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Abstrak :
Propolis dan tea tree oil mempunyai efek antibakteri dan antiinflamasi Tujuan Mengetahui efektivitas pasta gigi kombinasi propolis tea tree oil dan sodium monofluorophospate terhadap plak dan gingivitis Metode Randomize Clinical Trial selama tujuh hari dengan dua puluh orang subjek uji dan dua puluh orang subjek kontrol Pengukuran skor indeks plak PI dan indeks perdarahan papila PBI pada hari ke 0 dan ke 7 Hasil Penurunan rata rata skor PI 0 53 menjadi 0 27 dan skor PBI 0 55 menjadi 0 11 yang bermakna p

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Propolis and tea tree oil have antibacterial and anti inflammatory effects Objectives To know effectiveness of propolis tea tree oil and sodium monofluorophospate combination toothpaste towards plaque and gingivitis Methods Randomize Clinical Trial for seven days with twenty test subjects and twenty control subjects Measurement of plaque index PI and papillary bleeding index PBI on day 0 and day 7 Results Significant differences p

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ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan Riskesdas tahun 2013 proporsi anak kelompok usia 1-4 tahun yang memiliki permasalahan gigi dan mulut gigi yaitu 10,4% dan proporsi anak kelompok usia 5-9 tahun yang memiliki permasalahan gigi dan mulut gigi yaitu 28.9%. Penyakit yang paling sering terjadi adalah karies gigi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pencegahan terhadap faktor risiko karies gigi. Tujuan : Mengetahui perubahan pH plak, pH saliva, dan kapasitas buffer saliva sebelum dan sesudah berkumur susu pada murid tk al-quran wattalim cipinang besar utara. Metode: Desain studi adalah eksperimental. Subjek penelitian adalah  37 murid TK  yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. 37 murid TK dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, kelompok perlakuan 1 berkumur susu dan menyikat gigi setiap hari di sekolah sebanyak 20 murid, sedangkan kelompok perlakuan 2 menyikat gigi setiap hari di sekolah sebanyak 17 murid. Seluruh guru diberikan edukasi mengenai cara memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak kemudian mengajarkannya kepada murid. Status kesehatan dan kebersihan gigi dan mulut murid dinilai menggunakan indeks dmf-t, pH plak, pH saliva, dan kapasitas buffer. Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan sesudah 21 hari untuk menilai  pH plak, pH saliva, dan kapasitas buffer Hasil : Terdapat peningkatan pH plak secara bermakna (p=0.001), peningkatan pH saliva secara bermakna (p=0.033), peningkatan kapasitas buffer secara bermakna (p=0.004). Kesimpulan : Adanya perubahan pH plak, pH saliva, dan kapasitas buffer saliva sesudah  berkumur susu yaitu peningkatan yang bermakna pH plak, pH saliva, dan kapasitas buffer.

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[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Angka kejadian akut kardiovaskular diperkirakan akan semakin meningkat. Pasien dengan Angina APS dapat berkembang menjadi Sindroma Koroner Akut (SKA). Konsep proses inflamasi dan stress oksidatif berperan terhadap patogenesis atherosklerosis. Radikal bebas seperti reactive oxygen atau nitrogen species, dan HOCL (hypochlorous acid) dapat mengakibatkan kerapuhan plak. HOCL merupakan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) kuat yang menyebabkan ketidakstabilan plak sehingga mudah ruptur. Plak yang mudah ruptur disebut plak vulnerable. HOCL adalah substrat yang dihasilkan oleh myeloperoxidase (MPO). Studi histopatologi plak vulnerablemenilai ukuran pusat nekrotik adalah prediktor kuat terjadinya ruptur plak (OR 0.35; P <0.05), dan (OR 2.0; P <0.02).CT angiografi koroner adalah suatu modalitas pencitraan non invasif yang mampu memvisualisasi morfologi plak vulnerable salah satunya dengan mengidentifikasi adanya Napkin Ring Sign (NRS). NRS sangat spesifik untuk menilai pusat nekrotik. Studi ini bertujuan melihat hubungan MPO dengan plak vulnerableyang dinilai dengan Napkin Ring Sign pada pasien angina pektoris stabil. Metode. Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang yang dilakukan di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita dari periode Juni ? November 2014. Studi dilakukan pada 41 subyek, pada pasien dengan angina pektoris stabil, jumlah laki ? laki sebanyak 32 orang ( 78%) dan perempuan 9 orang (22%), Pengambilan sampel secara konsekutif. Pengukuran kadar MPO dilakukan dengan menggunakan colorimetri assay. Pemeriksaan CT angiografi koroner dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi NRS.Analisa statistik untuk mencari hubungan antara kadar MPO dengan plak vulnerable yang ditandai dengan NRSpada pemeriksaan CT angiografi koroner. Hasil.Kadar MPO (nmol) pada pasien dengan positif NRS lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang negatif 124,371 + 15,324 vs 105,206 + 18,335, aktivitas MPO (milliunit/mL) 829,136 + 102,157 vs701,371 + 122,235. Analisa bivariat erdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar MPO dengan NRS p 0,002, IK 95%2.3,0 - 39,9. Dari multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan kadar MPO > 117,2 (median), memiliki OR 9,6 (IK 95% 2,3 -39) dengan p 0,002. Setelah dilakukan penyesuaian dengan faktor resiko, pada analisa multivariat regresi logistik, didapatkan OR 20,3 (IK 95% 3,1-31,7) dengan p 0,002. Kesimpulan. Kadar MPO memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan plak vulnerable yang ditandai dengan temuan NRS pada CT angiografi koroner pada pasien dengan APS. Kata kunci : atherosklerosis, plak vulnerable, myeloperoxidase, napkin ring sign.

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ABSTRACT
Background.Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD) is still the major health problem in worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process where oxidative damage play a role in atherosclerosis. Overexpression of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS) could be detrimental and weaken the plaque. This type of plaque is often referred to as vulnerable plaque. Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, and HOCL (hypochlorous acid) responsible for plaque vulnerability leading to Acute Coronary Syndrome. HOCL is a substrat of Myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO is a member of the heme peroxidase superfamily, generates reactive oxidants contributes to plaque vulnerability. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive modality which able to identify morphology of vulnerable plaque. Napkin- Ring Sign (NRS) has been associated with high-risk plaques in several studies. Methods. A cross sectional study in 41 patients stable angina pectoris was done.The subjects was taken blood sample and underwent CCTA to evaluate NRS in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita from June to November 2014. Statistical analysis is done to explore the association between MPO and vulnerable plaque marked with NRS in stable angina pectoris. Results. There was association between MPO level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign, p value 0,002 , CI 95%2.3,0 - 39.9. Level of MPO is higher in positif NRS vs non NRS (nmol) 124,371 + 15,324 vs 105,206 + 18,335, activity of MPO (milliunit/mL) 829,136 + 102,157 vs701,371 + 122,235. Logistic regression analysis showed level of MPO ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 9,6 (CI95% 2,3 -39) p value0,002. After adjustment with confounding factor MPO level ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 20,3 (IK 95% 3,1-31,7) , p value 0,002. Conclusion.There was association between Myeloperoxidase level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign;Background.Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD) is still the major health problem in worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process where oxidative damage play a role in atherosclerosis. Overexpression of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS) could be detrimental and weaken the plaque. This type of plaque is often referred to as vulnerable plaque. Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, and HOCL (hypochlorous acid) responsible for plaque vulnerability leading to Acute Coronary Syndrome. HOCL is a substrat of Myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO is a member of the heme peroxidase superfamily, generates reactive oxidants contributes to plaque vulnerability. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive modality which able to identify morphology of vulnerable plaque. Napkin- Ring Sign (NRS) has been associated with high-risk plaques in several studies. Methods. A cross sectional study in 41 patients stable angina pectoris was done.The subjects was taken blood sample and underwent CCTA to evaluate NRS in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita from June to November 2014. Statistical analysis is done to explore the association between MPO and vulnerable plaque marked with NRS in stable angina pectoris. Results. There was association between MPO level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign, p value 0,002 , CI 95%2.3,0 - 39.9. Level of MPO is higher in positif NRS vs non NRS (nmol) 124,371 + 15,324 vs 105,206 + 18,335, activity of MPO (milliunit/mL) 829,136 + 102,157 vs701,371 + 122,235. Logistic regression analysis showed level of MPO ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 9,6 (CI95% 2,3 -39) p value0,002. After adjustment with confounding factor MPO level ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 20,3 (IK 95% 3,1-31,7) , p value 0,002. Conclusion.There was association between Myeloperoxidase level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign, Background.Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD) is still the major health problem in worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process where oxidative damage play a role in atherosclerosis. Overexpression of Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS) could be detrimental and weaken the plaque. This type of plaque is often referred to as vulnerable plaque. Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, and HOCL (hypochlorous acid) responsible for plaque vulnerability leading to Acute Coronary Syndrome. HOCL is a substrat of Myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO is a member of the heme peroxidase superfamily, generates reactive oxidants contributes to plaque vulnerability. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive modality which able to identify morphology of vulnerable plaque. Napkin- Ring Sign (NRS) has been associated with high-risk plaques in several studies. Methods. A cross sectional study in 41 patients stable angina pectoris was done.The subjects was taken blood sample and underwent CCTA to evaluate NRS in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita from June to November 2014. Statistical analysis is done to explore the association between MPO and vulnerable plaque marked with NRS in stable angina pectoris. Results. There was association between MPO level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign, p value 0,002 , CI 95%2.3,0 - 39.9. Level of MPO is higher in positif NRS vs non NRS (nmol) 124,371 + 15,324 vs 105,206 + 18,335, activity of MPO (milliunit/mL) 829,136 + 102,157 vs701,371 + 122,235. Logistic regression analysis showed level of MPO ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 9,6 (CI95% 2,3 -39) p value0,002. After adjustment with confounding factor MPO level ≥ 117,2 nmol (median), OR 20,3 (IK 95% 3,1-31,7) , p value 0,002. Conclusion.There was association between Myeloperoxidase level with vulnerable plaque marked with Napkin Ring Sign]

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Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan perilaku menyikat gigi pada anak usia 10-11 tahun setelah mendapatkan pendidikan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan dan tanpa metode teach-back. Metode : studi analitik komparatif yang dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner perilaku (pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan), pemeriksaan indeks plak, dan observasi keterampilan menyikat gigi pada anak usia 10 ? 11 tahun di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kukusan. Hasil : Pada minggu ketiga, terjadi peningkatan skor pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan, penurunan indeks plak, dan peningkatan keterampilan menyikat gigi yang bermakna pada kelompok intervensi. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol, peningkatan bermakna hanya pada domain sikap. Perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok ini hanya pada perubahan indeks plak. Kesimpulan : tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada perilaku antara kelompok yang diberikan pendidikan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan dan tanpa metode teach-back ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the differences in tooth brushing behavior in children aged 10-11 years after getting dental health education with and without the teach-back method. Methods: comparative analytical studies conducted by behavioral questionnaires (knowledge, attitudes and actions), examination of plaque index, tooth brushing and observation skills in children aged 10-11 years old at the State Elementary School Kukusan. Results: In the third week, there are significant difference in improvement score of knowledge, attitude, action, reduction in plaque index, and tooth brushing skills in the intervention group. Whereas in the control group, increased significantly only in the domain of attitude. Significant differences between the two groups is only on plaque index changes. Conclusion: No significant difference in behavior between the group given dental health education with and without the teach-back method.;Objective: To determine the differences in tooth brushing behavior in children aged 10-11 years after getting dental health education with and without the teach-back method. Methods: comparative analytical studies conducted by behavioral questionnaires (knowledge, attitudes and actions), examination of plaque index, tooth brushing and observation skills in children aged 10-11 years old at the State Elementary School Kukusan. Results: In the third week, there are significant difference in improvement score of knowledge, attitude, action, reduction in plaque index, and tooth brushing skills in the intervention group. Whereas in the control group, increased significantly only in the domain of attitude. Significant differences between the two groups is only on plaque index changes. Conclusion: No significant difference in behavior between the group given dental health education with and without the teach-back method., Objective: To determine the differences in tooth brushing behavior in children aged 10-11 years after getting dental health education with and without the teach-back method. Methods: comparative analytical studies conducted by behavioral questionnaires (knowledge, attitudes and actions), examination of plaque index, tooth brushing and observation skills in children aged 10-11 years old at the State Elementary School Kukusan. Results: In the third week, there are significant difference in improvement score of knowledge, attitude, action, reduction in plaque index, and tooth brushing skills in the intervention group. Whereas in the control group, increased significantly only in the domain of attitude. Significant differences between the two groups is only on plaque index changes. Conclusion: No significant difference in behavior between the group given dental health education with and without the teach-back method.]

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Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan RISKESDAS 2013 sebanyak 28,9 anak kelompok usia 5-9 tahun yang memiliki masalah gigi, hanya 35,1 yang menerima perawatan. Penyakit gigi dan mulut yang paling sering terjadi adalah karies gigi, sehingga butuh bahan yang dapat berfungsi sebagai perawatan karies gigi anak yang mudah diaplikasikan dan terjangkau. Tujuan: Diketahuinya perbandingan aktivitas karies dentin sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi propolis fluoride serta hubungannya dengan indeks plak. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi eksperimental tanpa randomisasi menggunakan data sekunder dengan metode pengambilan sampel convenience sampling. Sebanyak 183 subjek yang memiliki karies dentin dilakukan pengolesan propolis fluoride dan pemeriksaan indeks plak. Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah 1 bulan. Hasil: terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai median karies dentin aktif sebelum 4 permukaan/anak dan setelah 1 bulan 1 permukaan/anak diaplikasikan Propolis Fluoride. Secara statistik terdapat korelasi berpola negatif yang signifikan p=0,015 dan r=-0,177 antara indeks plak dengan persentase karies terhenti. Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara aktivitas karies dentin sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi propolis fluoride serta terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dengan indeks plak.

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ABSTRACT
Background According to Basic Health Research from 28,9 children aged 5 9 who had dental problems, only 35,1 children received treatment. Dental caries is the most prevalent dental problem, therefore treatment of dental caries that are easy to apply and affordable is needed. Objective The purpose of the study was to determine the comparison of dentine caries activity before and after propolis fluoride application and the correlation with plaque index. Method Design of the study was experimental study nonrandom using secondary data with convenience sampling method. A total of 183 subjects whose teeth have active dentine caries were smeared by propolis fluoride and plaque index were examined. Follow up examination were carried out after 1 month. Results There was a significant difference between the median value of active dentine caries before 4 surfaces children and after 1 month 1 surface children applicated by propolis fluoride. Statistically, there was a significant negative correlation p 0,015 and r 0,177 between plaque index with arrested dentine caries percentage. Conclusion There was a significant difference between dentine caries activity before and after propolis fluoride application and there was a significant correlation with plaque index.Keywords dentine caries plaque index propolis fluoride.

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Latar Belakang: Menuruthasil Riskesdas, prevalensi masalah gigi dan mulut anak usia7-9 tahun meningkat dari 21,6% pada tahun 2007 menjadi 28,9% pada tahun 2013. Dalam usaha mencegah karies gigi anak, peran guru dan orangtua (ibu) sangat penting sehingga diperlukan pendidikan kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Selain itu, kegiatan sikat gigi bersama juga dapat dilakukan dalam upaya mencegah karies dengan menghilangkan plak gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pendidikankesehatan gigi dan mulutkepada guru dan orangtua (ibu) terhadap program menyikat gigi 16 permukaan pada anak usia 7-9 tahun. Metode: Kuasi eksperimenta ldengan desain nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest. Responden adalah 20 guru dan 66 ibu sebagai kelompok intervensi, kelompok kontrol adalah 10 guru dan 54 ibu. Seluruh responden diberikan edukasi mengenai cara menjaga dan memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak lalu memberikannya kepada anak. Pengambilan data pengetahuan dan sikap guru dan ibu melalui pengisian kuesioner pretest dan posttest.Kepada 66 anak dalam kelompok intervensi diberikan program menyikat gigi, sedangkan 54 anak pada kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan edukasi oleh guru dan orangtua (ibu). Evaluasi pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah 1 bulan untuk menilai indeks plak gigi anak. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut guru dengan persentase 16.7%,sikap kesehatan gigi dan mulut guru 20%, pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut ibu 16.7%, sikap kesehatan gigi dan mulut ibu 20%dan penurunan indeks plak anak 47%. Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan gigi dan mulut kepada guru dan orangtua (ibu) disertai program menyikat 16 permukaan terhadap penurunan indeks plak gigi pada anak usia 7-9 tahun.

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Latar Belakang: Gingivitis merupakan penyakit periodontal dengan prevalensi paling tinggi di Indonesia. Penyebab utama terjadinya gingivitis adalah akumulasi plak dan tingkat kebersihan rongga mulut yang rendah. Manifestasi klinis gingivitis dapat berupa eritema, edema, perdarahan, dan ulserasi pada gingiva tanpa disertai adanya kehilangan perlekatan periodontal. Secara mikroskopis, ditemukan perubahan flora normal dan infeksi bakteri nonspesifik pada gingivitis. Kerusakan jaringan pada gingivitis bersifat reversibledengan adanya penghilangan plak dan peningkatan kebersihan rongga mulut. Mekanisme penghilangan plak dapat dilakukan secara mekanis dan kimiawi. Cara mekanis seperti scalingdan menyikat gigi merupakan metode utama penghilangan plak. Metode kimiawi seperti penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung bahan aktif merupakan terapi tambahan yang efektif, terutama dalam membersihkan area di rongga mulut yang tidak terjangkau oleh pembersihan secara mekanis. Propolis merupakan salah satu bahan alami di bidang kesehatan yang memiliki sifat antiplak dan antibakteri. Obat kumur propolis dinilai memberikan efek terhadap plak dan gingivitis secara klinis serta jumlah koloni bakteri nonspesifik pada plak. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek obat kumur yang mengandung propolis terhadap plak dan gingivitis secara klinisserta jumlah koloni bakteri nonspesifik pada plak. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode eksperimental klinis. Sebanyak 20 orang sukarelawan gingivitis berusia 18-30 tahun berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok uji dan kelompok kontrol dengan pembagian 10 orang kelompok uji berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis dan 10 orang kelompok kontrol berkumur dengan obat kumur tanpa bahan aktif. Pada awal penelitian, dilakukan scaling, penyuluhan, pengukuran awal PI dan PBI, serta pengambilan sampel plak untuk penghitungan jumlah koloni bakteri. Setelah berkumur selama 14 hari, dilakukan kembali pengukuran PI dan PBI serta pengambilan sampel plak untuk penghitungan jumlah koloni bakteri. Hasil: Hasil penilaian statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna rata-rata penurunan PBI antara kelompok uji dan kelompok kontrol. (sig< 0,05 , selisih R_PBI= 0.3724). Rata-rata penurunan PI kelompok uji lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (selisih R_PI= 0.3665), begitu juga dengan rata-rata penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri aerob dan anaerob (selisih R_Aerob = 90.6 , selisih R_Anaerob= 40) walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik (sig> 0,05). Kesimpulan: Berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis efektif terhadap perdarahan papilla dibandingkan dengan berkumur dengan obat kumur tanpa aktif. Berkumur dengan obat kumur propolis dapat menurunkan rata-rata PI serta rata-rata jumlah koloni bakteri aerob dan anaerob pada plak, walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Kata kunci: Gingivitis, propolis, obat kumur, bakteri nonspesifik pada plak

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Background: Gingivitis has the highest prevalence among the other periodontal diseases in Indonesia. The main causes of gingivitis are dental plaque accumulation and low oral hygiene level in patients. Clinically, gingivitis could appear as edema, bleeding, and ulceration without any loss of attachment. There are shifting of normal floras and certain periodontal pathogens found in gingivitis microscopically. Tissue damage in gingivitis is reversible with the presence of adequate plaque removal and an increase in patientsoral hygiene level. Dental plaque removal could be done mechanically and chemically. The mechanical methods like toothbrushing and scaling are the main method, whereas the use of chemical like mouthwash is an adjunctive therapy which shows efficacy. The use of mouthwash with active ingredients could cleanse area in the mouth that could not be reached through mechanical methods. Propolis is one of the natural ingredients commonly studied and used in dentistry because of the antibacterial and antiplaque effects it has. Propolis containing mouthwash could give effects on dental plaque and gingivitis clinically, along with the total count of nonspecific bacteria present in dental plaque. Objectives: To assess the effect of propolis containing mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis clinically along with the total count of nonspecific bacteria present in dental plaque.Methods:This study is completed using clinical experimental method. There are 20 volunteers with age interval 18-30 years old who participated in this research. Twenty subjects are divided into two groups with the same numbers, which is 10 subjects each groups. The first group is the test group which use propolis containing mouthwash, whereas the other one is placebo group which use mouthwash without any active ingredients. Scaling, dental health education, measurement of plaque index and papillary bleeding index, and plaque sample collection for bacteria assessment were done in the beginning of this study. After using mouthwash for 14 days, there were second measurement of plaque index and papillary bleeding index along with plaque sample collection for bacteria assessment. Results: Statistic showed there is significant difference (sig< 0.05, mean differences = 0.3724) of papillary bleeding index among the two groups. Mean score of plaque index in the test group showed greater reduction than the placebo group (mean differences = 0.3665) and nean score of total bacteria count in the test group showed higher reduction than the placebo group (mean differences of aerob bacteria = 90.6 , mean differences of anaerob bacteria = 40) though there werent any significant difference present statistically (sig>0.05). Conclusion: The use of propolis containing mouthwash showed better effect on papillary bleeding index compared to the use of mouthwash without any active ingredients. The use of propolis containing mouthwash could reduce mean scores of plaque index and the numbers of aerob and anaerob bacteria present in dental plaque, though there werent any statistical significance shown. Keywords: Gingivitis, propolis, mouthwash, nonspecific bacterial plaque

Abstrak :
Streptococcus mutans merupakan mikroorganisme yang berkoloni pada permukaan gigi dan membentuk plak penyebab utama terjadinya karies. Salah satu bentuk upaya pencegahan karies yaitu dengan cara menggosok gigi secara teratur menggunakan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis. Lilin propolis merupakan residu dari proses pean propolis lebah madu yang memiliki kandungan antibakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas pasta gigi dengan kandungan lilin propolis terhadap pertumbuhan koloni Streptococcus mutans dan pembentukan plak dan membandingkannya dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung propolis. Metode: Sebanyak 24 subjek karies yang diinstruksikan menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari dan tidak melakukan prosedur kebersihan mulut lainnya. Plak gigi diukur menggunakan indeks plak Sillness-Loe dan sampel plak diambil dari permukaan bukal gigi insisif atas subjek karies sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan pasta gigi selama 7 hari, selanjutnya dibiakan pada media agar TYS20B selama 2x24 jam, kemudian dilakukan penghitungan jumlah koloni S.mutans yang dihitung dalam CFU/ml. Hasil: Pasta gigi lilin propolis dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni Streptococcus mutans dan indeks plak gigi. Secara statistik terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah koloni S.mutans dan indeks plak sebelum dan sesudah pemakaian pasta gigi dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara penggunaan pasta gigi yang mengandung lilin propolis dan propolis. Kesimpulan: Pasta gigi lilin propolis berpotensi sebagai alternatif pencegahan karies gigi. ......Streptococcus mutans is a microorganism that colonizes on the tooth surface and forms plaque which is the main cause of caries. One form of prevention of caries is by tooth brushing regularly with toothpaste containing propolis wax. Propolis wax is a residue from the purification process of pure honey bee propolis which has antibacterial contents. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of toothpaste containing propolis wax on growth of Streptococcus mutans and dental plaque formation and compare it with toothpaste containing propolis in caries patient. Methods: 24 caries subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily refrain from any other oral hygiene procedures. The plaque was measured using the Sillness Loe plaque index and plaque samples were collected from subjects buccal surface upper incisors before and after using toothpaste for 7 days, subsequently cultured on TYS20B agar medium for 2x24 hours then counting the number of colonies of S.mutans in CFU ml. Results: In this study toothpaste containing propolis wax can decrease the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies and dental plaque index. There is a significant difference between the amount of S.mutans colony and plaque index before and after using toothpaste. Conclusion: The use of toothpaste containing propolis wax has the potential as an alternative to prevention of dental caries.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Early Childhood Caries ECC adalah penyakit kronis gigi dengan prevalensi tinggi. ECC disebabkan beberapa faktor seperti pH saliva dan profil protein S.mutans. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan pH saliva dan profil protein S.mutans yang diisolasi dari plak gigi penderita ECC dan bebas karies. Metode : pH saliva diukur menggunakan indikator pH dan profil protein S.mutans diperoleh melalui metode Sodium Deodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel ElectropHoresis SDS PAGE . Profil protein S.mutans dibaca melalui pita protein yang terlihat pada gel poliakrilamida. Hasil : pH saliva yang terlihat adalah pH 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 dan 7. Pita protein yang terlihat memiliki berat molekul 13 kDa, 29 kDa, 39 kDa, 41,3 kDa, 74 kDa dan 95 kDa penderita ECC dan bebas karies. Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan pH saliva dan profil protein S.mutans yang diisolasi dari permukaan gigi penderita ECC dan bebas karies.

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Backgorund Early Childhood Caries ECC is a dental chronic disease which has a high prevalence. ECC is caused by several factors, such as saliva pH and S.mutans protein profiling. Objective To identify the difference of saliva pH and S.mutans protein profiling which isolated from plaque in ECC dan caries free subjects. Methode The saliva pH is measured with pH paper. Protein Profiling of S.mutans was obtained from Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel ElectropHoresis SDS PAGE . It was read by protein band which expressed on polyacrylamide gel. Result The saliva pH shown are 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 and 7. Protein band shown with molecular mass 13 kDa, 29 kDa, 41,3 kDa, 74 kDa and 95 kDa. Conclusion There is difference of saliva pH and S.mutans protein profiling isolated from plaque in ECC and caries free subjects.