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Abstrak :
Psychotic disorders are the most severe form of mental illness. The family is the primary supporter of patients with psychosis; as such, the family is likely to experience stress when caring for psychotic patients and assisting in their recovery. Data analysis regarding stress within families could inform the types of support that family members receive. This study aimed to determine stress within families of psychotic patients in Garut, Indonesia. A descriptive study was carried out using a quantitative approach. The samples collected were of the families who visited an outpatient clinic in Garut. A purposive sample of 70 respondents using the Slovin formula (10%) was recruited. Data were collected using the 42 Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire, and univariate analysis was conducted. Results showed that 5.7% of the respondents experienced medium stress, 54.4% experienced mild stress, 41.4% did not experience stress, and only one person (1.4%) experienced severe stress. The findings suggest that families with psychotic patients experience stress. Further research is recommended to examine the factors and levels of stress within families of long-term acute psychotic patients.

Abstrak :
Individu dalam populasi umum yang pernah mengalami gejala psikotik psychotic-like experience memiliki risiko lebih besar untuk mengembangkan berbagai gangguan klinis seperti gangguan psikotik maupun gangguan psikologis berat lain di masamendatang. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan langkah preventif untuk mencegah berkembangnya gangguan pada individu normal. Berbagai penelitian terdahulu telah menggunakan berbagai alat tes skrining dalam upaya mengidetifikasi kelompok-kelompok berisiko, salah satunya adalah kelompok remaja. Akan tetapi, validitas dari alat tes skrining yang ada dan digunakan belum banyak diuji. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian longitudinal berbasis sekolah yang telah dimulai sejak awal tahun 2017. Dalam penelitian tahap awal telah diperoleh data mengenai fenomena psychotic-like experience dengan menggunakan alat tes skrining Psychotic-Like Experiences PLEs di 5 sekolah di Jakarta. Pada tahap kedua yang saat ini dilaksanakan, peneliti melibatkan 40 orang siswa yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling berdasarkan hasil temuan penelitian tahap awal. 40 orang siswa dilibatkan dalam wawancara diagnostik dengan panduan yang diadaptasi dari The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IVAxis I Disorders SCID-IV untuk dijadikan dasar acuan pembanding hasil diagnosis gold standard dari alat tes skrining PLEs. Validitas alat tes skrining diuji dengan melakukan perhitungan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, predictive values, likelihood ratios, beserta nilai cut-off optimum dari alat skrining tes dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis Cross-tabulation dan analisis Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC Curve. Berdasarkan analisis Area Under the ROC Curvediketahui bahwa alat tes skrining PLEs memiliki sensitivitas 75 dan spesifisitas 87.5 yang baik untuk membedakan individu dengan atau tanpa gejala psikotik. Alattes skrining PLEs juga telah memiliki nilai cut-off yang optimum yaitu sebesar 1 gejala.Terdapat perbedaan cakupan gejala antara alat tes skrining PLEs dan panduanwawancara SCID-IV yang dapat turut mempengaruhi hasil penelitian. Adaptasi lebih lanjut dengan menambah cakupan gejala dirasa dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas dari alattes skrining PLEs di masa mendatang. ......Individuals from general population who ever experienced psychotic like experience areat more risk to develop psychotic disorder or other psychological disorders in the future.Therefore, any prevention action is needed to prevent the development of any seriousdisorder in individuals from general population. Previous research had used variousscreening instruments for psychotic experience to identify at risk groups one of them isadolescents. Unfortunately the validity of these screening instruments has not yet beentested. This is a longitudinal school based study which has been conducted since theearly 2017. In the first study, we use the Psychotic Like Experiences PLEs questionnaire to identify at risk individuals from 5 high schools in Jakarta. In this study second study , 40 students are selected by using purposive sampling technique based on the result of our first study. These 40 students then interviewed using The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders SCID IV to provide the gold standardbases for measuring PLEs questionnaire validity. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and optimum cut off score were analyzed by using the Crosstabulation and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC Curve analysis. Based on the analysis, we found that the sensitivity 75 and specificity 87.5 ofPsychotic Like Experiences PLEs questionnaire is good enough to differentiate individuals with or without psychotic experience. The cut off score of PLEs questionnaire is also found to be optimum ge 1 symptom to identify at risk individuals. There are differences in the number of symptoms covered by PLEs questionnaire andSCID IV, which is assumed to affect this study result. Further adaptation by addingmore symptoms covered by PLEs questionnaire are believed to increase its sensitivity infuture studies.

Abstrak :
Pengalaman-menyerupai-psikotik (Psychotic-like experience/PLE) merupakan pengalaman serupa halusinasi/delusi, bersifat non – klinis, dan cukup umum ditemui pada populasi sehat. PLE muncul sebagai hasil dari interaksi aspek kognitif dan aspek emosi yang diketahui berfluktuasi secara cepat. Namun, penelitian longitudinal terdahulu kurang dapat menangkap fluktuasi tersebut karena jeda waktu antar pengukuran yang panjang. Selain itu, belum banyak penelitian mengenai mekanisme terbentuknya PLE pada kelompok dengan kerentanan biopsikososial tinggi. Penelitian ini akan menguji peran afek negatif sebagai mediator atas pengaruh skema negatif-mengenai-diri terhadap PLE pada anggota keluarga pasien psikosis. Sebanyak 36 individu berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan data secara Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Pada hari pertama, pengukuran mencakup gejala depresi (PHQ – 9), kecemasan (GAD – 7), dan psikotik (CAPE – 42). Pada hari kedua sampai kelima belas dilakukan pengukuran skema negatif (BCSS), afek negatif (Momentary Affect Scale), dan PLE (Index of PLE). Data harian dianalisis dengan Multilevel Mediation Modeling. Skema negatif-mengenai-diri ditemukan memprediksi PLE, b = 0,378, p < 0,001, dan afek negatif memediasi secara parsial hubungan kedua variabel tersebut, b = 0,401, 95% CI [0,2501; 0,5714]. Fluktuasi harian dari skema yang disertai dengan keberadaan afek negatif akan mendorong interpretasi maladaptif atas pengalaman sehari – hari, sehingga memicu PLE, yang pada keluarga pasien dapat dijelaskan melalui tingginya behavioral sensitization. ......Psychotic-like experience (PLE) is hallucination/delusion – like experiences, nonclinical, and quite common in healthy normal population. PLE is shaped by the interplay of cognitive and emotional aspects which are found to be fluctuated in daily life. However, most of the longitudinal studies have yet to capture the dynamic, due to the longer time gap between measurements. Studies in higher-than-average genetic risk-group were also still limited. This study examines the role of negative affect as a mediator to the effect of negative-self schema on PLE in first-degree relatives of psychotic patients. Data was collected from 36 individuals using Experience Sampling Method (ESM). On the first day, depression (PHQ – 9), anxiety (GAD – 7), and psychotic symptoms (CAPE – 42) were measured. On day two until fifteen, daily measurements on negative-self schema (BCSS), negative affect (Momentary Affect Scale), and PLE (Index of PLE) were completed twice a day. Multilevel Mediation Modeling was performed to analyze the data. Negative-self schema was found to predict PLE, b = 0,378, p < 0,001, and this effect was partially mediated by negative affect, b = 0,401, 95% CI [0,2501; 0,5714]. Day-to-day fluctuation of negative-self schema accompany by negative affect would induce maladaptive interpretation which then result in the PLE symptoms. In first-degree relatives, vulnerability to PLE could be explained by behavioral sensitization.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pada remaja, Psychotic-like experience memiliki asosiasi dengan internalizing problems. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan Psychotic-like experience dengan internalizing problems. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan alat ukur Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) untuk mengukur internalizing problems. Psychotic-like Experiences (PLE) digunakan untuk mengukur kecenderungan psikotik. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah remaja berusia 11-16 tahun yang tinggal di daerah rural di Karawang, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara Psychotic-like experience dengan internalizing problems. Sebanyak 7% partisipan (n= 270) memiliki Psychotic-like experience. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap Psychotic-like experience.

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ABSTRACT
Psychotic-like experiences have been found to have association with internalizing problems among adolescents. This research aim to investigate the correlation between psychotic-like experiences with internalizing problems. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to examine internalizing problems. Psychotic-like Experiences (PLE) was used to examine psychotic tendencies. A total 270 adolescents (aged between 11-16 years old) who lives in rural area in Karawang participated in this research. In our study, 7% participants reported having more than two symptoms of PLE. The result showed that there is no significant correlation between psychotic-like experiences with internalizing problems. Further investigation are needed to examine which factor that give contribution to PLE.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Bagi orang dengan penyakit kronis seperti epilepsi, dimana kesembuhan sulit dicapai dan pengobatan memakan waktu lama, kualitas hidup menjadi salah satu tujuan utama. Tujuan: Untuk mendapatkan rerata skor kualitas hidup serta faktor-faktor demografik dan medik yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penderita epilepsi. Metodologi: Penelitian potong lintang deskriptif menggunakan instrumen Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE)-31 untuk menilai kualitas hidup 145 penderita epilepsi yang berobat jalan di Poliklinik Epilepsi RSCM. Sampel diambil secara konsekutif sejak Agustus 2005-Desember 2005. Dilakukan deskripsi demografi dan medik, serta analisis bivariate, multivariate untuk menentukan faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan skor total QOLIE maupun skor masing-masing komponen QOLIE (kekhawatiran akan serangan, kualitas secara umum, kesejahteraan emosional, energilfatigue, fungsi kognitif, efek obat, fungsi sosial). Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan rerata skor total QOLIE 67.62 ± 14.55. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi (p< 0.05) rendahnya skor total QOLIE-31 adalah tingkat pendidikan, frekuensi serangan dan jenis pengobatan. Tingkat pendidikan berhubungan kuat dengan kekhawatiran akan serangan; frekuensi serangan dengan kekhawatiran akan serangan dan fungsi sosial; jenis pengobatan dengan fungsi kognitif dan efek obat. Simpulan: Tingkat pendidikan rendah, frekuensi serangan yang sering dan jenis pengobatan politerapi berhubungan kuat dengan rendahnya kualitas hidup.

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Background: For persons with a chronic disease such as epilepsy, where a cure is not attainable and therapy may be prolonged, quality of life (QoL) has come to be seen is an important goal. Objective: is determine mean scores of QoL, demographic and clinical factors that influence the epileptic patient?s QoL. Method: Cross-sectional study using QOLIE-31 instrument to determine the quality of life of 145 ambulatory epileptic patients at Epileptic Clinic of Department of Neurology-Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital. Samples were taken consecutively from August 2005 to December 2005. Clinical and demographic data were collected Bivariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine which factors influenced QOLIE-3 either the total scores or the scores from each component of the QOLIE-31 (seizure worry, overall quality of life, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue, cognitive function, medication effect and social function). Result: The mean total score of QOLIE-31 was 67.62 t 14.55. The variables that were most strongly predicted (p

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Layanan primer memiliki peran utama dalam mendeteksi adanya gangguan jiwa berat. Deteksi dini dan penatalaksanaan yang baik di tingkat pelayanan primer akan berdampak terhadap luaran orang dengan gangguan jiwa berat. Untuk meningkatkan penatalaksanaan gangguan jiwa berat di layanan primer, Kemenkes RI menyadur pedoman dari WHO tentang penanganan gangguan jiwa, neurologis, dan penyalahgunaan obat-obatan di layanan non spesialistik ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, salah satunya adalah dengan dibuatnya modul lsquo;Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Gangguan Psikotik rdquo;. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai efektivitas modul Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Gangguan Psikotik dengan Modifikasi terhadap pengetahuan dokter untuk mengidentifikasi gejala psikotik, menegakkan diagnosis, dan memberikan tatalaksana psikofarmaka dan nonpsikofarmaka pada pasien psikotik di layanan primer. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian dengan desain Quasi Experiment Pre-PosTest. Hasil: Sampel penelitian terbagi kelompok intervensi 17 subyek dan kelompok kontrol 20 subyek. Kelompok intervensi mendapatkan pelatihan modul Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Gangguan Psikotik dengan Modifikasi. Peningkatan pengetahuan pada kedua kelompok intervensi dan kontrol secara keseluruhan dengan p=0,402, domain gejala p=0,630, domain diagnosis p=0,117, domain farmakologi p=0,2014, dan domain nonfarmakologi p=0,815. Kesimpulan:Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara peningkatan pengetahuan pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.Kata Kunci: Efektivitas Pelatihan, Modul Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Gangguan Psikotik, Pengetahuan Dokter Puskesmas.

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ABSTRACT Background Primary services have a major role in detecting serious mental disorders. Early detection and good management at the primary care level will have an impact on the outcomes of people with severe mental disorders. To improve the management of severe mental disorders in primary care, RI Health Ministry adopted WHO guidelines on the handling of psychiatric, neurological, and drug abuse in non specialist services into the Indonesian language, one of which is the creation of Diagnosis and Management of Psychotic Disorders Module. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Diagnosis and Management of Psychotic Disorders with Modification Module to physician knowledge to identify psychotic symptoms, diagnose, and administer psychopharmaceutical and nonpsychopharmaca management in psychotic patients in primary care. Research Methods This research used research type of Quasi Experiment Design Pre Post Test. Results The sample was divided into 17 subjects in the intervention group and 20 subjects in the control group. The training used Diagnosis and Management of Psychotic Disorders with Modification Module. Increased overall knowledge in the intervention group and in control group with p 0.402, symptom domain with p 0.630, diagnosis domain with p 0.117, pharmacological domain with p 0.2014, and nonpharmacological domain with p 0,815. Conclusion There was no significant difference between increased knowledge in the intervention group over the control group. Keywords Training Effectiveness, Module of Diagnosis and Management of Psychotic Disorder, Knowledge of Primary Care Doctor.

Abstrak :
This volume will try to put current therapy, achievements, shortcomings, remaining medical needs and emerging new targets into the context of increasing knowledge regarding the genetic and neurodevelopmental contributions to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Some of the chapters will also deal with respective experimental and clinical methodology, biomarkers, and translational aspects of drug development. Non-schizophrenia indications will be covered to some extent, but not exhaustively.