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"Almost three decades after the pioneering work of Esmara (1975), technology has not yet received enough attention as a determinant of regional disparities in Indonesia. This paper views technological transfer as the main driver of convergence in regional income. As suggested by the old and new growth theory, we found that technology plays a significant role in explaining cross-province differences in growth rates. We also found that government policies have a significant influence in promoting technological diffusion among the regions, and hence on rapid and sustainable regional economic growth."

"Globalisasi mempermudah perdagangan antar negara di seluruh dunia, tidak terkecuali ASEAN. Kawasan ini telah menjalin banyak kerja sama perdagangan baik antar sesamanya maupun dengan negara di luar Kawasan. Namun, proses yang sudah berlangsung lama ini mempunyai dampak ambigu terhadap kesejahteraan dan ketimpangan antar negara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan regresi two stage least square selama 22 tahun, penulis menemukan bahwa peningkatan perdagangan di antara negara di ASEAN dengan mitra dagang yang sudah meratifikasi perjanjian perdagangannya menurunkan perbedaan pendapatan per kapita di antaranya. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori pertumbuhan neoklasik Solow dimana pada jangka panjang, negara dengan pendapatan per kapita rendah akan menyusul negara berpendapatan per kapita tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan jarak geografis mempengaruhi intensitas perdagangan dan kesamaan bahasa sebagai proksi transfer teknologi mempercepat fenomena konvergensi ekonomi.

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Globalization ease trade between countries all over the world, including ASEAN. This region has established several trade agreements both locally and externally with many countries. However, this long process has an ambiguous impact on welfare and inequality between countries. Based on the research using two stage least square through 22 years, we can conclude that trade increase among ASEAN countries and its trading partners reduce income per capita gap between them. This is in line with Solow neoclassic growth theory, where in long run, countries with low per capita income catching up high per capita income countries. This research also shows that geographical distance affects trade intensity and common language as proxy of technological transfer enhance economic convergence process."