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Peningkatan kadar metana pada biogas hasil AD melalui proses penyisihan CO2 dibutuhkan agar biogas dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bakan bakar mesin kendaraan, pembangkit listrik, dan pengganti gas alam. Teknologi adsorpsi menggunakan adsorben karbon aktif tempurung kelapa dapat diterapkan pada AD skala kecil karena relatif lebih murah dan dapat dioperasikan dengan mudah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengalirkan biogas sintesis 45 CH4 55 CO2 dan biogas hasil AD yang berasal dari kotoran ternak 59.7 CH4, 37,1 CO2 dan 3,2 gas lainya pada kolom adsorpsi bertekanan spontan. Perubahan karakteristik permukaan karbon aktif juga diamatati pada setiap tahapan regenerasi adsorben. Selain itu, pengamatan kapasitas adsorpsi CO2 pada berbagai tekanan dan suhu tetap 27oC dilakukan menggunakan CO2 murni 98 . Metana pada biogas telah berhasil dimurnikan hingga >92 pada debit 0,5 L/menit dan waktu tahanan 79,6 detik. Adsorben akan jenuh setelah pengaliran gas selama 60 dan 80 menit untuk gas sintesis dan biogas hasil AD pada jumlah adsorben sebanyak 266 gram. Terjadi perubahan luas permukaan karbon aktif setelah regenerasi termal pada 160oC selama 2 jam sebesar 7,51 dan efisiensi regenerasi adalah 67 . Keseluruhan proses adsorpsi akan mengikuti isotermal Freundlich. Teknologi adsorpsi menggunakan karbon aktif tempurung kelapa dapat menjadi pilihan teknologi untuk mengakomodir kebutuhan biogas yang memiliki kadar metana tinggi pada AD skala kecil.

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Methane enrichment in the biogas generated from AD through CO2 removal process is required, so that biogas can be used as fuel for vehicle engines, power plants, and natural gas substitutes. The adsorption technology using coconut shell activated carbon adsorbents can be applied to small scale AD because it is relatively cheaper and can be operated easily. The experiment was observed by passing biogas synthesis 45 CH4 55 CO2 and biogas from cattle manure 59.7 CH4, 37,1 CO2 and 3,2 other gases in spontaneously pressurized adsorption column. Changes in the characteristics of the activated carbon surface are also observed at each stage of adsorbent regeneration. In addition, observation of CO2 adsorption capacity at various pressure and fixed temperature 27oC was performed using pure CO2 98 . Methane in biogas has been successfully purified to 92 at 0,5 L min flowrate and 79.6 seconds retention time. The adsorbent will be saturated after gas flowing for 60 and 80 minutes for synthesis biogas and biogas from AD on the amount of adsorbent of 266 grams. A change of surface area of activated carbon after thermal regeneration at 160oC for 2 hours was 7.51 and regeneration efficiency was 67 . The entire adsorption process will follow Freundlich isotermalal. The adsorption technology using coconut shell activated carbon can be a technological option to accommodate the need for biogas that has high levels of methane in small scale AD.

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Penelitian torrefaksi bonggol jagung telah dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh laju alir nitrogen terhadap yield dan komposisi bonggol jagung yang dihasilkan melalui proses torrefaksi. Pengaruh laju alir nitrogen diteliti dengan memvariasikan laju alir nitrogen sebesar 0,3 L/min, 0,5 L/min, dan 0,7 L/min dengan masing-masing variasi laju alir nitrogen dilakukan pada 3 variasi suhu torrefaksi, yaitu 250oC, 275oC, dan 300oC. Proses torrefaksi berlangsung di reaktor tubular dengan holding time 20 menit, heating rate 10oC/menit, dan total massa umpan 15 gram. Identifikasi pengaruh laju alir nitrogen dilakukan dengan menganalisis bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi dengan menggunakan karakterisasi FTIR, Ultimate, dan Thermogravimetri Analysis (TGA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh laju alir nitrogen terhadap yield dan komposisi bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi. Semakin besar laju alir nitrogen maka yield dari bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi akan semakin kecil. Semakin besar laju alir nitrogen, kandungan oksigen dalam bonggol jagung hasil torrefaksi akan semakin berkurang dan kandungan karbonnya meningkat. Kandungan oksigen setelah torrefaksi menurun hingga 38% pada saat suhu torrefaksi 300oC dengan laju alir nitrogen sebesar 0,7 L/min sementara kandungan karbonnya meningkat hingga 44% bila dibandingkan dengan bonggol jagung umpan torrefaksi, rasio C/O meningkat dari 0,95 menjadi 2,19 dan rasio C/H meningkat dari 6,9 menjadi 13,99. Berdasarkan karakterisasi FTIR seiring semakin besar laju alir nitrogen maka gugus fungsi fenol, guaiacol, catechol, dan ether akan semakin tinggi. Data karakterisasi TGA menunjukan bahwa laju alir nitrogen tidak berpengaruh terhadap suhu pirolisis dari bonggol jagung yang sudah ditorrefaksi. Suhu torrefaksi adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi dari suhu pirolisis bonggol jagung yang sudah ditorrefaksi.

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ABSTRACT
Torrefaction of corn cobs has been carried out to study the effect of nitrogen flow rate on yield and torrefied corn cobs composition produced through torrefaction. The effect of nitrogen flow rate was investigated by varying the nitrogen flow rate by 0,3 L/min, 0,5 L/min, and 0,7 L/min with each nitrogen flow rate variation performed on 3 torrefaction temperature variations are 250oC, 275oC, and 300oC. Torrefaction process takes place in a tubular reactor with a holding time of 20 minutes, a heating rate of 10oC/ minute, and a total feed mass of 15 grams. Identification of the effect of nitrogen flow rate was carried out by analyzing the torrefaction corn cobs using FTIR, Ultimate, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) characterizations. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen flow rate affects yield and torrefied corncobs composition. The greater the nitrogen flow rate, the lower is the yield of torrefied corn cobs. The greater the flow rate of nitrogen, the lower is the oxygen content in the corn cobs and the higher is the carbon content. The oxygen content after torrefaction decreased up to 38% when the torrefaction temperature was carried out at 300oC with a nitrogen flow rate of 0.7 L/min while the carbon content increased by 44%, the C/O ratio increased from 0,95 to 2,19 and the C/H ratio increased from 6,9 to 13,99. Based on FTIR characterization, increasing nitrogen flow rate increases the functional groups furan, phenol, guaiacol, catechol, and ether. Based on the TGA characterization, the nitrogen flow rate did not affect the pyrolysis temperature of the torrefied corn cobs. Torrefaction temperature is a factor that influences the pyrolysis temperature of torrefied corn cobs.

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The upgrading Kalimantan low rank coal is performed using slurry dewatering process in a stired batch autoclave (inner volume of 5 liters) equipped with a condencer, apresure control valve (PCP) and a receiver......

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ABSTRACT
Urbanisms impact creates land scarcity as a result of an imbalance in urban land between supply and demand. As a developing country, Indonesia is still striving to overcome the slum area and provide decent housing for low-income groups. In fact, the city is owned by everyone, so slum people and other low-income groups have the right to the city to enjoy the results of development and its facilities and infrastructure, including decent urban living spaces. These areas are government challenges and opportunities to provide the best housing services for poor or marginal communities. Over the past decades, slum upgrading has become a global solution to overcome slum problems. It relies on the concept of self-help in which community participation is used as a means of improving and sustaining the quality of life of slum dwellers. The number of researches was carried out to analyze the level of community participation in slum upgrading, but not many analyze the level of governance in slum upgrading. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of Indonesia governance in achieving successful slum upgrading by using a single case study of one of Indonesias slum upgrading projects, namely the Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project (NUSSP). The transition from centralized to decentralized governance has become the biggest challenge in implementing slum upgrading in Indonesia, especially on issues of political engagement, coordination, and cooperation, financial sustainability, tenure security, continuity, and institutionalization. This research has led to the conclusion that transitional Indonesia requires a unified strategy that combines some forms of centralized governance with some forms of decentralized governance. Finally, the concepts of self-help, less governance, and development from below proposed as the original concepts of slum upgrading could not work independently. Strong intervention, adequate governance and development from above are really needed to achieve successful slum upgrades.

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Dalam rangka pengembangan SDM yang berkualitas dan pemanfaatan SDA secara efisien serta melakukan aktivitas tanpa mencemari lingkungan diperlukan pendidikan dan latihan. Lembaga Dildat yang mengelola untuk menatar guru-guru SMK adalah Pusat Pengembangan Penataran Guru (PPPG). PPPG Lingkup Dikdasmen terdiri dari 12 PPPG yaitu ada 6 PPPG lingkup kejuruan dan 6 PPPG lingkup non-kejuruan. PPPG Lingkup kejuruan mencakup PPPG Teknologi di Malang, Bandung, Medan. PPPG Kesenian di Yogyakarta, PPPG Pertanian di Cianjur, PPPG Kejuruan di Jakarta. PPPG Lingkup Kejuruan berpotensi menimbulkan dampak terhadap lingkungan khususnya dalam instalasi pada kegiatan praktek sehingga menarik untuk diteliti baik aspek limbah dan gas buang yang dihasilkan maupun aspek sosial, yakni aspek pengetahuan, sikap, ketrampilan widyaiswara terhadap lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil Monitoring dan Evaluasi (ME) Dit. Dikmenjur bersama Pusat Pengembangan Penataran Guru (PPPG) lingkup kejuruan selama tahun 1997 sampai tahun 2001 terhadap implementasi PLH pada SMK menunjukkan belum optimal, artinya bahwa hasil pelatihan PLH di P PPG belum menghasilkan guru yang berkualitas sehingga perlu ditindaklanjuti melalui pengkajian ilmiah lewat suatu penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan : (a) Untuk mengetahui peran PPPG Teknologi Malang. (b) Untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan PLH yang dimulai dan kebijakan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi, sampai perbaikan tindak lanjut. (c) Untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku serta penanganan limbah setelah memperoleh PLH di PPPG Asumsi Penelitian ini: (a) Peran PPPG Teknologi Malang dan Bandung belum optimal, (b) Penerapan pengelolaan dan cara/pola pelaksanaan program PLH di PPPG Teknologi belum optimal, (c) Pengetahuan, sikap dan ketrampilan widyaiswara setelah memperoleh PLH belum optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif. Menurut sifat dasar penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei, hal ini dilakukan karena data yang dikumpulkan relatif terbatas dari jumlah kasus yang relatif besar jumlahnya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah PPPG Teknologi Malang dengan jumlah widyaiswara 40 orang, pengelola PPPG (Struktural} 5 orang, pelaksana 9 orang (middle) dan PPPGT Bandung dengan jumlah widyaiswara 40 orang (low), pengelola 9 orang (top) dan pelaksana 9 orang (middle). Kedua PPPG Teknologi tersebut mempunyai karakter yang sama, terutama bidang/program keahlian dan karakter asli lingkungan widyaiswara. Sedangkan penentuan sampel orang (widyaiswara dan pengelola PPPG Teknologi) yang akan dijadikan responden dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara stratified random sampling (acak bertingkat sederhana). Penerapan ISO-14001- SML digunakan sebagai standard ukuran dalam manajemen lingkungan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Peran PPPGT dalam pelaksanaan PLH: (a) Mengajarkan materi lingkungan hidup pada setiap program penataran di PPPGT Malang sebanyak 13 jenis pelatihan dengan 9 materi sedangkan di PPPGT Bandung sebanyak 12 jenis pelatihan dengan 6 materi, (b) Mengembangkan bahan ajar kejuruan yang terintegrasi dengan materi PLH di PPPGT Malang sebanyak 5 judul sedangkan di PPPGT Bandung 3 judul, (c) Membantu mengembangkan alat Bantu mengajar PLH di PPPGT Malang sebanyak 6 jenis sedangkan PPPGT Bandung 8 jenis, (d) Pelaksanaan monitoring dan evaluasi PLH pada SMK sebesar 22,22%, dan tidak ada pelaksanan monitoring dan evaluasi sebesar 77,78% baik di PPPGT Malang maupun di PPPGT Bandung, (e) Ada kerjasama dengan institusi terkait 77,78% dan tidak ada kerjasama 22,28% di PPPGT Malang sedangkan di PPPGT Bandung ada keijasama (88,11%) dan tidak ada kerjasama (11,11%), (f) Menyusun laporan caturwulan tentang pelaksanaan PLH di PPPGT Malang seperti laporan dibuat dan dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 20%, dibuat dan tidak dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 60%, tidak dibuat dan dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 20%, sedangkan di PPPGT Bandung laporan dibuat dan dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 33%, dibuat dan tidak dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 44%, tidak dibuat dan dilaporkan ke atasan sebesar 22%. 2. Pengelola PPPGT dalam Pelaksanaan PLH: (a) Kebijakan PLH dalam bentuk tertulis dan dikomunikasikan PPPGT Bandung 67,35 % dan PPPGT Malang 46,66%, (b) Penyusunan Program PPPGT Malang 88,89% dan PPPGT Bandung 79,31%, (c) Pelaksanaan dan Operasional terdiri dari: (1) Struktur dan tanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan PLH di PPPGT Bandung 66,67% dan PPPGT Malang 55,56%, (2) Memperoleh DIKLAT PPPGT Malang 91,84% dan PPPGT Bandung 32,65%, (3) Komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan PLH di PPPGT Bandung 55,56% dan PPPGT Malang 44,44%, (4) Dokumentasi di PPPGT Malang 64,29% dan PPPGT Bandung 33,33%, (5) Bentuk pelaksanaan PLH di PPPGT Malang menunjukkan pada ke empat point diatas secara keseluruhan sebesar 73,33% dan PPPGT Bandung 62,07%, (d) Dampak PLH pada unit Bengkel sebesar 70% di PPPGT Bandung dan Malang sebesar 58,33%, (e) Membuat kebijakan Baru sebesar 100% di PPPGT Malang dan 71,43% di PPPGT Bandung. 3. Kinerja PPPGT dalam Pelaksanaan PLH: (a) Ada perubahan dalam melaksanakan hemat energi di PPPGT Bandung diungkapkan responden sebesar 6,12% sedangkan di PPPGT Malang 0%, (b) Usaha dan Upaya Penerapan Limbah Cair 87,50% di PPPGT Malang dan 50% di PPPGT Bandung, (c) Usaha dan Upaya Penerapan Pengelolaan Sampah 40% di PPPGT Malang dan 32,50% di PPPGT Bandung, (d) Kondisi setelah melaksanakan PLH 28,57 % di PPPGT Malang dan 20,41% di PPPGT Bandung, (e) Bentuk Kegiatan yang menunjang kegiatan pasca swiss contac Fungsi Institusi (Diklat) 60% di PPPGT Malang dan 40% di PPPGT Bandung. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah: (a) Pelaksanaan peran PPPG Teknologi Malang dan Bandung dalam melaksanakan pendidikan lingkungan hidup belum optimal, hal ini dibuktikan bahwa enam peran tersebut, ada 3 peran yang kurang dilaksanakan, (b) Pengelolaan PLH di kedua PPPGT dalam melaksanakan PLH belum optimal baik kebijakan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan operasional, pemeriksaan dan tindakan perbaikan, tindakan manajemen, (c) kinerja PLH belum optimal baik penerapan hemat energi, penanganan limbah cab, padat kondisi PPPGT dalam melaksanakan PLH, kondisi PPPGT Pasca swisscontac.

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Training and education are needed to develop the quality of human resources, to utilize natural resources efficiently, and to do activities without polluting the living environment. The institution that educates and trains senior high school teachers is the Center for Development of Vocational Teachers Training. The Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education of Ministry of Education has 12 units of PPPG, which are divided into six vocational PPPGs and other six non-vocational PPPGs. There are three vocational PPPGs, which ones are the Technology PPPGs in Malang, Bandung and Medan. The other three are Art PPPG in Yogyakarta, Agriculture PPPG in Cianjur, and Skill Training PPPG in Jakarta. Activities held at PPPGs have the potential to pollute the environment, especially when they do practices. It is interesting to study this potential and the social aspect of the school environment, such as knowledge, attitude, and skills of trainers regarding the environment. Monitoring and evaluation done by Directorate of Secondary and Vocational Education and Education in Center for Development of Vocational Teachers Training in 1997-2001 show that environmental education for Vocational Senior Secondary School has not been optimum. This means that the trainings in PPPGs have not produced qualified teachers, so that it needs further in depth-study. This research aims to: (a) know the role of Technological PPPG in Malang. (b) Know the PLH execution started from policy, planning, implementation, evaluation and action plan for improvement (c) know knowledge, behavior and attitude and also the management of disposal after obtaining PLH in PPPG. These research assumptions are as follow: (a) the role of Technological PPPG in Malang and Bandung is not yet optimal, (b) Applying of management and way of PLH program implementation pattern in PPPGT is not yet optimal, (c) Knowledge, attitude and skill of trainees obtaining PLH are not yet optimal. This research uses descriptive research method with qualitative approach.. According to its nature, this research uses survey method, because it is conducted under limited data. In that can be collected in a relatively considerable amount of cases. Population in this research is Technological PPPGT in Malang which has 40 trainers (Widyaiswara), 5 PPPGT organizers, 9 executors and PPPGT Bandung which has 40 trainers, 9 PPPGT organizers, 9 executors. Both of the Technological PPPG have the same characters, especially in area/membership program and original characters of widyaiswaras determination of people sample (PPPGT organizer and widyaiswara) to be the respondents in this research is conducted by stratified random sampling (high rise random modestly). ISO-14001- SML applicantion is used as it is a standard measurement in environmental management. The Results of the research are as the follow: 1. The role of PPPGT in PLH implementation : (a) Teaching environment items in each upgrading program in PPPGT Malang 13 training types by 9 items while in PPPGT Bandung counted 12 training types by 6 items, (b) Develop vocational teaching materials which integrated with PLH items in PPPGT Malang counted 5 titles while in PPPGT Bandung 3 titles, (c) Assist to develop tools to teach PLH in PPPGT Malang counted 6 types while PPPGT Bandung 8 types, (d) evaluation and monitoring PLH at SMK equal to 22,22%, and there are no monitoring and evaluation equal to 77,78% either in PPPGT Malang and also in PPPGT Bandung, (e) There is cooperation with related/relevant institution 77,78% and there no cooperation 22,28% in PPPGT Malang while in PPPGT Bandung there is cooperation (8 8,11%) and there no cooperation (11,11 %), (f) Compile report for four months period about PLH implemented in PPPGT Malang like report made and reported to superior equal to 20%, made but not reported to superior equal to 60%, not made and not reported to superior equal to 20%, while in PPPGT Bandung report made and reported to superior equal to 33%, made but not reported to superior equal to 44%, not made but reported to superior equal to 22%. 2. PPPGT Organizers in PLH management: (a) Policy of PLH in the form of written document and communicated by PPPGT Bandung 67,35 % and PPPGT Malang 46,66%, (b) Compilation of PPPGT Malang program 88,89% and PPPGT Bandung 79,31%, (c) Implementation and operation consist of: ( 1) Structure dan responsibility to PLH implementation in PPPGT Bandung 66,67% and PPPGT Malang 55,56%, ( 2) Obtaining PPPGT Malang training 91,84% and PPPGT Bandung 32,65%, ( 3) Communications in PLH implementation in PPPGT Bandung 55,56% and PPPGT Malang 44,44%, (4) Documentation in PPPGT Malang 64,29% and PPPGT Bandung 33,33%, (5) Form of PLH implemented in PPPGT Malang show at four points above the whole, equals to 73,33% and PPPGT Bandung 62.07%, (d) PLH impact on Workshop unit equals, 70% in PPPGT Bandung and Malang equals 58,33%, (e) Make new policy equals 100% in PPPGT Malang and 71,43% in PPPGT Bandung. 3. PPPGT performance in PLH implementation: (a) There is a change in executing to economize energy in PPPGT Bandung laid open by respondents which is equal to 6,12% while in PPPGT Malang 0%, (b) the Effort and Effort Applying of Liquid Waste 87,50% in PPPGT Malang and 50% in PPPGT Bandung, (c) the Effort and Effort Applying of Management of garbage is 40% in PPPGT Malang and 32,50% in PPPGT Bandung, (d) the Condition of after PLH implementation 28,57 % in PPPGT Malang and 20,41% in PPPGT Bandung, (e) Form of Activity which supporting activity of Function Institution post Swisscontact (training) 60% is in PPPGT Malang and 40% in PPPGT Bandung. The conclusions, of this research are: (a) The role of PPPGT Malang and Bandung in implementing education of environment is not yet optimal, there are 3 not implemented, (b) The management of PLH of both PPPGTs regard PLH implementation not yet optimal whether in policy, planning, operation and implementation, action and evaluation, or management action, (c) PLH performance is not yet optimal whether in applying o f energy, liquid, the management of disposal, is condition of PPPGT in PLH implementation, condition of PPPGT post Swiss contact.

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Pada sektor industri, kemasan telah menjadi barang penting setiap hari, dan penggunaannya semakin meningkat sejalan dengan ekonomi global. Jenis kemasan dengan penggunaan paling banyak adalah menggunakan paper and paperboard. Material kertas juga memiliki beberapa kelemahan, diantaranya proses penguraian oleh alam yang memerlukan waktu 2 ndash; 5 bulan. Jenis material kertas yang paling banyak diproduksi didunia adalah Corrugated. Setelah End-of-life EOL produk kemasan kertas menumpuk dan menjadi sampah. Studi penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meningkat nilai material dari segi value, fungsi dan performa dengan mengimplementasikan dari beberapa pendekatan, prinsip desain, proses atau perlakuan dari material dan usaha lainnya yang disebut material value upgrading. Salah satu pemanfaatan kemasan kertas karton bergelombang untuk meningkatkan nilai material setelah masa End-of-life EOL telah selesai, yaitu menggunakan prinsip Design For Other Usage untuk pembuatan papan serat.

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In the industrial sector, packaging has become an important item every day, and its use is increasing in line with the global economy. Type of packaging with the most use is to use paper and paperboard. Paper materials also have some weaknesses, betwixt the process of decomposition by nature that takes 2 5 months. The most widely produced paper material in the world is Corrugated Paperboard. After End of life EOL paper packaging products pile up and become waste. The study was conducted to minimize the reduction of value degradation and maximize residual value and also improve the life cycle and total value of the goods by implementing from several approaches, design principles, processes or treatment of materials and other business called material value upgrading. One the use of Corrugated Paperboard to increase the value of material after the End of life EOL period that has been completed, using the Design For Other Usage principle for the manufacture of fiber board and coatings of the fiberboard

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Sektor pelayaran merupakan salah satu aktivitas yang paling banyak menyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca, yaitu sulfur oksida, nitrogen oksida, dan partikulat. Oleh karena itu, Organisasi Maritim Internasional merilis peraturan untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui penggunaan energi ramah lingkungan yang memiliki kadar sulfur maksimal 0.5%. Pyrolysis merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk produksi energi rendah sulfur dengan menghasilkan bio-oil (PBO). Namun, PBO memiliki tingkat keasaman rendah, bersifat korosif, memiliki volatilitas yang buruk, viskositas yang tinggi, dan kadar oksigen yang tinggi sehingga densitas energi cukup rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas PBO berasal dari sampah organik insulasi bangunan gedung. Metode yang digunakan adalah supercritical fluid menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan variabel rasio etanol terhadap PBO sebesar 1:1, 5:1, dan 7:1, waktu tinggal sebesar 10, 30, dan 60 menit, dan penambahan katalis HZSM-5 dan CoMo/Al2O3. Parameter penelitian dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan viskositas, densitas upgraded bio-oil (UBO), densitas energi (HHV), elemental composition, dan senyawa produk melalui GCMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio 7:1 dengan waktu tinggal 30 menit dengan menggunakan katalis HZSM-5 merupakan kondisi operasi yang optimal untuk menghasilkan kualitas bio-oil yang maksimal. Nilai viskositas pada kondisi operasi ini mencapai 8 mPa.s dari 741 mPa.s, peningkatan HHV dari 20.94 MJ/Kg menjadi 26.90 MJ/Kg. Namun, densitas UBO sebesar 1.054 masih perlu dioptimalkan agar sesuai dengan standar internsional. ......The shipping sector is one of the activities that contribute the most to greenhouse gas emissions, namely sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization has released regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the use of environmentally friendly energy that has a maximum sulfur content of 0.5 wt.%. Pyrolysis is one method that can be used for the production of low-sulfur energy by producing bio-oil (PBO). However, PBO has low acidity, high corrosivity, poor volatility, high viscosity, and high oxygen content so the energy density is quite low. This study aims to improve the quality of PBO derived from bio-based building insulation materials. The method used is supercritical fluid using ethanol as a solvent with a variable ratio of ethanol to PBO was 1:1, 5:1, and 7:1, residence times were 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and the addition was HZSM-5 and CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts. The parameters of the research were carried out by checking the viscosity, density of upgraded bio-oil (UBO), higher heating value (HHV), elemental composition, and product compounds through GCMS. The results showed that the ratio of 7:1 with a residence time of 30 minutes using the HZSM-5 catalyst was the optimal operating condition to produce maximum bio-oil quality. The viscosity value at this operating condition reached 8 mPa.s from 741 mPa.s , increasing HHV from 20.94 MJ/Kg to 26.90 MJ/Kg. However, the UBO density of 1.054 still needs to be optimized to meet international standards.

Abstrak :
Tempurung kelapa merupakan biomassa hasil samping pengolahan buah kelapa yang pemanfaatannya belum optimal karena dianggap sebagai limbah tak bernilai. Dalam proses pengembangannya, limbah tempurung kelapa memiliki peluang yang besar untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai produk dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi seperti BTX (Benzena, Toluena, Xilena) karena memiliki building block berupa senyawa aromatik. Proses pirolisis termal dan perengkahan katalitik biomassa tempurung kelapa telah dilakukan dalam reaktor unggun diam untuk menghasilkan senyawa BTX masing – masing pada suhu 550oC dan 500oC. Katalis CaO/HZSM-5 yang disintesis melalui teknik pencampuran fisik dan impregnasi basah dengan perbandingan 2:1 terhadap umpan bio-oil digunakan pada proses upgrading perengkahan katalitik. Katalis CaO/HZSM-5 dipilih karena penggunaan kedua katalis tersebut secara simultan memberikan efek sinergis dalam menghasilkan senyawa monoaromatik BTX. Penambahan CaO terbukti mampu meningkatkan ukuran pori rata – rata katalis setelah termodifikasi sehingga dapat menurunkan kemungkinan deaktivasi katalis dengan mencegah pembentukan kokas. Karakterisasi BET terhadap katalis menunjukkan bahwa diameter pori katalis CaO/HZSM-5 pencampuran fisik dan impregnasi basah secara berturut – turut sebesar 2,14 nm dan 5,24 nm. Selanjutnya, bio-oil melalui karakterisasi FTIR dimana produk upgrading bio-oil tempurung kelapa didominasi oleh senyawa aromatic, phenol, dan alcohol. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS, katalis CaO/HZSM-5 hasil pencampuran fisik memberikan kinerja optimal dimana yield BTX tertinggi yang diperoleh sebesar 45,85%. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi alternatif dalam mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil......Coconut shell is a by-product of processing coconuts whose utilization is not optimal because it is considered as worthless waste. In the development process, coconut shell waste has an excellent opportunity for being utilized as a product with high economic value as BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) due to its high content of lignin which is the building block in the form of aromatic compounds. Thermal pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of coconut shell biomass have been carried out in a fixed bed reactor to produce BTX compounds at 550oC and 500oC, respectively. CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized using physical mixing and wet impregnation technique with a ratio of 2:1 to bio-oil feed in the upgrading process of catalytic cracking. CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was chosen because the use of the two catalysts simultaneously provides a synergistic effect in producing BTX compounds. The addition of CaO has proven to increase the average pore size of the catalyst after modification and reduce the possibility of catalyst deactivation by preventing coke formation. The BET characterization of the catalyst showed that the pore diameters of the CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst of physical mixing and wet impregnation were 2,14 nm and 5,24 nm, respectively. Furthermore, FTIR characterization showed the upgrading product of coconut shell bio-oil dominated by aromatic compounds, phenols, and alcohols. Based on the GC-MS characterization, the CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst of physical mixing gave an optimal performance where the highest BTX yield was obtained at 45.85%. This research was expected to provide alternative solutions to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.