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"The focus of this study is the investigation of the strategies used by learners of English in conversation. The subjects of this study were the native speakers of the Minangkabau language (LI) who are learning English. In this conversation, the learners tried to make a systematic attempt to express meanings in English as the target language, in situations where the appropriate systematic target language rules have not been formed. The aims of the study are (1) to describe the strategies which the learners use in communicating in English and (2) to describe the kinds of errors or deviations made by these learners due to the influence of their LI. The recorded data of five cassettes were transcribed and analyzed by using two frameworks, i.e. David Richard's model (1983) supplemented by Corder's algorithm (1981).

The findings of this study include the following. There are two main strategies, i.e. communication strategies (CS) and avoidance strategies (AS), used by the learners. CS involve the choice of alternatives such as literal translation or transfer, generalizations or overgeneralizations, or redundancy reduction. AS involve the choice of alternatives such as code switching, appeal for assistance, or message abandonment. However, there are errors made by Minangkabau speakers in the trancsripts which cannot be systematically explained by the two frameworks. A possible explanation of those errors is proposed at the end of the thesis, i.e. by combining the items in each strategy or the items in both strategies. This type of wayout is here referred to as "combined strategies". From those items, it is the negative transfer and generalizations or overgeneralizations which were used by most learners. The negative transfer gives rise the deletions of certain syntactic categories which then lead to errors in the utterances. Generalizations or overgeneralizations cause the additions of certain syntactic categoriee of English."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis tuturan berbelanja yang digunakan oleh anak-anak Jepang di rentang usia 2 hingga 5 tahun dalam reality show "Hajimete no Otsukai" yang tayang mulai tahun 2022 di Netflix. Penelitian ini berfokus pada penggunaan bahasa Jepang oleh anak-anak dalam konteks berbelanja di pasar dengan cara mengidentifikasi tuturan yang digunakan dalam konteks menanyakan letak barang, menyebutkan barang yang ingin dibeli, menjawab pertanyaan penjual, dan menyatakan alasan membeli barang. Sumber data utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah episode-episode dari reality show "Hajimete no Otsukai”. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori tindak tutur Austin yaitu lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi dan teori kesantunan. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi tuturan anak saat berbelanja dan mengidentifikasi pola-pola tuturan yang muncul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak menggunakan piranti linguistik berupa ragam santun dengan menggunakan format verba-masu, verba-masu ka, dan verba-n desuka serta ragam biasa dengan menggunakan format verba+yo dan verba+ta.

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This study analyzes shopping utterances used by Japanese children aged 2 to 5 years old in the reality show "Hajimete no Otsukai" which airing from 2022 on Netflix. This study focuses on the use of Japanese by children in the context of shopping at the market by identifying the utterances used in the context of asking the location of goods, mentioning the goods they want to buy, answering the seller's questions, and stating the reasons for buying goods. The main data sources used in this study are episodes of the reality show "Hajimete no Otsukai". The theories used in this study are Austin's speech act theory of locution, illocution, and perlocution and politeness theory. The analysis is done by identifying children's speech during shopping and identifying the patterns of speech that appear. The results show that children use linguistic tools in the form of polite varieties using verb-masu, verb-masu ka, and verb-n desuka formats and ordinary varieties using verb+yo and verb+ta formats. "