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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Nothopanax scutellarium is one of plant that has several biological activities such as obstetrics, kidney disease, inflammatory disease, and promotion of hair growth. Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal drug delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through skin. It contains soft vesicle, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydroglycolic phospholipid in which concentration of alcohol is relatively high. Ethosomes are a novel carrier for enhanced skin delivery. The aims of this research were to formulate and obtain ethosome which formed by thin layer hydration method and to know the safety of gel ethosome which contain ethyl acetate fraction. Safety test measured by scoring and categorizing within chorioallantoins membran. (HET CAM). The formulation of ethosome that using 20% ethanol and the ratio of phosphatidylcholine and ethyl acetate fraction were 1:2. The characterization from the ethosome suspension indicated that the entrapment efficiency value of 52.79% with particle size distribution value (Z-Average) 110.5 nm, polydispersity index (PdI) 0.393 and zeta potential value -11.0 mV. The result of safety test showed that 0.5% and 1% gel ethosome contain ethyl acetate fraction of scutellarium leaves have mild irritation effect.

Abstrak :
Apotek merupakan fasilitas kesehatan yang melakukan pelayanan yang salah satunya adalah pelayanan untuk farmasi klinik. Kegiatan pelayananan farmasi klinik yang terdapat di Apotek adalah bagian dari kegiatan Pelayanan Kefarmasian yang berhubungan langsung serta bertanggung jawab terhadap pasien. Pengkajian dan pelayanan resep merupakan salah satu pelayanan farmasi klinik yang ada di apotek. Kegiatan pengkajian Resep yang ada di apotek dibagi menjadi tiga, meliputi administrasi, kesesuaian farmasetik dan pertimbangan klinis. Tujuan pengkajian berdasarkan tiga aspek tersebut untuk menghindari terjadinya kesalahan dalam pelayanan obat (medication error). Ada beberapa kesalahan pengobatan atau medication error yang sering terjadi seperti pemberian obat yang tidak tepat, pemberian dosis obat yang salah, kesalahan dalam menulis atau kesamaan bunyi nama obat, kesalahan pada penggunaan serta kesalahan pada perhitungan dosis obat yang diresepkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengkajian 10 resep racikan dan 10 resep non-racikan yang ada di Apotek Kimia Farma 494 Beji Depok pada periode bulan April 2023. Hasil kajian dari 20 resep yang dilakukan, permasalahan yang banyak terjadi terdapat pada aspek klinisnya seperti ada interaksi obat. Terdapat 3 jenis interaksi obat pada resep racikan dan non racikan yaitu interaksi mayor, moderat, dan minor. ...... Pharmacy is a healthcare facility that provides services, one of which is clinical pharmacy services. Clinical pharmacy services in pharmacies are part of pharmaceutical services directly related to and responsible for patient care. Prescription assessment and service are among the clinical pharmacy services available in pharmacies. Prescription assessment activities in pharmacies are divided into three parts: administrative, pharmaceutical suitability, and clinical consideration. The purpose of assessing prescriptions based on these three aspects is to prevent medication errors. Several common medication errors include incorrect drug administration, wrong drug dosage, errors in writing or sound-alike drug names, errors in drug use, and errors in calculating prescribed drug doses. This study aims to assess 10 compounded and 10 non-compounded prescriptions at Kimia Farma Pharmacy 494 Beji Depok during April 2023. From the study's results, it was found that clinical aspects such as drug interactions were the most prevalent issue. There were three types of drug interactions found in compounded and non-compounded prescriptions: major, moderate, and minor interactions.

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kemampuan penjerapan klorfeniramin maleat (CTM) yang bersifat ampifilik oleh niosom. Niosom adalah pembawa obat yang menyerupai liposom dalam bentuk enkapsul serta berperan dalam sistem pelepasan obat. Niosom dan liposom mempunyai masalah kestabilan, hal itu dapat diatasi oleh proniosom yang merupakan bentuk kering dari niosom. Proniosom dibuat menggunakan maltodekstrin DE 5-10 yang berasal dari pati garut (Maranta arundinaceae Linn.), yang dikombinasi dengan Span 60 dan kolesterol sebagai surfaktan non ionik dalam enam formula. Tingkat penjerapan CTM tergantung pada kombinasi surfaktan dalam proniosom, konsentrasi zat aktif dan jumlah proniosom yang digunakan, suhu dan lama hidrasi. Niosom yang dibuat dari sejumlah proniosom formula 3 dengan cara hidrasi menggunakan air demineral hingga konsentrasi 10 mM pada suhu 80oC selama 2 menit mampu menjerap CTM yang ditambahkan 1mM sebesar 94,04%. Konsentrasi proniosom formula 3 ditingkatkan sampai menghasilkan surfaktan 30 mM dan mengandung CTM 10 mM dalam niosom, ternyata meningkatkan penjerapan CTM.

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Study of the Capability of Niosomes that Used Maltodextrin from Garut Starch (Maranta arundinaceae Linn.) as a Chlorpheniramine Maleate Carrier. The aim of this research was to study the entrapment ability of ampiphylic drug, chlorpheniramine maleate (CTM), by niosome. Like liposomes, niosomes is an encapsulated drug carrier that has important role in a drug release system. Niosomes and liposomes are unstable, but niosomes could be handled by proniosomes. Proniosomes in this research was prepared using the combination of maltodextrin DE 5-10 from arrowroot starch (Maranta arundinaceae Linn.), Span 60 and Cholesterol as non ionic surfactant in six formulas. The entrapment level of CTM depends on combination of surfactant in proniosomes, drug substance concentration and proniosomes quantity, temperature, and hydration times. Niosomes (10mM) that was prepared by proniosomes in formula 3 has been hydrated at 80 oC for 2 minutes using demineralized water could entrapped 94,04%, of 1 mM CTM. The proniosomes in formula 3 was increased up to 30 mM surfactant and 10 mM CTM in niosomes, could increase the entrapment of CTM.

Abstrak :
Obat antidiabetik oral telah digunakan selama 40 tahun terakhir untuk mengontrol kadar glukosa darah. Pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 umumnya disertai dengan beberapa penyakit menahun, sehingga dalam terapi diabetes biasanya dikombinasikan dengan obat-obat lain. Hal ini meningkatkan terjadinya interaksi obat yang merugikan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran peresepan dan masalah interaksi obat di Rumah Sakit X Depok. Data diambil dari 307 resep obat antidiabetik oral selama bulan Januari 2005-Mei 2006. Obat golongan sulfonilurea yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah glimepirid (45,89%). Sebanyak 41,69% resep obat antidiabetik oral memiliki interaksi. Dengan menggunakan uji stastistik Kai Kuadrat diketahui adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah obat dalam satu resep yang mengandung obat antidiabetik oral dengan jumlah interaksi obat yang teridentifikasi. Oral antidiabetic medications has been used over 40 years to control blood glucosa level. Type 2 diabetes mellitus usually complicate with several chronic disease that cause diabetic therapy usually combined with other medications. This increase the possibility of drug interaction. The present research was done to reveal the prescribing pattern and drug interaction problem in a hospital (Hospital X) at Depok. Data was collected from 307 prescriptions contain oral antidiabetic which were prescribe during January 2005-May 2006. Result showed that the most prescribe oral antidiabetic medication was glimepiride (45,89%). Drug interaction occurred in 41,69% prescriptions. Using statistical analysis Chi square it was revealed that there is significant correlation between the number of medication in one prescription with the number of drug interaction found.

Abstrak :
Nanopartikel dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan beberapa metode dan metode gelasi ionik adalah yang termudah. Verapamil hidroklorida adalah obat yang digunakan sebagai antiaritmia, antiangina, dan terapi antihipertensi. Namun demikian, bioavailabilitas dari verapamil yang diberikan secara oral sangat rendah, hanya sekitar 10 hingga 23%. Oleh karena itu, verapamil hidroklorida ini dibuat sebagai sediaan nanopartikel untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitasnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan metode gelasi ionik antara kitosan dan natrium tripolifosfat guna mendapatkan formulasi nanopartikel terbaik. Nanopartikel diperoleh dari empat metode yang berbeda (formula A, B, C, dan D). Distribusi ukuran partikel, potensial zeta, efisiensi penjerapan, morfologi, dan spektrum FT-IR dari nanopartikel dikarakterisasi. Formula yang dipilih adalah formula D yang memiliki ukuran 62,8 nm, efisiensi penjerapan 59,15%, potensial zeta 25,46 mV, bentuk bulat, dan memiliki spektrum FT-IR yang sesuai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kitosan-tripolifosfat dapat menghasilkan nanopartikel verapamil hidroklorida dengan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik.

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Nanoparticles can be prepared by several methods and the ionic gelation method is the easiest one. Verapamil hydrochloride is a drug which used as antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antihypertension therapy. Nevertheless, bioavailability of orally administered verapamil is very low, only about 10 to 23%. Therefore, verapamil hydrochloride was prepared as nanoparticles dosage form to increase its bioavailability. The purpose of the present study was to optimize ionic gelation method of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate to obtain the best nanoparticles formulation. Nanoparticles were obtained from four different methods (formula A, B, C, and D). Particle size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, and fourier transform infra red spectrum of each nanoparticles formula were characterized. The chosen formula was formula D which has 62.8 nm of size, 59.15% of entrapment efficiency, +25.46 mV of zeta potential, spherical shape, and the ionic interaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. The results showed that chitosan-tripolyphosphate succesfully produce the verapamil hydrochloride nanoparticles by ionic gelation method.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The tobacco extract has larvicidal activity because it contains nicotine and some toxic compounds. The need to form tobacco extracts in nanoemulsion was due to its smaller particle size, larger surface area, and slow release of active compounds. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco extract nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti larvae. Nanoemulsion tobacco extract is made by high energy method using ultrasonication with frequency 20 kHz for 45 minutes. The tobacco extract was mixed with Tween 20 surfactant with the ratios are 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:3 (w/w). From the result, bioassay test of larvicidal nanoemulsion with LC50 was 823.74 ppm (F1:0.5), 702.07ppm (F1:1), and 578.48 ppm (F1:3), lower than LC50 of tobacco leaf extract without nanoemulsion 1022.97 ppm. The decrease in LC50 values was directly proportional to the decrease in particle size. The lowest LC50 values are obtained by the formula F1:3 with an average particle size of 631 nm. This study shows that even if the nanoemulsion was not achieved, the emulsion of tobacco extract is potential to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae effectively, due to lower than 750 ppm LC50 for (F1:1 and F1:3, 24 hr).