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"This research discusses the possibility of harmonizing indirect consumption tax system in the ASEAN member countries, inter alia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore with three principal goals: (1) to explain the provision of indirect consumption tax system in that four countries, (2) to describes the process of indirect consumption tax system in the EU, and (3) to analyze the alternative of indirect consumption tax system in the ASEAN member countries. In order to encourage the operational of AFTA aiming at the free movement of goods and services within this region, indirect consumption tax becomes important phenomenon to talk about because despite her contribution to the state revenues, this kind of tax may conctitute an obstacle of this crossborder free movement of goods and services. To overcome this problem, with the reference of what has been done in the European Union, it appears that it is the appropriate time to discuss the harmonization of indirect consumption tax. However, it is no doubt that some problems may arise due to the differences in the applicable law of each country, including rates, and formal law as well. Furthermore, the different in administrative systems may also lead to difficulties in administering the tax and control over tax harmonized system. The introduction of a single standard rate and an acceptable ?uniform system? become issues to be much discussed, especially related to revenue, uniform model policy and implementation, including mechanism to minimize tax fraud."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas hubungan antara kesenjangan penghasilan dan rasio pajak dengan menggunakan data World Development Indicators di 12 negara sejak tahun 1999 sampai dengan 2010. Untuk menganalisis pengaruh rasio pajak terhadap kesenjangan penghasilan, rasio pajak dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu rasio pajak total, rasio pajak langsung, dan rasio pajak tidak langsung. Diindikasikan bahwa pajak tidak langsung berpengaruh secara positif terhadap kesenjangan penghasilan di negara-negara tersebut.Tesis ini membahas hubungan antara kesenjangan penghasilan dan rasio pajak dengan menggunakan data World Development Indicators di 12 negara sejak tahun 1999 sampai dengan 2010. Untuk menganalisis pengaruh rasio pajak terhadap kesenjangan penghasilan, rasio pajak dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu rasio pajak total, rasio pajak langsung, dan rasio pajak tidak langsung. Diindikasikan bahwa pajak tidak langsung berpengaruh secara positif terhadap kesenjangan penghasilan di negara-negara tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the relationship between income inequality and tax ratio using World Development Indicators data in 12 countries from 1999 until 2010. To analyze the effect of tax ratio on income inequality, tax ratio is divided into three types, which are total tax ratio, direct tax ratio, and indirect tax ratio. It is indicated that indirect tax positively affects income inequality in those countries.;This paper discusses the relationship between income inequality and tax ratio usingWorld Development Indicators data in 12 countries from 1999 until 2010. Toanalyze the effect of tax ratio on income inequality, tax ratio is divided into threetypes, which are total tax ratio, direct tax ratio, and indirect tax ratio. It is indicatedthat indirect tax positively affects income inequality in those countries, This paper discusses the relationship between income inequality and tax ratio usingWorld Development Indicators data in 12 countries from 1999 until 2010. Toanalyze the effect of tax ratio on income inequality, tax ratio is divided into threetypes, which are total tax ratio, direct tax ratio, and indirect tax ratio. It is indicatedthat indirect tax positively affects income inequality in those countries]"

"Dalam Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan insentif keekonomian dari aspek production sharing contract gross split dan perpajakan, khususnya untuk mengetahui besaran keseimbangan insentif yang dapat diberikan oleh pemerintah baik dalam perpajakan atau diskresi tambahan split kepada kontraktor wilayah kerja Alfa yang merupakan wilayah kerja operasional migas yang berada di Kalimantan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif, dengan melakukan perhitungan menggunakan skema bagi hasil gross split untuk melihat perbandingan keekonomian wilayah kerja Alfa tanpa diskresi, dengan tambahan diskresi dan kombinasi persentase pajaknya, dengan berbagai kombinasi tersebut, maka didapatkan 25 (dua puluh lima) skenario untuk perhitungan keekonomian terhadap wilayah kerja Alfa.  Berdasarkan perhitungan keekonomian pada wilayah kerja Alfa diperoleh nilai profitability index (PI) sebesar 1,09, nilai ini menunjukan nilai minimum keekonomian dari kontraktor. Berdasarkan skenario tersebut diperoleh analisa keekonomian dengan kombinasi besaran indirect tax 0-100% dan diskresi tambahan split 0-100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai NPV kontraktor negatif jika insentif tambahan diskresi kurang dari (<) 50%, diskresi 75% dengan indirect tax 75% dan 100%. Sedangkan untuk nilai PI > 1 diskresi yang diberikan 75% dengan indirect tax 0-50% dan juga diskresi 100%. Perhitungan simulasi skenario dengan target PI sebesar 1,09 diperoleh hasil optimum besaran insentif yang seimbang pada indirect tax 50% dan diskresi tambahan split 92%.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the comparison of economic incentives from the aspect of production sharing contract gross split and taxation, especially to determine the balance of incentives that can be provided by the government either in taxation or additional discretion splits to contractors Alfa working area which is an oil and gas operational work area located in Kalimantan. The method used in this study is a quantitative method, by performing calculations using a gross split profit sharing scheme to observe the economic comparison of Alfa working area without discretion, with additional discretion and a combination of tax percentages, with various combinations, it provide 25 (twenty-five) scenarios for economic calculations to Alfa working area. Based on the economic calculation in Alfa's work area, the profitability index (PI) value is 1,09, this value shows the minimum economic value of the contractor. Based on these scenarios an economic analysis was obtained with a combination of the number of indirect tax 0-100% and additional discretionary split 0-100%. The results showed that the contractor's NPV value was negative if the additional discretionary incentive was less than 50%, 75% discretion is given with indirect tax 0-50% and 100% discretion. The scenario simulation calculation with a PI target of 1,09 obtained the optimum result of a balanced incentive amount at 50% indirect tax and an additional 92% split discretion."

"Kendaraan bermotor menghasilkan emisi gas buang yang membahayakan kesehatan maupun lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan intervensi dari pemerintah. Negara-negara ASEAN melakukan pemungutan pajak, antara lain PPnBM dan cukai yang merupakan pajak tidak langsung. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis perbandingan pajak tidak langsung atas kendaraan bermotor di ASEAN dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Indonesia menggunakan PPnBM yang naturenya cukai, sedangkan Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand menggunakan cukai, dan Vietnam dengan SCT dengan tujuan sebagian besar untuk mengurangi polusi udara dan kemacetan. Dasar pengenaan tarif PPnBM dan cukai rata-rata adalah jenis kendaraan dan kapasitas mesin kendaraan, kecuali Filipina menggunakan harga bersih pabrikan atau harga jual impor dan Thailand yang sudah memasukkan emisi C02. PPnBM dan cukai dipungut menggunakan sistem ad valorem dengan tarif beragam dari 3% hingga 150%. Di negara-negara tersebut, PPnBM dan cukai dipungut menggunakan sistem self-assessment dan pengawasan dilakukan oleh otoritas pajak atau cukai melalui Surat Pemberitahuan dan sertifikat cukai. Hanya Filipina yang melakukan earmarking penerimaan cukai atas kendaraan bermotor. Pajak tidak langsung lainnya yang dipungut, yaitu PPN, PPn, Bea Masuk dan Pajak Bahan Bakar Kendaraan Bermotor.

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Motor vehicles produce exhaust emission that endanger health and environment, so intervention from government is needed. ASEAN Countries collect taxes, including LST and excise which are indirect taxes. This study was conducted to analyze the comparison of indirect taxes on motor vehicles in ASEAN using qualitative-descriptive approach and data collection techniques through literature studies and field studies. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia uses LST which is excise in nature, while the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand use excise duty and Vietnam uses SCT with the aim mostly of reducing air pollution and congestion. The basis for imposing LST and excise tariffs on average is the type of vehicle and the engine capacity, except for the Philippines using net manufacturer’s price or import selling price and Thailand which has included CO2 emissions. LST and excise are collected using ad valorem system at rates varying from 3% to 150%. In these countries, LST and excise are collected using self-assessment system and supervision is carried out by tax or excise authority through Tax Return and Excise Certificate. Only the Philippines conducts earmarking of excise revenue on motor vehicles. Other indirect tax collected are VAT, Sales Tax, Import Duty and Fuel Tax."