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"Hardiness adalah keberanian dan motivasi yang dimiliki seseorang untuk bisa menghadapi stressor yang ada. Selain menghadapi masalah oleh diri sendiri, seseorang juga membutuhkan dukungan dari orang terdekatnya. Dukungan sosial adalah sebuah umpan balik yang didapatkan dari individu atau kelompok ketika menghadapi masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan sosial dengan hardiness pada transvestites. Transvestites adalah seseorang yang menggunakan pakaian dari jenis kelamin berbeda hanya untuk sebuah kepuasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan teknik non probability sampling yaitu menggunakan quota sampling dengan jumlah sampel yang diteliti adalah sebanyak 104 orang. Hasil penelitian didapatkan adanya hubungan dukungan sosial dengan hardiness pada transvestites dibuktikan dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,024 yang bermakna pada 95% CI p<0,05. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan antara karakteristik seperti usia dan pekerjaan dengan hardiness dengan nilai p value masing-masing 0,004 dan 0.

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Hardiness is the courage and motivation a person has to be able facing the stressors. Beside the problems they faced, someone need to be supported by their significant others. Social support is a feedback obtained from individuals or groups when faced with problems. This study aims to determine the relationship between social support and hardiness on transvestites. Transvestites are people who use the appearance of their opposite sex to get satisfaction. This cross sectional research used 104 non-probability quota sampling with the result showed an association between the hardiness and social support on transvestites (p=0.024; 95% CI p <0.05). In addition, there are also relations between their age (p= 0,004) and work (p= 0,003) with hardiness."

"Waria memiliki ciri khas yang berbeda dari transgender dan kelompok gender dalam LGBTQ, yakni individu dengan tubuh teridentifikasikan berjenis kelamin laki-laki namun berperilaku dan berpenampilan feminin seperti wanita, serta menolak melakukan perubahan atau pergantian jenis kelamin biologis. Namun identitas tersebut justru menimbulkan problematika yang tidak berkesudahan karena perlakuan diskriminasi dari keluarga, institusi pemerintah termasuk masyarakat mayoritas agama Islam memegang teguh prinsip konstruksi identitas heteronormative berdasarkan dua jenis kelamin, yakni pria dengan gender maskulinitasnya dan wanita dengan gender feminitasnya. Dengan menggunakan paradigma konstruktivisme, dan metode penelitian kualitatif konstruksivis berdasarkan pendekatan konstruksi sosial, penelitian ini memberikan penjelasan perihal konstruksi identitas waria yang dialami dua informan asal Garut dan Tasikmalaya, dua wilayah di provinsi Jawa Barat dengan jumlah pondok pesantren terbanyak se-Indonesia. Analisis penelitian menemukan, individu waria yang berasal dari keluarga santri meyakini identitas sebagai waria setelah mendapat informasi dari luar institusi keluarga, agama dan pendidikan, serta mempertahankan identitas waria sebagai hasil dari dialektika eksternalisasi, objektivasi dan internalisasi yang menghasilkan realitas subjektif dengan menolak melakukan perubahan bentuk fisik dan jenis kelamin atas pengaruh terbesar dari realitas objektif yang dikonstruksikan oleh institusi keluarga dan institusi agama. Ajaran agama dan Anggota keluarga yang melakukan penolakan identitas ternyata memiliki peran dominan atas karakter keyakinan mempertahankan identitas waria.

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Waria (Transvestites) have different characteristics from transgender and gender groups in LGBTQ, namely individuals whose bodies are identified as male but behave and look feminine like women and refuse to change or change their biological sex. However, this identity creates endless problems because of discrimination from families, government institutions, including the Muslim majority community, upholding the principle of constructing heteronormative identities based on two sexes, namely men with masculinity and women with femininity. Using a constructivist paradigm, and a constructivist qualitative research method based on a social construction approach, this research provides an explanation of the construction of transvestites’ identity experienced by two informants from Garut and Tasikmalaya, two areas in West Java province with the largest number of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia. The research analysis found that transvestites individuals who come from santri families believe in identity as transvestites after receiving information from outside family, religious and educational institutions, and maintain a transvestites identity as a result of dialectics of externalization, objectivation and internalization which produces subjective reality by refusing to change physical form and gender for the greatest influence of objective reality constructed by family and religious institutions. Religious teachings and family members who reject identity turn out to have a dominant role in the character of beliefs in maintaining transvestites’ identity. "

"Related Factors with Condom Using among Transvestites in DKI Jakarta in year 2000One way to determine the risk level of sexual behavior for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or HIV/AIDS is by measuring condom usage. Risky sexual behavior can be defined as sexual intercourse without consistent use of condoms.This research involves a survey to determine the level of condom usage among transvestites in 5 districts in Jakarta. The goal of this research is to explore factors relating to condom usage among transvestites in DKI Jakarta using cross sectional methodology research design. Data collection has been conducted over a 3 week period, and involved a sample of 138 transvestites, all of whom had sexual intercourse over the previous 2 weeks.The Dependent Variable is condom usage, while the Independent Variables are: 1) predisposing factors such as age, education, occupation, earnings, health knowledge (STD, HIV/AIDS and condom), previous sexual behavior, current sexual behavior, medication seeking behavior, reason for becoming a sex workers, excuses for always/not always wearing condoms; 2) access to condoms, source of information on HIV/AIDS and condoms; 3) perceptions regarding level of intimacy between transvestites and other persons.The research uses univariate and bivariate analysis. The result of the research shows that condom usage among transvestite is 15,2 % consistent and 84,8% inconsistent. From bivariate analysis, it has been found that a variable that has a significant relation with condom usage is the place where transvestites usually perform sexual intercourse. Other independent variables do not have a significant relationship with condom usage.Based on the result of this research, it is proposed that counseling programs be instigated to increase negotiation skills, and also to provide information to explain that the only effective method to prevent STDs and HIV/AIDS for transvestites engaged in high risk sexual behavior is condom usage. This is because transvestites have many sexual partners and they often engage in anal intercourse. NGOs involved in AIDS Prevention and condom manufacturers are expected to take active roles in delivering these messages."

"The Prediction of Condom Use among Transvestites Commercial Sex Workers (CSW) With Health Belief Model in West Jakarta 2002In preventing HIV/AIDS transmission, transvestites are an important group because they have high risk behavior to get HIV infection. Most transvestites are commercial sex workers (CSW) and have multiple sexual partners. Condom use at transvestite is lowest among high risk group. Condom use reduced enjoyment of sexual intercourse was biggest reason why they were not using condom, and they believed that they are not high risk group to get HIV infection.This study examines how the HBM contributes to the prediction of condom use as a public health behavior related to prevention of HIV. HBM theory focus on subjective perception such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier and perceived self-efficacy. This perception was influenced by sociodemography factor (age, education), sociopsychology (peer group support), and structural factor (knowledge about disease).Design of this study is cross sectional. Population is CSW transvestites and sampling studies is CSW transvestites in West Jakarta. The instrument of collection data is scala and questioner.The data indicate that proportion of condom use at CSW transvestites is still low (38,3 %). Multivariate analysis found that perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier and perceived self-efficacy positively associated with condom use. Perceived severity is the most powerful predictor (0R=93,4).It is recommended that AIDS education intervention targeting CSW focus simultaneously on giving information about benefit of condom use, skill of condom use correctly, evaluating of probable biomedical, financial, and social consequences of contracting HIV and having AIDS."

"Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS) termasuk infeksi HIV/AIDS merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia termasuk Indonesia. Menurut perkiraan WHO pada tahun 1999 di dunia terdapat 350 juta kasus baru seperti Sifilis, Gonore, Infeksi Chlamyda dan trikomoniasis. Sementara angka IMS di Indonesia sulit diketahui dengan pasti karena terbatasnya informasi yang ada. IMS diketahui dapat meningkatkan kepekaan terhadap infeksi HIV dan juga menyebabkan morbiditas yang tinggi. IMS banyak menyerang golongan masyarakat yang mempunyai perilaku seksual dengan banyak mitra seperti pekerja seks komersial dan diantaranya adalah waria.Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jakarta timur dengan mengambil lokasi di Kebon Singkong, Velbak dan Pejagalan pada bulan Juni - Agustus 2002. Pengumpulan data menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam atau indeph interview. Jumlah informan sebanyak 12 orang, sedangkan informan kunci sebanyak 6 orang yang terdiri dari pemilik warung, pemilik toko obat dan petugas kesehatan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai perilaku waria dalam mencari pengobatan pada saat menderita IMS.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan informan pada umumnya rendah terutama yang menyangkut penularan, pencegahan, jenis-jenis, gejala serta penyebabnya. Sikap yang ditunjukkan informan adalah negatif untuk penggunaan kondom, dan bersikap positif untuk mengobati sendiri dengan antibiotik yang tidak rasional, minum obat anti biotik secara teratur dan mencari pertolongan kesehatan kepada petugas kesehatan. Sumber utama informasi IMS dan HIV/AIDS adalah petugas kesehatan dan teman. Informan menganggap bahwa dirinya termasuk golongan yang rentan terhadap IMS dan juga mereka menganggap bahwa IMS adalah penyakit yang berbahaya. Kecuali biaya, maka waktu, jarak, perilaku petugas tidak menjadi hambatan informan dalam mencari pengobatan. Upaya mencari pengobatan IMS yang dilakukan dalam empat tahap yaitu mengobati dengan obat tradisional, minum obat-obatan antibiotik dengan dosis yang tidak rasional. Jika belum sembuh upaya lain yang ditempuh adalah mencari bantuan tenaga kesehatan modern baik yang swasta, pemerintah dan jika tidak ada perubahan akan kembali ke pengobatan tradisional.Beberapa saran yang dianjurkan penulis adalah perlunya penyuluhan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang IMS, pelatihan untuk menumbuhkan dan meningkatkan sikap dan perilaku yang positif terhadap upaya mencari pengobatan ke pelayanan kesehatan, perlunya pengembangan prorotipe media yang spesifik waria (transvestisme), membuat perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring, dan evaluasi secara terpadu dengan dana yang memadai, menyediakan kondom gratis dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

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The Attitude of Transvestites in Seeking Medication for Sexually Transmitted Infections in East Jakarta in 2002Sexually Transmitted Infections such as HIV/AIDS infections constitute the world's health problem including Indonesia. Based on WHO's estimation of 1999 there are currently 350 millions cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Trikomoniasis infections. The figures of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Indonesia are not definitely known due to limited available information. Sexually Transmitted Infections can increase sensitivity to HIV infection and also raise morbidity rate. Sexually Transmitted Infections mostly affect certain type of community who have frequent sexual relation with commercial sex workers including transvestites.

The research was carried out in three districts in Jakarta namely Kebon Kacang, Velbak and Pejagalan in June-August 2002. Qualitative approach was implemented in data collecting process through in-depth interview. The number of informants was 12 with six key informants consisting of food stall owners, drugstore keepers, and health officer.

The research was aimed at obtaining information on transvestite's attitude in seeking medication when suffering from Sexually Transmitted Infections.

The result of the research revealed a low level of knowledge on the part of the informants regarding transmission, prevention, types, symptoms and cause of disease.

The informants showed negative attitude towards the use of condoms, positive attitude for self-medication by using irrational antibiotic, regular antibiotic take in and seeking medical help from physicians. The main resource of information for Sexually Transmitted Infections and H1V/AIDS was health officers and friends. The informants viewed that they were vulnerable to Sexually Transmitted Infections and that Sexually Transmitted Infections were dangerous. The use of condoms as a means to prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections was relatively rare. Factor hindering the informants in utilizing health services among others was cost and factor encouraging them to use health services was peer group and counseling by health officers exposed by media. Attempt to seek medication were divide into stages namely medication with traditional medicine, taking antibiotic with irrational dose, seeking medical help from modem state or private physicians and traditional medication.

The writer emphasizes the need of counseling to enhance knowledge on Sexually Transmitted Infections, training to generate and boost positive behavior and attitude in seeking medication from health services, the necessity to develop specific media for transvestites, planning, implementation, integrated monitoring and evaluation with sufficient fund, providing free condoms within a certain period of time."