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Abstrak :
Dalam teori diketahui bahwa besar money supply dibentuk dari besar monetary base dan nilai money multiplier, di mana nilai money multiplier disusun dari nilai currency ratio dan reserve ratio. Perubahan monetary base, perubahan currency ratio, dan perubahan reserve ratio dapat membuat perubahan pada money supply. Mengetahui bahwa M1 dan M2 di Indonesia meningkat selama krisis 1997-1998, maka fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari tahu perubahan pada variabel manakah (di antara ketiga variabel tersebut) yang menjadi sumber terbesar peningkatan M1 dan M2 di Indonesia selama krisis. Mengikuti model perhitungan matematika yang pernah dipakai Friedman dan Schwartz (1963) dan Stauffer (2006) ketika meneliti kasus Great Depression di Amerika Serikat, penulis mendapatkan jawaban bahwa perubahan monetary base di Indonesia selama krisis 1997-1998 merupakan penyebab terbesar peningkatan M1 dan M2 saat itu. Hasil ini sesuai dengan pernyataan yang disampaikan di literatur-literatur. ......It is theoretically known that money supply is made from monetary base and its money multiplier process, where money multiplier is composed by currency ratio and reserve ratio. The change of monetary base, currency ratio, and reserve ratio therefore could make the change in money supply. Knowing that M1 and M2 in Indonesia is increasing during 1997-1998 crisis, then this research aim to find out which one of those three factors that becomes the biggest source of change of M1 and M2 in Indonesia during that crisis. By applying mathematical equation models used by Friedman and Schwartz (1963) and Stauffer (2006) in analyzing Great Depression in United States, the author found that the change of monetary base in Indonesia during 1997-1998 crisis has become the biggest source of increasing M1 and M2 in that period. This result is consistent with the statements in other literatures.

Abstrak :
Perlindungan konsumen merupakan hal yang penting sehingga dibuatlah Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Perlindungan konsumen dalam bidang kesehatan yang dibutuhkan oleh konsumen dalam memperoleh produk obat yang beredar di masyarakat, dimana produk obat tersebut telah diawasi oleh suatu instansi yang dapat bertanggung jawab atas pengawas obat. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) merupakan instansi yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah dalam melakukan pengawasan obat, sehingga pelaku usaha yang beritikad baik yang dapat mengedarkan obat tersebut harus mendaftarkan obat tersebut kepada BPOM. Hal-hal yang menjadi pembahasan oleh penulis adalah bagaimana pengaturan peredaran obat; peran BPOM terhadap peredaran dan pengawasan obat keras; serta pelaku usaha mana yang dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban oleh konsumen yang mengalami kerugian akibat mengkonsumsi obat keras yang dibeli oleh Pedagang Eceran Obat (PEO). Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis, maka diperoleh bahwa peredaran obat dimulai dari Pedagang Besar Farmasi (PBF) sampai pada Apotek, Rumah Sakit, dan Toko Obat. Peredaran obat keras ilegal masih banyak terjadi dan sering disalahgunakan. Pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh BPOM dilakukan dengan penertiban produk obat keras ilegal. Pelaku usaha yang dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban adalah Pedagang Eceran Obat (PEO) apabila konsumen mengalami kerugian akibat mengkonsumsi obat keras yang dijual oleh PEO tersebut. ......Consumer protection is an important thing so Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen were made, Consumer protection in medical scope is needed when the consumers get the medicine had to bo checked and evaluated by the responsible instance. National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) is the selected instance by the government to control the drug, so the drug vendors who could distribute the drugs have to register their drugs to BPOM. Things those are under discussion by the author is how the drug distribution arrangements; BPOM role in drug distribution and control; also which one who is in charge to held accountable by consumers who suffered losses as a result of consuming drugs purchased by retail drug dealers (PEO). In this study conducted with the author, it was found that the circulating drugs from Pharmaceutical Wholesalers (PBF), to pharmacies, hospitals, and retail drug dealers. Illegal drug distributions are still common and missed used. BPOM made some policies to control the drug distributions. Vendors who held accountable are the retail drug dealers (PEO) if the counsumers harmed after consuming the drugs sold by the PEO.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterlibatan perempuan sebagai kurir dalam peredaran gelap narkotika serta serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mendorong perempuan terlibat sebagai kurir dalam peredaran gelap narkotika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang mengandalkan analisis data deskriptif yang diperoleh melalui hasil wawancara yang mendalam dengan 8 (delapan) informan perempuan dari beberapa tempat yaitu : di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Wanita Tangerang, Banten, Rumah Tahanan (Rutan) Klas IIA Wanita Jakarta Timur, Rutan Direktorat Tindak Pidana Narkotika Bareskrim Polri dan Rutan Badan Narkotika Nasional. Data juga diperoleh dengan pengamatan dan studi kepustakaan. Keterlibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika, seperti diketahui bahwa perempuan memiliki peranan yang tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja, karena banyaknya peranan perempuan baik didalam keluarga serta dalam kehidupan ekonomi, sosial, kebudayaan, pendidikan, politik dan agama. Kedudukan perempuan sangat strategis didalam keluarga, khususnya dalam membentuk pribadi-pribadi yang militan, kekuatan seorang perempuan bukan hanya mengubah hidup keluarganya, melainkan juga mengubah sebuah bangsa atau bahkan dunia. Namun kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan, banyak perempuan yang terlibat dalam peredaran gelap narkotika sebagai kurir. Perempuan sebagai kurir tidak serta merta terjadi, ada sindikat narkotika yang mengendalikan perempuan dengan berbagai modus, ada karena ketidaktahuan mereka, ketergantungan kepada laki-laki yang mempunayi hubungan dengan perempuan sebagai suami atau pacar, ada juga karena dititipi barang narkotika. Perempuan terlibat tanpa mengetahui resiko atas tindakannya dan berakhir dalam hukuman di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.

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ABSTRACT
This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encourage women to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics. This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptive data obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant from several places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIA Tangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House of Detention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police and the House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained by the observation and study of literature. Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known that women have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women both within families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political and religious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form of militant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of her family, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happening on the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as a courier. Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates that control women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance, dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband or boyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involved without knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in the Penitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encourage women to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics. This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptive data obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant from several places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIA Tangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House of Detention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police and the House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained by the observation and study of literature. Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known that women have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women both within families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political and religious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form of militant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of her family, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happening on the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as a courier. Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates that control women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance, dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband or boyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involved without knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in the Penitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encourage women to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics. This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptive data obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant from several places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIA Tangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House of Detention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police and the House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained by the observation and study of literature. Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known that women have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women both within families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political and religious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form of militant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of her family, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happening on the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as a courier. Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates that control women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance, dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband or boyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involved without knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in the Penitentiary, This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encourage women to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics. This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptive data obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant from several places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIA Tangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House of Detention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police and the House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained by the observation and study of literature. Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known that women have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women both within families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political and religious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form of militant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of her family, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happening on the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as a courier. Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates that control women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance, dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband or boyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involved without knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in the Penitentiary]

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas terjadinya penyelundupan dan peredaran gelap narkoba di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang yang dilakukan oleh warga binaan dan Petugas. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya hal tersebut meliputi faktor internal yang dipengaruhi oleh petugas, Narapidana/tahanan itu sendiri dan lingkungan di dalam Lapas, selain itu penyebabnya faktor eksternal, dipengaruhi oleh Keluarga, Kerabat dan Teman Narapidana dan lingkungan di luar Lapas. Penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa perlu adanya pembagian tugas yang jelas dan tegas dibidang pengamanan, selain itu perhatian khusus terhadap penambahan jumlah personil pengamanan dan pengembangan SDM petugas pengamanan. ......This thesis study the happening of dark circulation and smuggling (of) narkoba instituted (by) permasyarakatan of class of I Cipinang (dore/conducted) by Citizen of binaan of officer and. This research is Research qualitative with descriptive desain. Result of this research conclude that cause the happening of the Mentioned cover Internal faelor which Influerced by officer. Convict / itselk prisioner and erviponment in Society Institute besides its cause of factor of eksternal Influerced by family. Convict frind and consanguinity and environment out side Society Institute this research suggest that needing the existence of devicion of coherent and clear duty in Scurity area besides special attention to addition of amount Personel of security and development of human Resource Officer of Security.

Abstrak :
Fenomena peredaran uang di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan secara formal tidak dilarang. Walaupun hal itu tidak secara nyata-nyata diatur dalam Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pemasyarakatan. Hal ini berbeda dengan bunyi Reglemen Penjara pasal 27, yang lntinya melarang adanya hubungan keuangan antara penghuni Penjara dengan pegawai Oleh sebab itulah setiap penghuni diwajibkan menitipkan uang/barangnya melalui Register D. Setiap kebutuhan penghuni terutama untuk menambah sedap-sedapan, di akomodasikan melalui regulasi pengelolaan register ini. Dengan cara dilayani oleh petugas secara kelembagaan, tidak dilayani oleh petugas secara perorangan. Namun walaupun secara formal aturan ini tidak diadopsi oleh peraturan yang sekarang ada, akan tetapi dipercaya, bahwa peredaran uang di dalam Lembaga Pemasyarakatan/Rutan selalu menjadi "sumber masalah" terjadinya gangguan keamanan akibat adanya kolusi antara penghuni dengan petugas. Oleh kerena itulah peredaran yang di dalam Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Rutan, dilarang. Dalam penelitian ini ada dua pertanyaan penelitian yang hendak dijawab yaitu bagaimana Program Bebas Peredaran Uang (BPU) di Lapas Klas IIA Salemba Jakarta dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Program Bebas peradaran Uang (BPU) di Lapas Klas IIA Salemba Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dangan wawancara menggunakan pedoman wawancara. lnforman penelitian adalah petugas dan narapidana, dengan lokasi penelitian di Lapas Klas IIA Salemba Jakarta. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa program Bebas Peredaran Uang (BPU) dilaksanakan oleh Sub Seksi Registrasi dan Koperasi Pegawai Lapas Klas IIA Salemba Jakarta. Program Bebas Peredaran Uang (BPU) dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan Buku Tabungan, dan Kupon BPU sebagai alat transaksi pengganti uang tunai. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa Program Bebas Peredaran Uang (BPU) mampu menjadi salah satu manajemen pengamanan untuk mencegah terjadinya ancaman dan gangguan keamanan yang bersumber dari beredarnya uang tunai. Dalam pelaksanaannya program Bebas Peredaran Uang (BPU) terkendala oleh keterbatasan sumber daya manusia petugas, sarana prasarana dan kendala struktur birokrasi.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai orang yang diperdaya menjadi kurir narkotika. Tolok ukur dalam menentukan orang tersebut merupakan korban atau pelaku tindak pidana adalah UU No. 21 Tahun 2007, dan UU No. 35 Tahun 2009. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yang didasarkan pada data sekunder. Data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Tulisan ini memaparkan dan mengkritik peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan Indonesia yang kerap menyamakan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap orang yang diperdaya dan orang yang sengaja mengedarkan narkotika. Padahal orang yang diperdaya tersebut, berdasarkan rentetan prosesnya dapat digolongkan sebagai korban perdaganganan orang. Tulisan ini menyarankan dibedakannya pelaku pengedaran gelap narkotika yang merupakan kurir dengan yang merupakan pelaku utama, yang mana kurir dapat berupa orang yang diperdaya, dan juga orang yang sengaja.

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ABSTRACT
This essay discussed the matter about human trafficking victims that being deceived to act as a drug trafficker. Act 21 of 2007 and Act 35 of 2009 being used as the measurement whether someone is the criminal or the victim of a crime. This essay uses descriptive method, with qualitative approach, which based on secondary data. The secondary data take form in primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material. This essay explained and criticize the regulation and court verdict that often equate the liability between deceived persons and deliberated persons who become drug trafficker. By the sequence, the deceive persons could be classified as human trafficking victims. This essay suggests that there should be a different regulation between deceived person and deliberated persons in drug trafficking.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh Polres Kepulauan Seribu dalam menanggulangi peredaran gelap narkotika di wilayahnya. Hal tersebut merupakan salah satu program prioritas Polres Kepulauan Seribu mengingat wilayahnya terdiri dari pulau-pulau sehingga rawan menjadi sasaran penyelundupan Narkotika. Pada awal tahun 2015 terjadi penangkapan bandar Narkotika bernama Wong Chi Ping beserta anggotanya oleh Badan Narkotika Nasional BNN. Dari penangkapan tersebut BNN menyita 862 kilogram Narkotika jenis sabu yang siap diedarkan di Jakarta dan sekitarnya. Sabu dimaksud berasal dari Guang Zhou yang dibawa menggunakan kapal laut melalui Kepulauan Seribu. Selain itu dalam kurun waktu satu bulan petugas berhasil mengungkap 12 kasus dari 16 laporan polisi yang 3 orang diantaranya merupakan Target Operasi TO Polres Kepulauan Seribu. Polres Kepulauan Seribu dalam menanggulangi peredaran gelap narkotika melakukan upaya preemtif, preventif, dan represif melalui analisa Rational Choice, SARA, SWOT, dan NKK yang bertujuan untuk menekan tingkat kejahatan narkotika di wilayah Kepulauan Seribu. Melalui metode analisa tersebut diharapkan upaya penanggulangan dapat dilakukan secara menyeluruh, baik melalui pengurangan kesempatan untuk melakukan kejahatan, pemberian pendidikan kesehatan dan bahaya penyalahgunaan narkotika kepada masyarakat di berbagai usia, pencegahan peredaran gelap narkotika, serta kegiatan patroli, razia, sidak baik di kapal,wilayah pesisir maupun darat, yang dilakukan secara rutin maupun acak. Kendala yang dihadapi Polres Kepulauan Seribu dalam menanggulangi peredaran gelap narkotika umumnya berada pada permasalahan teknis internal. Kendala ini juga ditambah dengan keunikan kondisi Kepulauan Seribu yang meliputi pulau-pulau tidak berpenghuni sehingga para penjahat mudah untuk berpindah-pindah dan melarikan diri. Berkembangnya jenis dan macam narkotika serta kemajuan teknologi dan arus globalisasi mengakibatkan kejahatan narkotika sering diikuti kejahatan trans nasional lainnya seperti pencucian uang dan perdagangan manusia, sementara posisi Kepulauan Seribu merupakan transit masuknya barang dari luar negeri ke wilayah lain di Indonesia. Karenanya, dalam menanggulangi peredaran gelap narkotika di masa mendatang, Polres Kepulauan Seribu dapat lebih meningkatkan kerjasama dengan berbagai pihak, baik instansi pemerintah, masyarakat umum, lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan swasta baik dalam lingkup nasional maupun internasional. ...... This study aims to formulate efforts to be made by Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort in counter measure narcotics illicit distribution that occurred in Kepulauan Seribu region. Narcotics counter measure is one of the priority programs of Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort considering Kepulauan Seribu region consist of islands which targeted for drugs smuggling. In early 2015 a drug dealer namedWong Chi Ping and their members arrested by the National Narcotics Agency BNN. From the arrest BNN seized 862 kilograms of the illicit drug, methamphetamine sabu ready to be circulated in Jakarta and surrounding areas. Methamphetamine sabu which derived from Guang Zhou brought by ship through Kepulauan Seribu. Additionally within one month officers uncovered 12 cases of 16 police reports where 3 of them are Target Operations TO of Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort. Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort in counter measuring narcotics illicit distribution is done its preemptive, preventive and repressive effort through Rational Choice analysis, SARA, SWOT, and NKK which aims to reduce the level of drug crime in Kepulauan Seribu region. Through the analysis method it is expected the counter measure may be carried out thoroughly, either by reducing the opportunity to commit the crime, provision of health education and the dangers of drug abuse to the society in varieties age level, prevention on narcotics illicit, aswell as patrol, raid, spot inspection on board, coastal and land area, is carried outroutinely and randomly. Obstacles faced by Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort in counter measuring illicit narcotics generally are on technical issues internal. This constraint is also coupled with the unique conditions of Kepulauan Seribu which includes the uninhabited islands so the criminals easy to move around and escape. Expanding the types and kinds of narcotics as well as technological progress and globalization lead to narcotics crime which is often followed by other trans national crimes such as money laundering and human trafficking, while the position of Kepulauan Seribu is as transit entry of goods from abroad to other regions in Indonesia. Therefore, in counter measuring illicit narcotics in the future, Kepulauan Seribu Police Resort can further improve cooperation with various parties, including government agencies, civil society, non governmental organizations andthe private sector both nationally and internationally.

Abstrak :
Pelibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika terus berkembang. Namun, demikian pembahasan mengenai isu ini seringkali dikesampingkan dan hanya dibahas dalam sudut pandang keputusan, tanpa menyingkap berbagai bentuk eksploitasi mereka dalam jaringan peredaran gelap narkotika. Melalui analisis kritis dan pendekatan feminis marxis dan sosialis, studi ini berupaya memberikan penggambaran pelibatan perempuan dalam berbagai peran pada jaringan kejahatan narkotika. Studi ini memberikan analisis pada pengalaman 8 (delapan) perempuan yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur, studi dokumen putusan pengadilan, dan wawancara mendalam pada narapidana perempuan yang pernah dilibatkan dalam kasus peredaran gelap narkotika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan mengalami peningkatan eksploitasi serta viktimisasi seiring dengan penempatan mereka dalam berbagai posisi beresiko. Jaringan kejahatan narkotika mereproduksi nilai patriarki dan kapitalisme dengan menempatkan perempuan pada rantai terbawah dan garda terluar untuk menghasilkan keuntungan bagi bisnis ilegal tersebut. ......Abstrak Berbahasa Inggris: The involvement of female in the illicit trafficking of narcotics continues to grow. However, discussions on this issue are often sidelined and only discussed from the point of view of decisions, without disclosing the various forms of their exploitation in the illicit drug trafficking network. Through critical analysis and feminist Marxist and Socialist approaches, this study attempts to provide a description of the involvement of female in various roles in narcotics crime networks. This study provides an analysis of the experiences of 8 (eight) females obtained through literature studies, studies of court decision documents, and in-depth interviews with female prisoners who have been involved in drug trafficking cases. The results of this study indicate that women experience increased exploitation and victimization along with their placement in various risky positions. The narcotics crime network reproduces the values of patriarchy and capitalism by placing women at the bottom of the chain and at the outermost guard to generate profits for these illegal businesses.