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Abstrak :
In this compelling book Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski provide the first full account of legislative recruitment in Britain for twenty-five years. Their central concern is how and why some politicians succeed in moving into the highest offices of state, while others fail. The book examines the relative dearth of women, black and working-class Members of Parliament, and whether the evident social bias in the British political élite matters for political representation. Legislative recruitment concerns the critical step from lower levels (activists, local counsellors) to a parliamentary career. The authors draw evidence from the first systematic surveys of parliamentary candidates, Members of Parliament and party selectors, as well as detailed personal interviews. The study explores how and why people become politicians, and the consequences for parties, legislatures and representative government.

Abstrak :
Permasalahan penelitian dan tulisan ini adalah bagaimana pola rekruitmen caleg perempuan yang dilakukan Partai Golkar dan PBB serta apa pengaruhnya terhadap keterwakilan perempuan dua parpol ini di DPRD Propinsi Sumbar pads Pemilu 2004. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Partai Golkar dan PBB ini diangkat karena di Propinsi Sumbar dari hasil Pemilu 1999 dan 2004 lalu, dua partai tersebut mengalami kenaikan perolehan suara clan jurnlah kursi di DPRD Propinsi Sumbar. Partai Golkar yang merupakan pemenang di dua pemilu terakhir, pada Pemilu 1999 berhasil menempatkan 4 orang perempuan dan 12 kursi yang diperolehnya, namun pada Pemilu 2004 ini meski terjadi kenaikan menjadi 16 kursi yang didapat justru tidak seorang pun perempuan. Sementara itu PBB yang tidak menempatkan perempuan pada Pemilu 1999, pada Pemilu 2004 ini menempatkan 2 orang perempuan. Tulisan ini menggunakan teori Pipa Norris tentang sistem rekruitmen anggota legislatif, teori tersebut digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana rekruitmen yang dilakukan di dua partai tersebut. Selain itu, juga digunakan teori tentang kuota, hal ini untuk melihat dan menganalisa keterwakilan perempuan dua parpol tersebut. Di samping itu juga dipakai konsep tentang demokratisasi dan sistem pemilu serta konsep parpol yang mendukung teori di atas untuk menjawab permasalahan penelitian ini. Fokus penelitian ini adalah pola rekruitmen caleg di Partai Golkar dan PBB, kemudian memperbandingkannya serta melihat pengaruhnya terhadap keterwakilan perempuan. Dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan studi pustaka, dikumpulkan data-data yang kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisa deskriptif. Dari analisa tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa ada tiga aspek perbedaan pola rekruitmen caleg antara Partai Golkar dan PBB untuk DPRD Propinsi Sumbar pada Pemilu 2004 ini, yaitu sumber rekruitmen caleg, usulan pencalonan serta dalam penyusunan dan penentuan nomor unit caleg. Secara keseluruhan, ketentuan internal dari di PBB lebih menguntungkan caleg perempuan untuk dapat terpilih daripada di Partai Golkar. Hal tersebut kemudian dapat dilihat pengaruh yang diberikannya terhadap keterwakilan perempuan di DPRD Propinsi Sumbar, bahwa caleg perempuan terpilih dari PBB ada dua orang sementara tidak ada dari Partai Golkar.

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The research problem of this study is to find out the female legislators' recruitment pattern applied by Golkar Party and PBB and its impacts to the woman representation of these two political parties at the Legislative Council of West Sumatra Province in 2004 General Election. This research is carried out at the two political parties because in West Sumatra Province during the 2004 General Election, both parties gained an increasing votes and seats at the Legislative Council of West Sumatra Province. Golkar Party, which has been the winner of two consecutive elections, in 1999 Election has placed 4 women from 12 seats that it has achieved; however, in 2004 Election, none of its legislators is a woman although it has gained 16 seats. PBB, which did not place a female legislator in 1999 Election, has placed 2 female legislators in 2004. The study employs theory of Pipa Norris about legislative recruitment system in order to find out how both parties conduct the recruitment process. In addition, the study also uses theory about quota to see and analyze woman representation in both parties. The study also uses concept on democratization and election system as well as the concept of political parties that support all theories that have been mentioned to answer the research problem. The research focuses on the legislative recruitment pattern at Golkar Party and PBB, then compare them and analyze the impacts to the woman representation. By using in-depth interview technique and library research, the data is collected and analyzed using qualitative method by descriptive analysis. From such analysis, the researcher finds out that there are three aspects of different patterns in legislative recruitment at Golkar Party and PBB for the Legislative Council of West Sumatra Province in 2004 General Election. The aspects include legislative recruitment resource, candidacy proposal and the composition and the rank of the legislative candidates. In overall, internal mechanism of PBB is more beneficial for female candidates to be selected than that of Golkar Party. Then its impacts to the woman representation at the Legislative Council of West Sumatera Province can be seen: that there are two female legislators from PBB and no female legislator from Golkar Party.

Abstrak :
Partisipasi perempuan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pembuat kebijakan masih sangat rendah baik pada demokrasi yang sudah mapan maupun bagi yang baru tumbuh. Jumlah perempuan menurut data statistik lebih dari 50 persen populasi, namun keterwakilan perempuan tidak proporsional pada semua tingkat pengaruh, pengambil keputusan dan pembuat kebijakan. Ketimpangan keterwakilan demokrasi yang sangat besar sebenarnya bergantung pada political will di tingkat para pengambil keputusan dan pembuat kebijakan yang pertama-tama harus dimulai di dalam sebuah partai politik sebagai stake holder. Sebenarnya konsep kesetaraan gender sama sekali bukan hal mewah dan sudah tidak dapat ditangguhkan lagi bagi negara untuk memberlakukannya. Dalam dunia politik Perbedaan gender yang pada akhirnya menciptakan ketidakadilan gender atau gender inequalities dan budaya patriarkhi yang dimaksud merupakan suatu sistem dari struktur dan praktek-praktek sosial dalam mana kaum laki-laki menguasai dan menghisap, kata kuncinya adalah kekuasaan laki-laki atas perempuan. Ketidakadilan gender ini dapat dilihat dari hasil Pemilu 1999 jumlah perempuan yang mendapatkan kursi di tingkat nasional DPR RI hanya mencapai 9 persen dan hasil Pemilu 2004 ada sedikit peningkatan yakni menjadi 11,08 persen. Dan sebagai studi kasus dalam tesis ini diambil Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI Perjuangan) dengan pertimbangan sebagai salah satu partai terbesar dan partai nasionalis. Dari hasil penelitian data perempuan di struktur harian PDI Perjuangan terutama pada Jabatan Ketua dan Sekretaris hampir dibawah 1 persen mengakibatkan posisi tawar untuk caleg jadi juga rendah karena ada peraturan yang dikeluarkan Dewan Pimpinan Pusat PDI Perjuangan yakni di dalam SK 304 dan SK 267,tahun 2004 tentang tata cara penjaringan dan penyaringan yang mengatur jabatan Ketua dan Sekretaris berhak mendapat prioritas utama untuk mendapat nomor unit jadi. Adanya standar ganda yang dipergunakan dan masih sangat bias gender karena tidak adanya political will dari para elit-elit partai. Tim penjaring dan penyaring untuk caleg PDI Perjuangan 99, 9 persen terdiri dari laki-laki yang sekaligus para elitis pengurus partai. Para elit di struktur harian partai di PDI Perjuangan-beranggapan dengan memberikan quota 30 persen bagi perempuan adalah sangat tidak demokratis karena mengacu pada hak istimewa bagi perempuan sehingga mengabaikan laki-laki. Sehingga di dalam perjalanan perempuan untuk mendapatkan hak-hak yang setara dengan laki-laki di dunia politik dirasakan perlu di definisikan kembali tentang peran gender dan mengkoreksi stereotip-strereotip dan ketidakseimbangan untuk memastikan bahwa setiap warga negara memiliki akses yang sama terhadap sumber daya. Jumlah halaman : 141 : pustaka : 56 buku : 8 dokumen : 12 artikel Surat Kabar/majalah :30 narasumber wawancara : 12 Tabel : 6 lampiran)

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Daily Structural Position Influence in the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle Against Legislative Recruitment Pattern in the 2004 ElectionWomen involvement in decision and policy making is still underprivileged both in well established and the under developing democracy. Statistical data stated that women were more than 50 percent of population; nevertheless, women's representation is less likely proportional in every influencing level, within the decision and policy makers. This overwhelmingly unbalanced of democratic representation is actually depends on political will amongst those decision and policy makers, which initially started within a political party as the stake holder. Literally, the gender equality concept is not something considered as an inapplicable luxury, and it should not be postponed for the state to apply. In the political world, gender differential, in which ends up by creating gender inequalities and patriarchy culture, meaning as a system of structure and social practices, where men rules and absorbs, the keyword is men rules over women. This gender inequality can be seen from the result of the 1999 Election, where the number of women earned positions in the DPR RI at national level were only 9 percent, and from the result of the 2004 Election, there was only a minor increase to 11,08 percent. In consideration as one of the largest political and nationalist party, the case study for this thesis was taken from the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle (PDI Perjuangan). Taken from the study on women's data in the daily structure of the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle, focused on its chairman and secretary, which nearly less than 1 percent causing ineffective position to inaugurated legislatives recruits, also low for the policy pronounced by the Central Administration Board of the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle, in its SK 304 and SK 267, year 2004, regarding procedures and conducts of recruitment and screening, which placing the Chairman and Secretary position in primary priority to have inaugurate serial number. The use of existing double standard and refractivity in gender caused by lack ness of political will from the Party's elites. The legislative recruitment and screening team of the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle were 99.9 percent are men; who also elite of the Party's administrative. Elites in daily structure of the Indonesia Democratic Party the Struggle considers that, by giving 30 percent of quota to women is so not democratic, because it points to the women's special rights, thus ignoring men. So that in women's journey toward equality of rights against men in political world is necessary to redefine the gender role and correcting stereotypes and inequalities, in regard to ensure that each citizen is having equal access to resources. Pages : 141 : Literatures : 56 books : 8 documents : 12 newspaperlmagazine articles : 30 informant interviews : 12 tables : 6 appendixes)