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"[ABSTRAKAlkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus.ABSTRACTAlkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively., Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.]"

"[ABSTRAKTelah berhasil dibuat rancang bangun modul praktikum sistem kendali yang dapat digunakan pada sistem Multiple-input-multiple-output. Pada rancang bangun digunakan mikrokontroller ATmega8 yang dikomunikasikan dengan komputer menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis LabVIEW. Rancang bangun ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan identifikasi proses dari suatu sistem tertentu. Sistem yang digunakan pada modul ini berupa sistem pengisian kapasitor, motor DC, dan temperatur. Sistem Multiple-input-multiple-output pada modul ini dirancang agar memiliki dua proses yang dapat saling berhubungan.ABSTRACTThis research has been carried out the design and manufacture of control system practice module. Design of control system practice module can be used on systems Multiple-input-multiple-output. The design used ATmega8 microcontroller to communicated with a computer using software based on LabVIEW. This design can be used to identify the process of a particular system. The system in this module are used the capacitor charging system, the DC motor, and temperature. System Multiple-input-multiple-output in this module was designed to have two processes that can be interconnected., This research has been carried out the design and manufacture of control system practice module. Design of control system practice module can be used on systems Multiple-input-multiple-output. The design used ATmega8 microcontroller to communicated with a computer using software based on LabVIEW. This design can be used to identify the process of a particular system. The system in this module are used the capacitor charging system, the DC motor, and temperature. System Multiple-input-multiple-output in this module was designed to have two processes that can be interconnected.]"

"[ABSTRAKMasyarakat Minangkabau dikenal aktif melakukan pergerakan keluar dari daerah asalnya atau disebut merantau. Merantau telah melembaga dalam sistem sosial. Itulah sebabnya penelitian geografi kebudayaan mengenai pola pergerakan dalam merantau menarik untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif dengan mewawancarai delapan informan. Pada dasarnya, merantau merupakan budaya yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas diri laki-laki Minang. Merantau dipengaruhi daya dorong dari ranah berupa sistem sosial, budaya, dan kondisi fisik serta daya tarik yang kuat dari rantau berupa perekonomian dan pendidikan yang menimbulkan kesenjangan di kedua wilayah. Faktor pribadi individu berupa motivasi dan tujuan, kekerabatan, serta identitas diri juga berperan penting dalam menentukan keputusan merantau. Pola pergerakan dalam proses merantau terlihat mengarah ke kota-kota dengan kondisi perekonomian dan pendidikan yang baik.ABSTRACTMinangkabau community is known for actively migrating out from their origins, the tradition called "merantau". Merantau has been institutionalized in a particular social systems. The nature made the study of cultural geography regarding the movement patterns in merantau is fascinating. This research was conducted using qualitative method by interviewing eight informants. Basically, ?merantau? is a culture that is used to improve the quality of men in Minang Merantau is influenced by the outer stimuli ranging from the form of social system, culture, and physical conditions and the strong appeals of the ?rantau?, the destination areas, in the form of economic and education opportunities that constituted gaps in the two distinct regions. Individual personal factors such as motivation and purpose, kinship, and identity also plays an important role in determining the decision to undergo "merantau". Movement patterns in the process of merantau have inclinations to prefer cities with good economic conditions and good educational opportunities.;Minangkabau community is known for actively migrating out from their origins, the tradition called "merantau". Merantau has been institutionalized in a particular social systems. The nature made the study of cultural geography regarding the movement patterns in merantau is fascinating. This research was conducted using qualitative method by interviewing eight informants. Basically, ?merantau? is a culture that is used to improve the quality of men in Minang Merantau is influenced by the outer stimuli ranging from the form of social system, culture, and physical conditions and the strong appeals of the ?rantau?, the destination areas, in the form of economic and education opportunities that constituted gaps in the two distinct regions. Individual personal factors such as motivation and purpose, kinship, and identity also plays an important role in determining the decision to undergo "merantau". Movement patterns in the process of merantau have inclinations to prefer cities with good economic conditions and good educational opportunities., Minangkabau community is known for actively migrating out from their origins, the tradition called "merantau". Merantau has been institutionalized in a particular social systems. The nature made the study of cultural geography regarding the movement patterns in merantau is fascinating. This research was conducted using qualitative method by interviewing eight informants. Basically, “merantau” is a culture that is used to improve the quality of men in Minang Merantau is influenced by the outer stimuli ranging from the form of social system, culture, and physical conditions and the strong appeals of the “rantau”, the destination areas, in the form of economic and education opportunities that constituted gaps in the two distinct regions. Individual personal factors such as motivation and purpose, kinship, and identity also plays an important role in determining the decision to undergo "merantau". Movement patterns in the process of merantau have inclinations to prefer cities with good economic conditions and good educational opportunities.]"

"[ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kadar kreatinin plasma tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus L.) jantan galur Sprague-Dawley setelah pemberian infusa daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis). Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu 2 kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan yang diinduksi CCl4 kemudian diberikan infusa daun sukun dengan dosis 1,35; 2,7; 5,4; dan 10,8 g/kg BB. Uji kualitatif pada infusa daun sukun menunjukkan bahwa infusa daun sukun memiliki aktivitas antioksidan serta mengandung senyawa alkaloid dan flavonoid. Infusa diberikan sebanyak empat kali dengan selang waktu 12 jam. Pengambilan darah dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali, yaitu sebelum perlakuan, 12 jam setelah induksi CCl4, dan satu jam setelah pemberian infusa terakhir. Analisis sampel darah dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri. Induksi CCl4 berhasil meningkatkan kadar kreatinin plasma tikus di atas batas normal. Rerata kadar kreatinin plasma tikus setelah pemberian infusa terakhir yaitu KK1 (0,80 0,11); KK2 (1,44 0,21); KP1 (1,12 0,42); KP2 (0,76 0,40); KP3 (0,56 0,06); dan KP4 (0,76 0,17). Uji LSD (P<0,05) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara KK2 dengan KK1, KP2, KP3, dan KP4. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infusa daun sukun dengan dosis 2,7; 5,4; dan 10,8 g/kg BB berpengaruh terhadap kadar kreatinin plasma tikus.ABSTRACTThe present study was aim to assess plasma creatinine levels of male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) after breadfruit leaf (Artocarpus altilis) infusion intake. Thirty male rats were devided into six groups, consisting of two control group and four treatment groups CCl4-induced and were given breadfruit leaves infusion at concentration dose of 1,35; 2,7; 5,4; and 10,8 g/kg body weight, respectively. Qualitative test of breadfruit leaves infusion showed that it has antioxidant activity and positively contains alkaloid and flavonoid. Breadfruit leaves infusion were given orally and administered four times, with an interval of twelve hours. Plasma creatinine levels were measured three times, before treatment; 12 hours after CCl4-induced; and 1 hour after the last breadfruit infusion intake using colorimetric method. Plasma creatinine levels was elevated above the upper limits of normal after CCl4-induced. Mean of plasma kreatinine levels of the last analysis: KK1 (0,80 0,11); KK2 (1,44 0,21); KP1 (1,12 0,42); KP2 (0,76 0,40); KP3 (0,56 0,06); and KP4 (0,76 0,17) mg/dl. Least significant diffrence (LSD) test (P<0,05) showed a significant effect of breadfruit leaves infusion at dose of 2,7; 5,4; and 10,8 g/kg bw on plasma creatinine levels of rats., The present study was aim to assess plasma creatinine levels of male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) after breadfruit leaf (Artocarpus altilis) infusion intake. Thirty male rats were devided into six groups, consisting of two control group and four treatment groups CCl4-induced and were given breadfruit leaves infusion at concentration dose of 1,35; 2,7; 5,4; and 10,8 g/kg body weight, respectively. Qualitative test of breadfruit leaves infusion showed that it has antioxidant activity and positively contains alkaloid and flavonoid. Breadfruit leaves infusion were given orally and administered four times, with an interval of twelve hours. Plasma creatinine levels were measured three times, before treatment; 12 hours after CCl4-induced; and 1 hour after the last breadfruit infusion intake using colorimetric method. Plasma creatinine levels was elevated above the upper limits of normal after CCl4-induced. Mean of plasma kreatinine levels of the last analysis: KK1 (0,80 0,11); KK2 (1,44 0,21); KP1 (1,12 0,42); KP2 (0,76 0,40); KP3 (0,56 0,06); and KP4 (0,76 0,17) mg/dl. Least significant diffrence (LSD) test (P<0,05) showed a significant effect of breadfruit leaves infusion at dose of 2,7; 5,4; and 10,8 g/kg bw on plasma creatinine levels of rats.]"

"ABSTRAKPengetahuan lokal mengenai pemanfaatan tumbuhan pangan oleh masyarakat etnis Karo di Desa Semangat Gunung belum sepenuhnya terdokumentasi. Sementara itu, pengaruh budaya lain yang masuk dapat mengancam keberadaan pengetahuan lokal masyarakat. Pendekatan etnobotani dilakukan untuk mendokumentasikan pengetahuan lokal masyarakat mengenai pemanfaatan tumbuhan pangan. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara semistruktural dan terbuka, observasi partisipasi, dan skoring kepada masyarakat lokal. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu mengelompokkan tumbuhan pangan berdasarkan kategori guna dan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu analisis LUVI, ICS, dan FL. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 109 spesies tumbuhan pangan dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat, yang dikelompokkan menjadi pangan utama, pengganti pangan utama, sayuran, buah-buahan, bumbu, pangan adat, kudapan, minuman, dan pembungkus makanan. Nilai LUVI tertinggi berupa pangan utama, nilai ICS tertinggi berupa tualah (Cocos nucifera), dan nilai FL tertinggi diperoleh 92 spesies.

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ABSTRACT

Utilization of food plants by the society of Karo ethnic in Semangat Gunung village have not documented yet. The influence of other ethnic cultures that infiltrate to Semangat Gunung village can threaten the local knowledge of its society. Ethnobotanical approach is used to document the local knowledge of the society about food plants utilization. The data were obtained by open-ended and semistructural interview, participant observation, and scoring. The data analysis were carried out by categorizing food plant species based on their use and quantitatively by measuring LUVI, ICS, and FL. The food plant species that used by the society is 109 species. It categorized into 9 subcategory, they are the staple food, alternative staple foods, vegetables, fruits, spices, indigenous foods, snacks, drinks, and food warps. The highest LUVI is staple food subcategory, the highest ICS is tualah (Cocos nucifera), and the highest FL amounts to 92 species."

"ABSTRAKVehicle Routing Problem (VRP) merupakan masalah kritis dan penting dalam bidang logistik untuk mendesain suatu jaringan transportasi yang efektif dan efisien. Di antara berbagai jenis VRP, Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) telah banyak dipelajari secara luas oleh banyak peneliti karena dalam prakteknya sangat relevan dengan operasi logistik. Namun, CVRP yang bertujuan meminimalkan perjalanan jarak keseluruhan atau meminimalkan waktu perjalanan ternyata tidak memenuhi persyaratan terbaru yaitu Green Logistics, yang memperhatikan pengaruh terhadap lingkungan. Pada skripsi ini mempelajari CVRP dari perspektif lingkungan yang disebut Environmental Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) dengan tujuan mengurangi dampak buruk pada lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh routing dari kendaraan. Dalam skripsi ini, pengaruh lingkungan diukur melalui jumlah emisi yang dikeluarkan pada saat melakukan aktifitas logistik. Salah satu teknik yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah EVRP adalah dengan menggunakan metode metaheuristik yaitu algoritma Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony (HABC). Algoritma HABC merupakan modifikasi dari algoritma Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) dengan algoritma Clarke-Wright Savings untuk pembentukan rute awal.

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ABSTRACT

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a critical and vital problem in logistics for the design of an effective and efficient transportation network. Among the various types of VRP, Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) has been studied extensively because in practice it is very relevant to logistics operations. However, CVRP aimed at minimizing traveling distance or minimize overall travel time did not meet the latest requirements of Green Logistics, which pay attention to the effect on the environment. In this thesis studied the CVRP from an environmental perspective, called the Environmental Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) with the aim of reducing the adverse effect on the environment caused by the routing of vehicles. In this research, the environmental influence is measured through the amount of the emission , which is a widely acknowledged criteria and accounts for the major influence on environment. A hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm (HABC) is designed to solve the EVRP model. The artificial bee colony is a swarm intelligent, which mimics the foraging behavior of a honey bee swarm. An hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm is also proposed to improve the solution quality of the original version. HABC algorithm is a modification of the algorithm Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm Clarke-Wright Savings as the formation of the initial route."

"Aircraft Landing Problem (ALP) merupakan suatu masalah yang membahas mengenai jadwal pendaratan pesawat agar setiap pesawat mendarat pada waktu dan landasan yang telah ditetapkan guna meminimumkan biaya. Saat pesawat ingin mendarat di bandara tujuan, maka setiap pesawat akan diberitahukan waktu target pesawat tersebut harus mendarat. Namun, terkadang pesawat mendarat tidak pada waktu target yang telah ditetapkan sehingga menimbulkan kekacauan pada bandara. Oleh sebab itu, bandara akan mengenakan biaya penalti pada maskapai saat pesawat mendarat sebelum atau setelah waktu target. Tujuan dari pembahasan masalah ALP ini adalah guna meminimumkan biaya. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah ALP, diperhatikan pula kategori pesawat untuk mengetahui jarak aman pemisahan pesawat yang akan mendarat secara berurutan. Kemudian, jarak aman pemisahan tersebut dikonversi menjadi waktu pemisahan (separation time). Metode penyelesaian yang akan digunakan berlandaskan pada matriks waktu pemisahan dan diskritisasi waktu (time discretization). Lalu, dengan menjalankan algoritma dynamic constraint generation untuk mendapatkan solusi eksak.

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Aircraft Landing Problem (ALP) is a problem of finding the preferred landing time and the assigned runway which minimize the cost. When a plane is going to land in the destined airport, the pilot will be notified to do the landing in the targeted time. However sometimes the plane are not able to land in the targeted time which will negatively impact the airport?s scheduling system. Therefore, the airport will charge a penalty to the airlines that land before or after the target time. The aim of this problem is to minimize the cost of penalty. One should consider the plane?s category to find the time separation of planes that will be landing consecutively. Then the separation distance will be converted to separation time. This problem will be modeled and solved with time discretization approach using separation time matrix. Then, by running dynamic constraint generation algorithm, the exact solution is found."

"Berdasarkan data terakhir dari Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Kementerian Kesehatan per Desember 2014, secara kumulatif jumlah kasus HIV dan AIDS berdasarkan provinsi telah mencapai angka 32.711 kasus HIV dan 5.494 kasus AIDS, pada periode tersebut DKI Jakarta menempati posisi pertama, disusul Jawa Timur, dan Jawa Barat. Pengobatan bagi pasien HIV/AIDS untuk meningkatkan mutu dan harapan hidupnya adalah dengan menjalani Terapi ARV. Skripsi ini membahas hubungan antara Faktor Predisposisi (umur, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan dan status marital), Faktor Pemungkin (jarak ke layanan kesehatan), Faktor Penguat (faktor risiko, lama terapi dan dukungan keluarga) dengan Ketidakpatuhan Pasien HIV/AIDS dalam meminum obat ARV. Penelitian ini menggunakan data rekam medis pasien yang aktif terapi ARV sampai dengan Januari 2015 sebagai data sekunder dengan desain studi cross sectional. Subjek penelitian dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 105 pasien HIV/AIDS di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara dan Kramatjati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 34,3% pasien tidak patuh dalam berobat. Variabel yang memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan ketidakpatuhan pasien adalah status bekerja (Bekerja, PR= 2,6, 95%CI=1,0-6,7) dan status marital (Belum Menikah, PR=0,3, 95%CI=0,1-0,7). Banyaknya pasien HIV/AIDS dengan status bekerja tidak patuh dalam minum obat ARV diperlukannya peningkatan akses pengambilan obat di layanan kesehatan, dengan waktu pengambilan obat diluar jam pelayanan diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat ARV pada pasien HIV/AIDS dengan status bekerja.

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Based on the latest data from the Directorate General of disease control and environmental health Ministry of health per December 2014, cumulatively the number of cases of HIV and AIDS on the basis of the province has reached 32711 cases of HIV and AIDS cases, 5494 from the Jakarta ranked first, followed by East Java and West Java. Treatment for HIV/AIDS patients to improve the quality of its life expectancy and is to undergo Therapy ARV. In all regions of Indonesia in HIV treatment HIV amounted to 166,919 people, and are eligible to receive ARV therapy as much as 119,017 people or about 71,30%, receive ARV therapy as much as 93964 or 78.95% of all HIV sufferers who are eligible to receive ARV therapy, and amounted 21.05% 25053 or haven't received ARV therapy. This research discuss the relation about lot of factor, predispositions factors (age, sex, education, job status and marital status), enabling factors (distance to health services), Amplifier Factors (Risk Factor, length of therapy and family support) with the Non-Adherent HIV/AIDS patients following ARV Therapy. This research conducted using secondary data just as medical record with the design of study Cross Sectional. This research recorded 105 HIV/AIDS patients as sample at Puskesmas Jatinegara and Puskesmas Kramatjati. Result of this research is 34,3% patients is disobey the ARV Therapy. Result show 2 variable had association with non-adherent is working status (p=0,045, OR= 3,6) and marital status (p=0,001,OR=6,7)."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi pembentukan DNA adduct 8-OHdG sebagai biomarker kerusakan DNA akibat oksidatif stress. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mereaksikan basa DNA 2?-deoksiguanosin 5?-monofosfat dengan senyawa-senyawa yang dapat berkontribusi menghasilkan radikal seperti Benzena, Naftalena, dan Ni(II). Profil pembentukan 8-OHdG dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dan 60°C, pH 7,4 dan pH 8,4 , dengan waktu inkubasi 5 jam serta dengan variasi penambahan hidrogen peroksida. Hasil adduct dianalisis menggunakan HPLC reversed phase dengan detektor UV pada panjang gelombang 254 nm. Eluen yang digunakan yaitu campuran Buffer fosfat pH 6,7 10 mM dan Metanol, dengan perbandingan 85:15. Waktu retensi dGMP standar yang diperoleh yaitu 7,3 menit dan 8-OHdG pada 9,0 menit. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa 8-OHdG terbentuk akibat reaksi deoksiguanosin monofosfat dengan hidroksi radikal yang dihasilkan oleh benzena, naftalena, dan Ni(II). Pada penambahan hidrogen peroksida terlihat bahwa adduct terbentuk pada semua variasi kondisi, sedangkan tanpa penambahan hidrogen peroksida, adduct hanya terdeteksi pada suhu 60°C dengan pH 7,4 dan 8,4. Sementara itu pada suhu 37°C, adduct 8-OHdG tidak terdeteksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pembentukan adduct dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Pada kondisi suhu yang lebih tinggi, jumlah adduct yang dihasilkan lebih banyak.

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This research was carried out to study DNA adduct 8-OHdG formation as biomarkers of DNA damage due to oxidative stress. This research was conducted by reacting the nucleotide 2?deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate with compounds that can contribute to generate radicals such as Benzene, Naphthalene, and Ni(II). Formation of 8-OHdG was performed at 37°C and 60°C, pH 7,4 and pH 8,4 for 5 hour incubation time and variation of the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The adduct obtained from these reactions were analyzed using reversed phase HPLC with UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm. Eluent was used in this study was a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 6,7 10 mM and methanol at ratio 85:15 The retention time of dGMP and 8-OHdG obtanied at 7,3 minute and at 9,0 minute respectively. The HPLC analysis showed that 8-OHdG was successfully formed by reaction of deoxyguanosine monophosphate with hydroxy radical generated by benzene, naphthalene, and Ni (II). In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, 8-OHdG was formed in all variation conditions, whereas in absence of hydrogen peroxide, the adduct was detected only in the condition at temperature of 60°C with a pH of 7,4 and 8,4 . While at 37°C, 8-OHdG was undetected. This study shows that adduct formation was affected by temperature. The higher the temperatures, the greater the number of adducts would be obtained."

"Integral Riemann-Stieltjes merupakan bentuk yang lebih umum dari integral Riemann. Integral Riemann-Stieltjes berbobot adalah integral Riemann-Stieltjes yang melibatkan perkalian dua fungsi pada integran. Salah satu metode untuk mengaproksimasi integral Riemann-Stieltjes berbobot adalah aturan trapesium berbobot. Namun, terdapat galat pada aproksimasi tersebut ketika menggunakan aturan tersebut. Studi literatur ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari batas galat pada aproksimasi integral Riemann-Stieltjes dengan menggunakan aturan trapesium berbobot. Fungsi-fungsi yang digunakan pada integran dan integrator adalah fungsi kontinu, fungsi monoton, fungsi Lipschitz, dan fungsi variasi terbatas.

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Riemann-Stieltjes integral is a generalization of the Riemann integral. Weighted Riemann-Stieltjes integral is a Riemann-Stieltjes integral which involves product of two functions. One of many methods to approximate weighted Riemann-Stieltjes integral is weighted trapezoudal rule. However, there is an error in approximating the value by using this method. The focus of this study is the error bounds in approximating the weighted Riemann-Stieltjes integral by the weighted trapezoidal rule. Classes of functions such as functions of bounded variation, continuous, monotonic, and Lipschitzian functions are the integrands and integrators that are discussed."