinik Anak RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta and Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang, South Jakarta.

Result: In this study, 162 subjects were chosen with equal ratio of cases and controls 1:1 according to the their age range. Analysis of association between risk factors and neurological development in children performed using chi-square test shows that three factors have significant association in affecting neurological development in children aged 1-2 years old. Those risk factors were duration of gadget use (p=0,011, OR = 2,816 IK = 1,241-6,389), occasion of gadget use (p = 0,004, OR = 4,738, CI 95% = 1,509-14,880), and types of gadget (p = 0,046, OR = 0,509, CI 95% = 0,262-0,991). Touch screen gadget (p = 0,035 OR=0,479, CI 95%=0,242-0,948) and gadget given at all times (p = 0,006 OR = 5,054, CI 95% = 1,589-16,075) also showed significant results in multivariate analysis using logistic regression test.

Conclusion: Duration of gadget use above 3 hours per day and gadget given on all occasions are significant risk factors for neurological development delay in children aged 1-2 years old. Whereas touchscreen gadget is a protecting factor against neurological developmental delay in children."

"Bonding merupakan ikatan emosi yang terbentuk antara seorang ibu dengan anaknya sejak pertama kali terjadinya kontak antara ibu dan anak. Bonding yang erat pada masa awal perkembangan anak, khususnya pada usia bawah tiga tahun, merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan emosi dan sosial anak. Salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap bonding ibu-anak adalah psikopatologi ibu. Terdapat berbagai studi yang meneliti hubungan antara psikopatologi ibu dengan bonding, tetapi studi-studi tersebut umumnya berfokus pada depresi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi korelasi antara jenis psikopatologi lainnya pula dengan bonding ibu-anak usia bawah tiga tahun. Pada penelitian cross-sectional ini, sebanyak 65 ibu yang memiliki anak berusia 0-36 bulan diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner Mother Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) sebagai instrumen pengukuran bonding ibu-anak dan kuesioner Symptoms Checklist 90 (SCL-90) sebagai instrumen pengukuran psikopatologi pada ibu. Uji korelasi Spearman kemudian dilakukan untuk melihat korelasi antara skor total MIBS dengan skor total SCL-90 maupun skor per dimensi psikopatologi, yang mencakup gejala depresi, ansietas, obsesif kompulsif, phobic anxiety, hostilitas, ideasi paranoid, somatisasi, sensitivitas interpersonal, serta psikosis. Ditemukan korelasi positif lemah yang bermakna antara psikopatologi ibu secara keseluruhan (r=0,228), gejala depresi (r=0,236), ansietas (r=0,313), phobic anxiety (r=0,207), dan psikosis (0,221) dengan bonding ibu-anak usia bawah tiga tahun. Tidak ditemukan korelasi yang bermakna antara gejala obsesif kompulsif, hostilitas, ideasi paranoid, somatisasi, dan sensitivitas interpersonal dengan bonding (p>0,05). Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara psikopatologi yang memiliki korelasi tidak bermakna tersebut dengan bonding, serta penelitian untuk mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor lain yang dapat turut memengaruhi bonding ibu-anak usia bawah tiga tahun.

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The term bonding refers to the emotional tie between a mother and her infant which forms since their earliest contact. Bonding during the childs early years, especiallyup until the age of three, is crucial for the childs emotional and socia development. Maternal psychopathology is one of the most important factors affecting mother-child bonding. Studies in this area have primarily focused on the association between depression and mother-child bonding, with limited studies investigating other types of psychopathology. This cross-sectional research aims to identify the correlation between various types of psychopathology and bonding among mothers and children under three years old. As many as 65 mothers of children aged 0-36 months were asked to complete two questionnaires: the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) as a measure of mother-child bonding and the Symptoms Checklist 90 (SCL-90) as a measure of maternal psychopathology. Spearmans correlation test was then performed to investigate the correlation between the total scores of each questionnaire, as well as the correlatio between MIBS total score and the SCL-90 subscores for each type of psychopathology. This includes depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, phobic anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, and psychoticism. Weak but significant positive correlation between maternal psychopathology in general and mother-child bonding was observed (r=0.228). Similar correlation was also observed between bonding and maternal depression (r=0,236), anxiety (r=0.313), phobic anxiety (r=0.207), and psychoticism (r=0,221). No significant correlation was found between bonding and maternal obsessive-compulsiveness, hostility, paranoid ideation, somatization, as well as interpersonal sensitivity (p>0.05). Further research investigating the association of these five psychopathologies with mother-child bonding is needed. Factors other than materna psychopathology that might have affected mother-child bonding also needs to be explored."

"'Bonding' adalah perkembangan hubungan resiprokal antara ibu dan anak. 'Bonding' dapat dipengaruhi oleh banyak hal, misalnya depresi pascakelahiran pada ibu dan jenis kelamin anak. 'Bonding' antara ibu dan anak dapat bermasalah, dan diduga berhubungan dengan gejala stres pada anak. Stres diketahui memiliki dampak buruk terhadap perkembangan anak, terutama pada usia batita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan proporsi gejala stres pada anak usia batita, serta untuk mengidentifikasi korelasi 'bonding' ibu-anak usia batita dengan gejala stres pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang. Sampel yang didapat berjumlah 65 pasang ibu-anak usia batita. 'Bonding' ibu-anak usia batita diukur menggunakan Kuesioner 'Mother-Infant Bonding Scale' (MIBS), sementara gejala stres pada anak diukur dengan wawancara ibu berdasarkan Kuesioner Gejala Stres pada Anak Usia Batita dan pengukuran detak jantung serta laju pernapasan anak. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gejala stres yang paling banyak dialami oleh anak adalah perubahan pola makan (52,3%), diikuti oleh perubahan perilaku tidak baik (41,8%) dan perubahan emosi (36,9%). Gejala stres berupa perubahan emosi lebih banyak dialami oleh anak laki-laki daripada anak perempuan (p=0,024). Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara 'bonding' ibu-anak usia batita dan gejala stres pada anak (p>0,05). Penelitian ini tidak menemukan korelasi yang signifikan secara statistik antara 'bonding' ibu-anak usia batita dan gejala stres pada anak.

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Bonding is the growth of reciprocal relationship between mother and child. Maternal factors such as postpartum depression and children factors such as gender can affect mother-child bonding. Impaired bonding may possibly be related to stress symptoms in children. Stress can negatively impact children's development, particularly those under 3 years-old. This research aims to obtain the proportion of stress symptoms in children under 3 years-old, and to identify the correlation between mother-child bonding and stress symptoms in children under 3 years-old.

This cross-sectional research involved 65 pairs of mother and child under 3 years-old. The mother-child bonding was measured by 'Mother-Infant Bonding Scale' (MIBS) questionnaire, while the stress symptoms in children were measured by interviewing the mother according to Stress Symptoms in Children under 3 Years-Old Questionnaire and children's heart rate and respiration rate measurement.

From the measured stress symptoms, alteration of eating pattern (52.3%), followed by behavioral symptoms (41.8%) and emotional symptoms (36.9%) were the most likely to occur. Emotional symptoms were more prominent in boys than girls (p=0.024). Spearman's correlation test showed no statistically significant correlation between mother-child bonding and stress symptoms in children under 3 years-old (p>0.05). This research shows no statistically significant correlation between mother-child bonding and stress symptoms in children under 3 years-old."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran mengenai attachment dan kontrol diri pada anak usia prasekolah (3 sampai 4 tahun). Pengukuran kontrol diri dilakukan melalui paradigma Delay of Gratification  menggunakan Stanford Marshmallow Test yang dikembangkan oleh Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengukur durasi waktu yang dihabiskan anak untuk menunggu, serta perilaku apa yang ditunjukkan oleh anak ketika menunggu. Selain itu, attachment diukur Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). Pengukuran tersebut membagi pola attachment menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok yang terdiri dari secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, dan insecure-avoidant attachment. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 7 pasangan ibu anak berusia 3 sampai 4 tahun serta berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan. Melalui observasi, peneliti menemukan bahwa anak berusia 4  tahun memiliki durasi waktu delay yang lebih panjang. Selain itu, anak yang memiliki secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment memiliki durasi delay of gratification di atas rata-rata seluruh partisipan. Kemudian, ditemukan perbedaan perilaku menunggu yang ditunjukkan oleh anak-anak dengan secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment, serta anak dengan insecure-resistant attachment. Untuk melakukan generalisasi hasil penelitian, diperlukan penelitian dengan sampel yang lebih banyak.

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This research is conducted to see attachment to mother and its relation to self-control in preschool children of aged 3-4 years old. Self-control is measured through delay of gratification paradigm with Stanford Marshmallow Test which was developed by Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). In this research, the researcher measured the duration the children spent to wait, and the behavior children shown while waiting. Attachment is measured with Strange Situation Procedure which was developed by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). This measurement divided the attachment patterns into three groups consist of secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment. Participant of this research is 7 pairs of mother and their children aged 3 to 4 years, boys or girls. Through observation, the researcher found that the children aged 4 have a longer time to wait. In addition, children who have secure attachment and insecure-avoidant attachments have a duration of delay of gratification above the average of all participants. Then, differences in waiting behavior were found in children with secure attachments and insecure-avoidant attachments, and children with insecure-resistant attachments. To generalize the results of the study, more sample is needed."

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas pelatihan interaksi ibu-anak dalam meningkatkan compliance pada anak toddler. Subjek penelitian penelitian ini merupakan pasangan ibu-anak berusia 12-36 bulan dan berasal dari keluarga miskin. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian one-group pretest-posttest design. Pelatihan diberikan selama delapan kali pertemuan dalam waktu 15 hari. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan menggunakan metode observasi yang direkam dalam bentuk video. Pengukuran kualitas interaksi ibu-anak menggunakan Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), sedangkan compliance anak diukur menggunakan Child Compliance Coding Manual: “Do” Context. Hasil signifikansi menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan skor kualitas interaksi ibu-anak secara siginfikan antara sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan yang diberikan (p < 0,05), sedangkan skor compliance anak mengalami peningkatan antara sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan diberikan, namun tidak signifikan (p > 0,05). Hasil observasi dijabarkan pada bagian hasil untuk melihat perubahan perilaku interaksi ibu-anak dan compliance anak.

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This study aims to  understand the effectiveness of mother-child interaction training in promoting child’s compliance during toddlerhood. Pair of mother and child aged from 14 to 36 months old and live in poor were involved as research subjects. The design of this study is one-group pretest-posttest design. The training was conducted for eight times within 15 days. The data collection was conducted before and after the training by recording activities into video format to be observed later. Mother-child interaction quality is assessed using Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), whilst compliance is assessed using Child Compliance Coding Manual: “Do” Context. Significance test using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test shows that there is a significant improvement in the score of mother-child interaction quality after the training conduct (p < 0,05), whilst child compliance shows improvement after the training conduct although not significantly (p > 0,05). The observation is explained in the results to see the changing of mother’s behaviour during the interaction and child compliance.

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"Modelling dan Tell-Show-Do termasuk dalam metode tata laksana perilaku kecemasan dental anak. Video efektif digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan tingkat kecemasan sebelum dan setelah penayangan video restorasi gigi anak yang diujikan pada usia 10-11 tahun. Responden berjumlah 66 anak dengan pengukuran tingkat kecemasan menggunakan Facial Image Scale modifikasi. Penelitian terdiri dari uji kualitatif terhadap kuisioner dan video dan uji kuantitatif terhadap tingkat kecemasan anak. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dengan batas kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna tingkat kecemasan sebelum dan setelah penayangan video restorasi gigi anak. Video tidak menimbulkan tingkat kecemasan yang lebih buruk.

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Modelling and Tell Show Do are included as child dental anxiety management. Video is effective to be used in health field. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of anxiety level before and after video viewing for children aged 10 11 years. The study was divided into qualitative test for validating Modified FIS and video, and quantitative test for anxiety level on 66 children. Statistical analysis was using Wilcoxon test with significance level of 0.05. The results showed significant difference between anxiety level before and after child dental restoration video viewing. The video does not cause worse anxiety level. "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai hubungan antara mediasi televisi oleh orang tua dan kompetensi sosial pada anak usia prasekolah (3 – 5 tahun). Mediasi televisi terbagi menjadi tiga tipe, yaitu mediasi aktif, restriktif, dan pendampingan. Di sisi lain, kompetensi sosial dilihat dari adanya keterampilan sosial dan ketiadaan masalah perilaku. Pengukuran mediasi televisi oleh orang tua menggunakan Skala Mediasi Televisi yang dibuat oleh Valkenburg, dkk. pada tahun 1999 dan pengukuran kompetensi sosial menggunakan The Preschool Social Skill Rating System, Parent Form yang dibuat oleh Gresham dan Elliot pada tahun 1990. Responden penelitian berjumlah 185 orang tua yang memiliki anak berusia prasekolah (3 - 5 tahun). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapatnya hubungan positif yang signifikan antara ketiga tipe mediasi televisi yang dilakukan orang tua dan keterampilan sosial anak usia prasekolah. Artinya, ketika orang tua melakukan mediasi aktif, restriktif, atau pendampingan, anak menunjukkan keterampilan sosial yang lebih tinggi. Namun penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara ketiga tipe mediasi dan masalah perilaku.

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This study was conducted to find the relationship between parental television mediation and social competence among preschool children. Television mediation is divided into three types, which is active, restrictive, and coviewing mediation. On the other hand, social competence concept includes social skills and problem behavior. Parental television mediation was measured using an adaptation instrument of Television Mediation Scale by Valkenburg, etc. in 1999 and social competence was measured using an adaptation instrument of The Preschool Social Skill Rating System, Parent Form, by Gresham and Elliot in 1990. Respondent of this study are 185 parents who have preschool age children.

The result of this study show that the three types of parental television mediation trait positively and significantly correlated with preschool children’s social skills. That is, when parents do active, restrictive, or coviewing mediation, preschool children show a higher social skills. Moreover, this study also shows that the three types of parental television mediation have no correlation with preschooler’s problem behavior."

"[Latar belakang. Infeksi virus hepatitis B (VHB) di Indonesia masih tinggi dengan rerata prevalensi 9,4%. Tingginya prevalensi HB ini terkait dengan terjadinya infeksi VHB pada masa dini kehidupan, terutama melalui transmisi vertikal. Di Indonesia proporsi transmisi vertikal 45,9% dan 5,2% ibu hamil HBsAgnya positif. Cara paling efektif mengontrol infeksi VHB adalah dengan imunisasi, namun terdapat perbedaan seroproteksi titer anti-HBs pada usia lebih dari 10 tahun di berbagai tempat. Selain itu terdapat faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi titer anti-HBs, namun penelitian ini masih jarang dan belum pernah dilakukan di Manado.Tujuan. Mengetahui seroproteksi titer anti-HBs dan faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi titer anti- HBs tersebut.Metode. Penelitian analitik observational dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan stratified random sampling pada usia 10-15 tahun di Kecamatan Tuminting, Kota Manado sejak Oktober sampai November 2014. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS 22.Hasil. Dari 48 sekolah terpilih 10 sekolah dengan 105 anak sebagai subyek penelitian, namun hanya 23 anak yang mempunyai seroprotektif (21,9%). Sebanyak 76 (72,4%) subyek adalah perempuan, 78 (74,3%) subyek berstatus gizi baik dan 98 (93,3%) subyek memiliki berat badan lahir ≥ 2.500 gram. Dari buku imunisasi didapatkan 26 (24,8%) subyek dengan vaksinasi HB-1 ≤ 7 hari dan 45 (42,9%) subyek dengan jarak HB-2 dan HB-3 ≥ 2 bulan. Didapatkan 86 (81,9%) ibu subyek berusia 20-35 tahun, 64 (60,9%) ibu subyek berpendidikan SMA dan 79 (75,2%) orangtua subyek berpenghasilan ≥ 2 juta per bulan. Analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor pemberian HB-1 < 7 hari atau ≥ 7 hari (p=0,02) dan jarak pemberian HB-2 dengan HB-3< 2 bulan atau ≥ 2 bulan (p<0,001) berperan terhadap seroproteksi HB pada anak.Simpulan. Penelitian ini mendapatkan angka seroproteksi HB yang rendah (21,9%) serta faktor pemberian HB-1 ≤ 7 hari atau > 7 hari dan jarak pemberian HB-2 dengan HB-3 < 2 bulan atau ≥ 2 bulan berperan terhadap seroproteksi HB pada anak usia 10-15 tahun.;Background. Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection in Indonesia is still high with average prevalence of 9.4%. The high prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) is related to the occurence of HBV infection during the early life, especially through vertical transmission. In Indonesia proportion of vertical transmission 45.9% and 5.2% pregnant women have HBsAg positive. The most effective way to control HBV infection is with immunization HB, but there is differential in anti-HBs seroprotection titer at the age more than ten years in many locations. In addition there are factors that can affect anti-HBs titer, but these studies are rare and have ever been done in Manado.Objective. Knowing anti-HBs seroprotection titer and factors that can affect the anti-HBs titer.Method. Analitic observational study with cross sectional design. Research was done with stratified random sampling in children age 10-15 years old at Tuminting district, Manado city since October until November 2014. Analise data with SPSS 22.Results. From 48 schools, selected 10 schools with 105 children as subject of research, but only 23 (21.9%) children who were having seroprotective (21,9%). A total of 76 (72.4%) subjects were female, 78 (74.3%) subjects with good nutrition status and 98 (93.3%) subjects had ≥2,500 grams birth weight. From the immunization record book 26 (24.8%) subjects were obtained with HB-1 vaccination done at ≤7 days of age and 45 (42.9%) subjects with the distance between HB-2 and HB-3 were ≥2 months. Mother’s age was found 86 (81.9%) were 20-35 years old, 64 (60.9%) mothers’s education were high school graduated and 79 (75.2%) parents subjects had income ≥2 million per month. From multivariate analysis obtained that administration of HB-1 ≤7 days or >7 days (p=0.02) and distance between administration of HB-2 and HB-3 <2 months or ≥2 months (p<0.001) had important role in HB seroprotection in children.Conclusion. This study obtained a number of low HB seroptotection (21.9%) as well as administration of HB-1 ≤7 days or >7 days and distance between administration of HB-2 and HB-3 <2 months or ≥2 months had important role in HB seroprotection in children age 10-15 years old., Background. Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection in Indonesia is still high with average prevalence of 9.4%. The high prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) is related to the occurence of HBV infection during the early life, especially through vertical transmission. In Indonesia proportion of vertical transmission 45.9% and 5.2% pregnant women have HBsAg positive. The most effective way to control HBV infection is with immunization HB, but there is differential in anti-HBs seroprotection titer at the age more than ten years in many locations. In addition there are factors that can affect anti-HBs titer, but these studies are rare and have ever been done in Manado.Objective. Knowing anti-HBs seroprotection titer and factors that can affect the anti-HBs titer.Method. Analitic observational study with cross sectional design. Research was done with stratified random sampling in children age 10-15 years old at Tuminting district, Manado city since October until November 2014. Analise data with SPSS 22.Results. From 48 schools, selected 10 schools with 105 children as subject of research, but only 23 (21.9%) children who were having seroprotective (21,9%). A total of 76 (72.4%) subjects were female, 78 (74.3%) subjects with good nutrition status and 98 (93.3%) subjects had ≥2,500 grams birth weight. From the immunization record book 26 (24.8%) subjects were obtained with HB-1 vaccination done at ≤7 days of age and 45 (42.9%) subjects with the distance between HB-2 and HB-3 were ≥2 months. Mother’s age was found 86 (81.9%) were 20-35 years old, 64 (60.9%) mothers’s education were high school graduated and 79 (75.2%) parents subjects had income ≥2 million per month. From multivariate analysis obtained that administration of HB-1 ≤7 days or >7 days (p=0.02) and distance between administration of HB-2 and HB-3 <2 months or ≥2 months (p<0.001) had important role in HB seroprotection in children.Conclusion. This study obtained a number of low HB seroptotection (21.9%) as well as administration of HB-1 ≤7 days or >7 days and distance between administration of HB-2 and HB-3 <2 months or ≥2 months had important role in HB seroprotection in children age 10-15 years old.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah terdapat perbedaan perolehan. Theory of Mind pada anak usia 4-6 tahun antara anak yang diasuh oleh Ibu dan yang diasuh oleh Nenek. Hal ini didasari bahwa ToM dipengaruhi oleh pola asuh. Fenomena menunjukkan bahwa anak usia 4-6 tahun tidak hanya diasuh oleh Ibu.Banyaknya Ibu yang bekerja memunculkan alternatif pengasuhan, salah satunyaoleh Nenek dengan alasan bahwa Nenek merupakan sosok yang dapat dipercaya. Diasuh oleh individu yang berbeda, maka diperkirakan pola asuh yang diterapkanjuga berbeda. Untuk mengetahui pola asuh digunakan alat ukur PSDQ dan untukmengetahui ToM digunakan ToM Scale. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan perolehanToM pada kedua kelompok dilakukan Independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada perolehanskor total ToM pada kedua kelompok t 102 =1.64, p=0.347.

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This research aimed to examine whether Theory of Mind ToM developmentdiffers in preschool children whom reared by Mother and whom reared byGrandmother. It rsquo s based on that ToM is influenced by parenting styles.Phenomenon showed that preschools children not only taken care by Mother. Theincreasing number of working Mothers raised many alternative caregiver, one ofthem is Grandmother, which is a person who can be trusted. Raised by differentperson might be applied different parenting style. To determined parenting stylesthis research used PSDQ. To measured ToM development, five task in Theory ofMind Scale were given to 140 preschool children 53 preschool children whichfostered by Mother and 51 preschool children which fostered by Grandmother .To know the different acquisition of ToM this research compared usedIndependent sample t test. The result showed that there are no significantdifferences on ToM acquisition between two groups, t 102 1.64, p 0.347."