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"Adolescent and child sexuality is studied by developmental psychologists from a research perspective and is of interest to forensic psychologists dealing with abuse and custody issues as well as rape cases. In many cases, it is of interest whether the child in question was sexually active to understand the extent to which an underage minor might have voluntarily participated in sexual activity as opposed to having been coerced. Previously, researchers interested in the applications of their research needed to look to separate books, and forensic specialists needed to look to development books to find the information they may have needed."

"ABSTRAKGangguan mental pada anak-anak dan remaja berkontribusi dalam beban penyakit dunia karena dampak yang ditimbulkan mencakup aspek yang luas. Di Indonesia, gangguan mental usia 15 tahun ke atas cukup tinggi dengan proporsi terbesar di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur NTT . Komunikasi orang tua-anak merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi emosi dan perilaku anak, terutama pada anak usia 3-6 tahun ketika dimulainya perkembangan kemampuan sosial pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gangguan emosi dan perilaku pada anak usia 3-6 tahun di Provinsi NTT dan hubungannya dengan frekuensi komunikasi orang tua-anak. Desain potong lintang analitik dilakukan terhadap 328 sampel anak usia 36-83 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 49,7 subjek mengalami gangguan emosi dan perilaku. Pada hampir setengah jumlah subjek jarang atau tidak pernah terjadi komunikasi orang tua-anak 44,2 . Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square didapatkan hubungan tidak bermakna antara frekuensi komunikasi orang tua-anak dengan gangguan emosi dan perilaku pada anak p=0,272 . Selain itu, didapatkan hasil yang tidak bermakna antara karakteristik subjek lainnya, yaitu faktor jenis kelamin p=0,505 , gangguan perkembangan p=0,956 , jumlah anak dalam keluarga p=0,244 , dan status ekonomi keluarga p=0,707 . Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa frekuensi komunikasi orang tua-anak tidak berhubungan secara bermakna dengan gangguan emosi dan perilaku pada anak.

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ABSTRACTChildren rsquo s and adolescents rsquo mental disorder attributes to global burden of disease due to its wide impacts. In Indonesia, mental disorder of people aged 15 years old or more is high and Nusa Tenggara Timur NTT has the highest proportion. Parent child communication is one of many factors that influences the development of children rsquo s emotion and behavior, especially when they are 3 6 years old, the time whose social abilities is developing. This research aims to assess the emotional and behavioral disorder of 3 6 years old children in NTT and its association with parent child communication frequency. This analytical cross sectional study is used to 328 subjects of 3 6 years old children. The result shows that 49.7 subjects had emotional and behavioral disorder. Nearly half of the subjects had infrequently parent child communication 44.2 . Bivariate analysis using chi square test shows a nonsignificant association between parent child communication and children rsquo s emotional and behavioral disorder p 0.272 . In addition, there are nonsignificant association with other characteristics of the subjects gender p 0.505 , developmental delay p 0.956 , number of children in the family p 0.244 , and family rsquo s economic status p 0.707 . In conclusion, parent child communication frequency has nonsignificant association with emotional and behavioral disorder among 3 6 years old children in NTT."

"Disruptive behavior merupakan salah satu bentuk perilaku bermasalah pada anak. Disruptive behavior perlu mendapatkan intervensi sedini mungkin agar tidak berkembang menjadi gangguan yang lebih serius. Mengingat disruptive behavior secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh hubungan yang tidak baik antara orang tua dan anak akibat pola asuh yang keliru menggunakan kekerasan fisik dan agresifitas verbal maka intervensi yang dilakukan harus melibatkan orang tua untuk memperbaiki hubungan orang tua dengan anak sehingga diharapkan dapat menurunkan disruptive behavior. Parent child interaction therapy PCIT dipilih karena PCIT menyasar pada terciptanya interaksi yang hangat dan positif antara anak dan orang tua melalui aktivitas bermain serta membentuk kepatuhan dan kedisiplinan pada anak yang diharapkan sejalan dengan penurunan disruptive behavior. Dengan menggunakan single subject design, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi apakah penerapan prinsip-prinsip PCIT efektif dalam menurunkan disruptive behavior pada seorang anak perempuan berusia 7 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan disruptive behavior pada anak yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan anak dan ibu yang membaik setelah ibu mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai keterampilan dalam berinteraksi dan mendisiplinkan anak. Ini membuktikan bahwa PCIT efektif dalam menurunkan disruptive behavior pada anak.

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Disruptive behavior is one of the behavior problems in children. Disruptive behavior needs an early intervention so it doesn rsquo t develop into a serious disorder. Some disruptive behaviors are significantly influenced by bad relationships between parents and children due to false parenting usually using physical violence and verbal aggressiveness so it needs an intervention that involve parents and improve parent child relationships to reduce disruptive behavior. Parent child interaction therapy PCIT aims in creating a warm and positive interaction between child and parent through play activities. PCIT also helps parent to shape compliance and discipline in their child which expected in line with reduction of disruptive behavior. Using single subject design, this study was conducted to evaluate whether the implementation of PCIT principles was effective in reducing disruptive behavior in a 7 years old girl. The results showed reduction in child disruptive behavior affected by improved child and maternal relationships after the mother gained knowledge on skills in interacting and disciplining children. This proves that PCIT was effective in reducing child disruptive behavior."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas penerapan prinsip-prinsip Parent-Child Interaction Therapy PCIT dalam mengatasi perilaku disruptive pada anak usia 7 tahun dengan Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD . PCIT digunakan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan orangtua dalam melakukan interaksi positif dengan anak dan keterampilan dalam mendisiplinkan anak. Kedua keterampilan tersebut kemudian akan meningkatkan kualitas pengasuhan orangtua, sehingga perilaku disruptive anak menurun. Perilaku disruptive diukur dengan menggunakan alat ukur Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory ECBI . Keterampilan orangtua diukur menggunakan Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System III DPICS-III . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip PCIT efektif dalam menurunkan perilaku disruptive dari rentang klinis menjadi rentang normal pada anak usia 7 tahun dengan ADHD.

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This research was conducted to see the principle implementation of Parent Child Interaction Therapy PCIT effectivity to deal with disruptive behavior in school aged child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD . PCIT used to increasing parents skills when interacting positively with their child and skill to dicipline their child. Both of those skills will increasing quality of their parenting, therefore disruptive behavior will reduce. To evaluate the effectiveness of the result, the study measured development of interaction between the mother and child using the Dyadic Parent Child Interaction Coding System III DPICS III and the disruptive behavior intensity using Eyberg Childhood Behavior Inventory ECBI . The result indicate that the principals used in PCIT effective to overcome disruptive behavior on 7 year old with ADHD."

"Temper tantrum adalah hal yang umum ditemukan pada toddler, namun dapat dikatakan abnormal jika durasi, frekuensi, dan/atau intensitasnya berlebihan atau disertai dengan mood negatif yang menetap di antara periode tantrum. Tantrum abnormal dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah perilaku pada anak, distress bagi orangtua, dan kualitas interaksi orangtua-anak yang buruk, yang bertahan hingga dewasa jika tidak diintervensi sejak dini. Salah satu populasi yang rentan menunjukkan tantrum abnormal adalah toddler dengan keterlambatan bicara. Berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu, diketahui bahwa Parent-Child Interaction Therapy PCIT merupakan intervensi yang terbukti efektif mengatasi berbagai perilaku disruptif-termasuk tantrum-pada anak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian single-subject ini menerapkan intervensi dengan prinsip-prinsip PCIT pada seorang toddler dengan keterlambatan bicara. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas intervensi tersebut dalam menurunkan frekuensi dan durasi perilaku tantrum pada partisipan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intervensi yang diterapkan berhasil menurunkan frekuensi dan durasi perilaku tantrum partisipan sebesar 50 , hingga tergolong ke dalam rentang normal berdasarkan observasi harian ibu . Dilihat dari hasil pengukuran Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-III dan Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory yang dilakukan berkala, intervensi juga menurunkan kemunculan berbagai perilaku disruptif lainnya pada partisipan dan meningkatkan kualitas interaksinya dengan ibu.

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Temper tantrums are common among toddler, but could be categorized as abnormal if they are excessive in duration, frequency, and or intensity, or presented with persistent negative mood between episodes. Abnormal tantrum may cause many behavior problems in a child, distress for parents, and low quality of parent child interaction, which could last until adulthood if there is no early intervention introduced. One of many populations with high risk of abnormal tantrum is toddler with speech delay.

Based on previous studies, Parent Child Interaction Therapy PCIT was found as an effective intervention to overcome many disruptive behaviors mdash including tantrum mdash in children. Therefore, this single subject study applied an intervention with PCIT principles to a toddler with speech delay. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of said intervention in reducing frequency and duration of tantrum behavior in participant.

This study shows that the intervention applied had succeeded in reducing 50 of participant's frequency and duration of tantrum behavior, so that they are within normal range based on her mother's daily observation. Based on repeated measures of Dyadic Parent Child Interaction Coding System III and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, the intervention also resulted in decreased other disruptive behaviors in participant and increased interaction quality of her and her mother."

"Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World, 9/e uses first-person narratives from people struggling with psychological disorders as a pedagogical framework. Updated to reflect the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the authors endeavor to bring research developments and advancements in abnormal psychology to students. Through illustrative case examples drawn from the authors'' own experiences, they recognize there is a human dimension to the study of abnormal psychology."