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Abstrak :
Toraja language is still being used nowadays by the people in daily communication among them. Toraja language is known as the language that has a lot of linguistic features and it is very interesting to study further. so it can contribute to knowledge regarding language in general and Toraja language specifically...

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas teks kumpulan cerpen LTDKK dan teks film LTDKK melalui perspektif Gramscian terkait konteks masyarakat Indonesia di akhir dekade 1980-an. Fokus penelitian ini adalah menguraikan berbagai artikulasi kelompok remaja pada teks kumpulan cerpen LTDKK, serta berbagai disartikulasi terhadapnya melalui proses adaptasi. Dengan memahami kedua teks korpus sebagai medan negosiasi, penelitian ini juga menguraikan bentuk negosiasi, baik pada tataran tekstual maupun realita, serta perbedaan keberpihakan antara teks kumpulan cerpen dan teks film. Penelitian ini juga menelusuri cara tokoh-tokoh remaja dihadirkan pada teks film, sesuatu yang terkait familisme Orde Baru serta tiga pandangan stereotipikal atas remaja pada tataran realita. Simpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini ialah, perubahan modalitas pada proses adaptasi menunjukkan bentuk disartikulasi, serta menempatkan kelompok remaja secara diskursif pada posisi subordinat. Adaptasi juga diketahui penggeser keberpihakan, dari semula berpihak pada kelompok remaja melalui teks kumpulan cerpen menjadi berpihak pada kepentingan bisnis pada teks film. ...... This thesis investigates the short stories collection LTDKK and its film adaptation through Gramscian perspective related to the context of Indonesian people in the late 1980s era. The focus of this study is to describe the various articulations of youth in the short stories collection, as well as the variety of disarticulations through its adaptation process. By understanding both texts as a field of negotiations, this study also outlines the form of negotiations, both at the level of textual and reality, as well as different alignments between the text of short stories collection and its film adaptation. This study explores how the youth characters in the text presented in the film adaptation in relation to New Order familism as well as three stereotypical views on youth at the level of reality. This study concludes that change in modalities of the adaptation process resulted in shaping the various disarticulations and put the youth in the subordinate position. Adaptation also known to shift the alignments, from originally sided with the youth in the short stories collection to be favorable for business interests in its film adaptation.

Abstrak :
This study explore modality used in the delegation speeches of APEC conference 2013 addressed in the types of modality, value of modality and the explanation on the modality context. This study was analyzed qualitatively. The finding of this study is the first speech led the dominant use of modalization of probability and modulation of inclination because the speaker in here did not only expressing the ideas but also offer listener to continue his goal. The reason that the speakers use modality the way they use is typically the modalization is used to convey/persuade the listener of the speaker talk about the future political event that have not happened yet and unpredictable things. According to Eggins (1994) in between the polar opposites of “yes” and “no”, there are varying degrees of probability, usuality, obligation and inclination. The first to do how likely the information is to be true and how frequently it is true, which can be expressed through modalization. Speaker used probability, obligation and inclination in conveying their speech at the APEC Conference. Probability is the most dominant of all types of modality with 40,2% then followed to the second dominant is inclination with 38.94%. But the usuality was only found in the first speaker with 1 occurrences (0,62%) while the others were not. The use of modality in their speech the speakers used modalization – probability with medium value. Having this probability with medium value indicates that the speaker convey the uncertainly in giving their speech.

Abstrak :
This article concerns establishing a plausible connection between the word jang(an) in colloquial Malay varieties and jang-, a form which negates infinitives, in the diasporic contact variety Sri Lankan Malay. The principal claim is that jang(an) marks irrealis modality in Southeast Asian Malay varieties, in which it is frequently (optionally) deployed in negative subjunctive-like embedded clauses. A related claim, dependent on the first of the two, is that the irrealis interpretation conveyed by jang(an) makes it a semantically plausible bridge from a Malay grammar with clausal symmetry to the grammar of Sri Lankan Malay. In Sri Lankan Malay, embedded clauses are frequently non-finite, with infinitives similarly conveying irrealis meaning. Sri Lankan Malay jang- is in complementary distribution with the affirmative infinitival prefix me-, which is also derived from a marker of irrealis modality (mau) in colloquial Southeast Asian Malay varieties.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas di dalam sintaksis bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data diambil dari surat kabar, tabloid, majalah, novel, dan buku dengan jumlah 2394 korpus data. Temuan penelitian ini adalah terdapat 22 pola runtunan dan 76 formula runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas bahasa Indonesia. Pemarkah aspektualitas yang sering muncul adalah akan, sudah, dan telah. Pemarkah modalitas yang sering muncul adalah dapat dan bisa. Pola runtunan yang muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + aspektualitas perfektif maupun imperfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + aspektualitas imperfektif maupun perfektif; pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas dinamik; pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas intensional; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas epistemik maupun intensional. Pola runtunan yang tidak muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas imperfektif, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas epistemik, intensional, deontik, maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas epistemik, deontik maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas deontik dan dinamik.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the series of aspectuality dan modality markers in Indonesian syntax. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data was taken from daily, tabloid, weekly, and books by using 2394 occurrences of aspectuality and modality markers. This study reveals that there are 22 series of aspectuality dan modality markers with 76 formulas. The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which appears are perfective aspectuality + perfective and imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; imperfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality: epistemic modality + Perfective and imperfective aspectuality; intentional modality + imperfective aspectuality; dynamic modality + imperfective aspectuality; epistemic modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; intentional modality + dynamic modality; deontic modality + intentional modality; dynamic modality + epistemic and intentional modality. The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which do not appear are perfective aspectuality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + imperfective modality; dynamic modality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; deontic modality + epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality; dynamic modality + deontic and dynamic modality.

Abstrak :
Dalam bahasa Jawa Malang, pemarkah modal kudu dapat mengandung lebih dari satu makna. Kudu dapat digunakan sebagai pemarkah modalitas deontik keharusan ‘harus’ dan pemarkah modal dinamik keinginan ‘ingin’. Gejala ini menarik karena dalam penelitian modalitas bahasa Jawa Paciran dan Semarang yang ditemukan, kudu hanya mengandung makna deontik. Dalam makalah ini, akan dibahas konteks sintaktis dan konteks semantis yang membedakan makna kudu. Data makalah ini berupa kalimat-kalimat yang menggunakan bahasa Jawa Malang dan mengandung kududalam cuitan @pakantono, @DJabrooo, @cak_sugenk, @makmurcafee, dan @nonikmenieszt tahun 2019 hingga Februari 2022. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut selanjutnya dianalisis dengan memeriksa ciri sintaktis dan semantisnya. Dari analisis, jenis kalimat dan jenis agen adalah konteks yang dapat menentukan kudu mengandung makna deontik. Jenis kalimat yang dapat menentukan kudu deontik adalah kalimat deklaratif negatif, interogatif, dan imperatif, sedangkan jenis agen yang dapat menentukan kudu deontik adalah agen insani (pronomina persona kedua, dan ketiga) dan agen noninsai. Terlepas dari konteks kalimat (pragmatik), kudu deontik dapat diprediksi melalui penggabungan dua aspek, yaitu jenis kalimat dan jenis agen. ......In Malang Javanese, kudu can contain more than one meaning. Kudu can be used as deontic modality of ‘must’ obligative and dynamic modality of ‘want’ volitive. These phenomena offer fascinating research because kudu only contains a deontic meaning in the previous studies of Paciran and Semarang Javanese. This article discusses the syntactic and the semantic context that distinguishes the meaning of kudu. The data is in the form of sentences that use Malang Javanese and contain kudu. Moreover, the data were taken from Tweets 2019 until February 2022 of @pakantono, @DJabrooo, @cak_sugenk, @makmurcafee, and @nonikmenieszt. The sentences were further analyzed by identifying their syntactic and semantic features. From the analysis, types of sentences and agents are contexts that can determine kudu contains deontic meanings. The types of sentences that can determine deontic kudu are negative declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. The types of agents that can determine deontic kudu are human agents (the second and third person pronouns) and non-human agents. Regardless of the context of the sentence (pragmatic), the deontic kudu can be predicted by combining the type of sentences and agents.

Abstrak :
Translation is the activity of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. Transferring is done by going from the form of the source language into the form of the target language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must held constant, but it is the form which is changed. One of the translation activities is to translate the modal expressions of English into Indonesian. The meaning which is carried in the modal expressions of English is transferred into Indonesian. The meaning should be constant. The form may change. Analyzing translation concentrates on the textual equivalent and formal correspondence. If the translation is not equivalent and does not correspond formally and is equivalent but does not correspond formally, there will be shifts. Shifts are the result of translation procedures: transposition and modulation. Transposition will make grammatical shifts such as unit, word-class, structure and intra-system, and modulation will make semantic shills such as point of view and scope of meaning. Modality is the speaker's attitude toward the proposition of his utterance and the event of proposition which is ex-pressed in lexical forms such as words, phrases, or clauses. One of the modalities is epistemic which consists of epistemic possibility and epistemic necessity. Epistemic possibility is expressed in lexical forms such as may, can, perhaps, maybe, it is possible that (English), and mungkin, barangkali, bisa-jadi(Indonesian). Epistemic necessity is expressed in lexical forms such must, should, it is necessary that (English), and harus, mesti, tentu saja, saya yakin (Indonesian). Deontic is another modality. It contains of obligation and permission. Obligation is expressed in lexical forms such as must, should (English), and wajib, mesti, jangan (Indonesian). Permission is expressed in lexical forms such as might, can, could (English), and boleh, dapat, bisa (Indonesian). The other modality is dynamic, that is ability. It is expressed in lexical forms such as can, could, be able to, be capable of (Englsih), and bisa, dapat, ma?npu, sanggup (indonesian). In translation of English modal expressions which are in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua darn Laut, there are some problems. The ones that are found are the differences of unit and word-class of modal expressions, and subcategory of modality. The differences of unit and word-classes will make grammatical shifts unit and word-class shifts, and those of subcategory will make semantic shifts: shifts of point of view and shifts of scope of meaning. The differences of unit between source text and target text cause unit shifts. For example, can as word is translated into boleh jadi as phrase. In other case, the unit differences will also cause semantic shifts : shift of scope of meaning and shift of point of view. Can mean 'bisa' whose scope of meaning is broader than masih bisa because bisa is emphasized by masih. Must which means 'kepastian' is translated into akan masih which means 'Keteramalan'. Kepastian and keteramalan have different point of view. The shifts which occur in translation The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut can be caused by the different systems of English and Indonesian or by the translator. From the number of shifts which are found, especially those which are caused by translator can be concluded that the translation of modal expressions in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut is not good enough.

Abstrak :
Dalam menjamin keselamatan pasien radiologi diagnostik yang menggunakan modalitas pesawat sinar-X radiografi umum dan mobile di Indonesia diperlukan adanya kendali mutu modalitas radiologi diagnostik. Salah satu bentuk kendali mutu tersebut adalah uji kesesuaian. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan analisis dan evaluasi terhadap setiap parameter pengujian yang terdapat dalam uji kesesuaian dari 1.016 data hasil uji kesesuaian pesawat sinar-X radiografi umum dan 480 data hasil uji kesesuaian pesawat sinar-X mobile dalam bentuk sertifikat hasil uji kesesuaian yang telah dihimpun Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN) dari tahun 2019 hingga 2020. Dalam proses analisis dan evaluasinya, kumpulan data tersebut dikelompokkan dan dibandingkan perbedaan hasil pengujiannya berdasarkan usia modalitas. Selain itu, dari data tersebut juga dapat ditinjau tingkat implementasi dari sistem AEC dari modalitas pesawat sinar-X radiografi umum. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi dan analisis yang dilakukan, dari 1.016 sertifikat hasil uji kesesuaian pesawat sinar-X radiografi umum yang telah direkapitulasi, sebanyak 89,9% dari jumlah tersebut berada pada kategori andal, 5,2% berada pada kategori andal dengan perbaikan, dan 4,9% berada pada kategori tidak andal. Sedangkan, dari 480 sertifikat hasil uji kesesuaian pesawat sinar-X mobile yang telah direkapitulasi, sebanyak 84,8% dari jumlah tersebut berada pada kategori andal, 2,1% berada pada kategori andal dengan perbaikan, dan 13,1% berada pada kategori tidak andal. Dari evaluasi yang dilakukan, tidak terdapat korelasi linear antara usia modalitas dan data hasil uji kesesuaian. Namun, terdapat faktor jenis reseptor citra dan metode pengujian yang mempengaruhi data tersebut. Selain itu, hanya terdapat 9.15% dari keseluruhan sertifikat hasil uji kesesuaian pesawat sinar-X radiografi umum yang memuat data hasil uji parameter AEC. ......In ensuring the safety of diagnostic radiology patients using general and mobile radiography X-ray modalities in Indonesia, it is necessary to have quality control of diagnostic radiology modalities. One form of quality control is a compliance test. In this study, analysis and evaluation have been carried out on each test parameter contained in the compliance test from 1,016 data from the compliance test results for general radiographic X-ray modality and 480 data from the compliance test results for mobile X-ray modality in the form of a certificate of compliance test results that have been collected by Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN) from 2019 to 2020. In the process of analysis and evaluation, the data sets are grouped and compared with differences in test results based on the age of modality and type of image receptor. In addition, from these data, it can also be seen the level of implementation of the AEC system from the general radiographic X-ray modality. Based on the results of the evaluation and analysis that have been carried out, from the 1,016 certificates of compliance test results for general radiographic X-rays that have been recapitulated, as many as 89.9% of these are in the reliable category, 5.2% are in the reliable category with repairs, and 4,9% are in the unreliable category. Meanwhile, from the 480 certificates of compliance test results for mobile X-ray modality that have been recapitulated, 84.8% of them are in the reliable category, 2.1% are in the reliable category with repairs, and 13.1% are in the unreliable category. From the evaluation have been carried out, there is no linear correlation between the age of the modality and the data from the compliance test. However, there are types of image receptors and test methods that affect the data. In addition, there are only 9.15% of the overall certificates of compliance test results for general radiographic X-ray modality contain data on the results of the AEC parameter tests.