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Abstrak :
This title discusses various effects of heavy metal exposure to legumes as well as the bioremediation potential of rhizosphere microbes. Availability of heavy metals, their uptake and the effects of metals on various signaling pathways within legumes are presented. Furthermore, the effects of heavy metals to nitrogen fixing microorganisms and how microsymbionts can overcome metal stress is presented in detail. The role of nitrogen fixers in decontamination of heavy metal toxicity, mycoremediation of metal contaminated soils, microbially mediated transformation of heavy metals and action of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fixers together in detoxifying heavy metals are broadly explained.

Abstrak :
Pengamatan kandungan logam berat Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn dan Ni di perairan muara Sungai Membramo Papua telah dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2003. Hasilnya menunjukkan kandungan Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, dan Ni masih sesuai dengan Nilai Ambang Batas yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian KLH 1988 untuk kepentingan perikanan. Secara keseluruhan dalam air laut kadar Zn lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan logam yang lain, sedangkan dalam sedimen kadar Ni lebih tinggi. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa pada saat pengamatan perairan muara Sungai Membramo lebih banyak menerima masukan limbah yang mengandung Zn dan Ni.

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Heavy Metals Content Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn And Ni In Sea Water And Sediment In Membramo Estuary And Its Relationship With Fishery Cultivation. Obervation on heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni content in Jakarta Bay were carried out in August 2003. The results showed that the Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni content still in line with threshold value stated by for fisheries. By the all, in sea water Zn content is higher compared to the others, while in sediment Ni is higher. This data showed the result show that on waters of Membramo River Zn and Ni waste than others elements.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang :Pekerja sektor informal tepi jalan merupakan salah satu kelompok pekerja yang perlu mendapat perhatian dikarenakan jumlahnya yang terus berkembang dan risiko penyakit akibat kerja yang cukup besar. Hasil studi pendahuluan menunjukkan terdapat 46,7 pekerja sektor informal pengecat mobil tepi jalan mengalami gangguan fungsi paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pajanan logam berat dengan kejadian Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis PPOK pada pekerja informal tepi jalan wilayah DKI Jakarta. Metode :Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 90 data sekunder pekerja sektor informal tepi jalan. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah karakteristik pekerja, karakteristik pekerjaan, dan kadar logam berat dalam darah. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariate serta dengan menghitung nilai rasio prevalensi. Hasil :Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi pekerja yang mengalami PPOK sebesar 11,1 , terdapat 3 variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan PPOK, yaitu usia diatas 42 tahun OR = 12,0; 95 CI = 2,351-61,249 , perokok sedang berat OR = 8,308; 95 CI =1,646-41,920 , dan masa kerja ge;13 tahun OR = 12,84; 95 CI = 2,509-65,729 . Berdasarkan temuan prevalensi yang tinggi pada pekerja dengan PPOK maka disarankan kepada dinas tenaga kerja dan dinas kesehatan untuk melakukan upaya promotif serta preventif agar pekerja sektor informal tepi jalan dapat terjaga kesehatan dan keselamatan kerjanya.

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Background Roadside informal workers is groups of workers that needs attention because of the growing number and the risk of major work related desease.The preliminary study showed that 46,7 of roadside car painting workers experienced lungfunction disorder. The aim of the study is to know the association between heavy metal exposure with the incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD on roadside informal workers in Jakarta. Method The design used is cross sectional. Ninety secondary data of roadside informal workers were studied. The independent variables in this research are workers characteristic, job characteristic, and levels of heavy metals in the blood. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were performed and prevalence ratios were calculated. Result The results showed that the prevalence of workers who had COPD 11.1 . Three variables have significant association with COPD, those are age over 42 years OR 12.0, 95 CI 2,351 61,249 , heavy smokers OR 23.5 95 CI 0.024 8,607 and working time ge 13 years OR 12,84, 95 CI 2,509 65,729. Based on finding of high workers prevalence that have COPD 11,1 therefore suggested work laborer department and health department to increase the promotif and preventif effort, in order that the savety and the health status of roadside informal workers will be aware.

Abstrak :

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ABSTRACT
Heavy metals can be emitted into environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources, mainly mining and industrial activity. Human exposure occurs through all environmental media. Infants are more susceptible to the adverse effects of exposure. Increasing attention is now being paid to the mental development of children exposed to heavy metals. The purpose of this book is to evaluate the existing knowledge on intellectual impairment in children exposed to heavy metals in their living environment and to identify the research needs in order to obtain a clearer picture of the situation in countries and regions at risk, in which the economy is closely related to metallurgy and heavy metals emission, and to recommend a strategy for human protection. In greater detail the main objectives could be formulated as follows: to review the principal sources of single, and complex mixtures of, heavy metal pollutants in the environment; to identify suitable methodology for chemical analyses in the environment and in humans; to evaluate the existing methods for measuring mental impairment, including their reliability and validity; to recommend a standard testing protocol to be used in future research; to assess the future role of environmental heavy metal pollution in countries and regions at risk and its effects on children's neurological development; to recommend a prevention strategy for protecting children's health and development.

Abstrak :
Pengamatan kadar logam berat dalam air laut di Teluk Jakarta telah dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2004. Logam berat yang diteliti adalah Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, dan Ni. Pengamatan ini ada kaitannya dengan kematian massal ikan-ikan yang terjadi di Teluk Jakarta. Pengamatan ini dilakuan di pantai Ancol 1 (3 stasiun), muara Sungai Dadap (4 Stasiun), pantai Ancol 2 (4 stasiun) dan Cilincing (3 stasiun). Hasilnya menunjukkan kadar Hg, Cd dan Cu rerata di pantai Ancol 1 berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.001 ppm, Zn 0.004 ppm, dan Ni 0.001 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 2 kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.002 ppm, dan Cu 0.001 ppm dan Ni 0.0017 ppm. Di Cilincing kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata adalah <0.001ppm, Pb dan Cu masing-masing 0.002 ppm, dan Ni 0.0045 ppm Di muara Sungai Dadap kadar Hg dan Cd masing-masing adalah 0.001 ppm, Pb dan Zn masing-masing adalah 0.0027 ppm, Cu 0.001 ppm, dan Ni 0.0012 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg rerata adalah 0.021 ppm, Pb 0.55 ppm dan Cd 0.1 ppm. Kadar keenam logam berat tersebut di pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing, dan muara Sungai Dadap relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan NAB yang ditetapkan oleh Kantor MNLH (2004) untuk biota laut yakni 0.001 ppm untuk Hg dan Cd, 0.008 ppm untuk Pb dan Cu, dan 0.05 ppm untuk Zn dan Ni, sedangkan di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan NAB tersebut. Dengan demikian kadar Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, dan Ni di perairan pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing dan muara Sungai Dadap belum berbahaya bagi kehidupan ikan-ikan di Teluk Jakarta, sedangkan di perairan Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd sudah berbahaya bagi kehidupan biota laut. Namun demikian kematian massal ikan-ikan di perairan ini bukan disebabkan oleh logam berat tersebut, akan tetapi oleh faktor lain yang salah satunya adalah ledakan mendadak fitoplankton beracun yang mengeluarkan toksin dimana air laut menjadi berwarna merah dan kejadian ini dikenal dengan pasang merah (red tide).

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Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution to Seawater Quality and Fishery Resources (Case Study on Fish Death in Jakarta Bay). Observation on heavy metals content in sea water were carried out in Jakarta Bay waters in May 2004. Heavy metals observed were Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni. This observation is conducted with fishes total death in this waters. Observation is done in Ancol beach 1 (3 stations), Ancol beach 2 (4 stations), Cilincing (3 stations), and Dadap River estuary (4 Station). The results showed that the average concentration of Hg, Cd and Cu in Ancol beach 1 were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb is 0.001 ppm, Zn is 0.004 ppm, and Ni is 0.001 ppm. In Ancol beach 2 the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm, Pb is 0.002 ppm, Cu is 0.001 ppm and Ni 0.0017 ppm. In Cilincing the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb and Cu were 0.002 ppm, and Ni was 0.0045 ppm. In Dadap River Estuary the average concentration of Hg and Cd were 0.001 ppm, Pb and Zn were 0.0027 ppm, Cu was 0.001 ppm, and Ni between 0.0012 ppm. The concentration of that sixth heavy metals in Ancol beach 1, 2, Cilincing, and Dadap River estuary still lower compared to the Threshold Value (TV) stated by The Office of State Ministry for Life Environment (2004) for sea biota namely 0.001 ppm for Hg and Cd, 0.008 ppm for Pb and Cd, 0.05 ppm for Zn and Ni. That way the concentration of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in Ancol beach 1, 2, Clilincing and Dadap estuary not danger for sea biota, while in Ancol beach 3, the average concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cd has danger for sea biota. Thereby total death of fishes in this waters not caused by heavy metals, but by others factors, one of that factors is blooming toxic phytoplankton which produced toxin where sea water change to be red, and this phenomena known as red tide.

Abstrak :
Metals accumulation in sediments from both natural and anthropogenic sources occurs in the same way, making it difficult to identify and determine the origin of heavy metals present in the sediments. Moreover, the total concentration of metals often does not accurately represent their characteristics and toxicity. In order to overcome the mentioned obstacles, it is necessary to evaluate the individual fractions of the metals to fully understand their actual and potential environmental effects. Single extraction is thus used generally to provide a rapid evaluation of the exchangeable metal fraction in sediments. However, complicated sequential extraction procedures are used to provide more detailed information regarding different metal phase associations.

Abstrak :
Bentonit yang termodifikasi oleh oksida besi telah dilaporkan memiliki daya adsorpsi lebih tinggi dibandingkan monmorilllonit, oleh sebab itu dilakukan modifikasi bentonit dengan memvariasikan perbandingan mol oksida besi (Fe3O4) untuk mendapatkan sifat magnet yang berbeda dan daya serap yang lebih besar. Bentonit magnetik yang termodifikasi oksida besi dibuat menggunakan prekursor besi (III) dan besi (II) dengan menggunakan metode presipitasi. Bentonit magnetik dibuat Dengan memvariasikan mol Fe (III) dan Fe (II) 1:1 dan 1:2. Didapatkan bahwa BOB1211 (Bentonit Oksida Besi 1:2 dan mol Fe (III) dan Fe (II) 1:1) memiliki sifat magnet yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan BOB1212 yaitu sebesar 8,226 emu/g dan 6,383 emu/g. Pada BOB 1212 penambahan Fe (II) menurunkan sifat magnet. Sampel yang telah dibuat digunakan untuk aplikasi adsorpsi logam berat Cd2+ dan Co2+. Waktu optimum yang didapatkan untuk menyerap logam berat selama 60 menit. Adsorpsi logam Co2+ lebih besar dibandingkan adsorpsi logam Cd2+ dikarenakan pada BOB1211 terjadi pilarisasi magnetik pada interlayer monmorillonit. Didapatkan logam yang paling banyak teradsorp oleh bentonit oksida besi pada logam Co2+ dengan konsentrasi 1mM pada adsorben BOB 1211 sebanyak 92,72%. Logam Co2+ terjerap tidak hanya karena sifat keelektronegatifan yang dimiliki oleh monmorillonit tetapi juga karena sifat magnetik yang terdapat pada oksida besi yang berada pada interlayer monmorilonit. Logam Co2+ memiliki sifat paramagnetik yang memungkinkan lebih dapat ditarik oleh magnet. Sedangkan logam Cd2+ yang memiliki sifat diamagnetik tidak dapat ditarik seluruhnya oleh medan magnetik induksi yang dimiliki Bentonit Oksida Besi. Sehingga logam Co2+ lebih teradsorpsi oleh Bentonit oksida besi.

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Bentonite which is modified by iron oxide precursor has been reported that has higher adsorption properties than montmorillonite. Therefore, in this study, bentonite will be modified by varying the mole ratio of iron oxide (Fe3O4) to obtain different magnetic properties and greater adsorption properties. Magnetic bentonite modified iron oxide was made using iron (III) and iron (II) by using precipitation method. Magnetic bentonite was made by varying the mole ratio of Fe(III) and Fe (II) is 1:1 and 1:2. As a result, BOB 1211 (Bentonite Iron Oxide 1:2 and The ratio mole of Fe(III) and Fe(II) 1:1) has a higher magnetic properties than BOB 1212 is 8,226 emu/g and 6,383 emu/g. BOB 1212 on the addition of Fe(II) decrease the magnetic properties. Samples which have been made are used for heavy metal adsorption applications Cd2+ and Co2+. The optimum time to absorb heavy metals was 60 minutes. Metal adsorption Co2+ was greater than Cd2+ because on BOB 1211 occurred magnetic pilaritation of interlayer montmorillonite. The most metal absorbed by Iron Oxide Bentonite in Co2+ with 1 mM concentration on the adsorbent BOB 1211 is much as 92.72%. Co2+ adsorbed not only because of the nature of electro negativity which is owned by monmorillonit but also because of the magnetic properties of iron oxide contained in the interlayer monmorillonit. Metal Co2+ has characteristic of paramagnetic that can be withdrawn by magnets. Whereas Cd2+ metal which has a characteristic of dimagnetic can not be withdrawn entirely by the induction owned by Iron Oxide Bentonite.

Abstrak :
Logam berat Cu dan Cd yang berlebihan memberikan dampak negatif bagi tanaman. Mikoriza adalah simbiosis antara akar dan fungi mikoriza yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan tanaman bertahan di bawah cekaman logam berat dan mengurangi dampak toksisitasnya. Berdasarkan penlitian sebelumnya, mikoriza dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman Paraserianthes falcatariadi bawah cekaman Pb. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan P. falcatariapada media tanam yang mengandung logam berat Cu (tembaga) dan Cd (kadmium). Tanaman P. falcatariadiinokulasi mikoriza dengan dosis 0, 15, dan 25 gram dan diberi perlakuan logam berat dengan dosis CuSO₄150 mg/kg dan CdSO₄15 mg/kg pada media tanam. Parameter yang diamati meliputi tinggi tanaman, berat basah, dan warna daun pada usia 43 hari setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inokulasi mikoriza tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan tinggi tanaman P. falcatariapada perlakuan Cu dan Cd. Pengukuran berat basah pada perlakuan Cu dan Cd menunjukkan bahwa kelompok perlakuan yang diberi mikoriza memiliki berat basah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diberi mikoriza. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan warna daun, ditemukan tanaman mati pada kelompok perlakuan tanpa mikoriza pada kedua perlakuan logam berat tersebut. Selain itu, ditemukan perubahan warna pada hampir semua daun terbawah tanaman pada perlakuan Cu yang diinokulasi mikoriza dan tanpa mikoriza. Pada perlakuan Cd, tanaman yang daunnya berwarna normal jumlahnya semakin banyak pada dosis mikoriza yang semakin tinggi. Pemberian mikoriza dapat membantu meringankan dampak toksisitas yang ditimbulkan oleh konsentrasi logam berat Cu dan Cd berlebih. ......Excessive heavy metals Cu and Cd has negative effect on plants. Mycorrhizae is a symbiosis between roots and mycorrhizal fungi which can improve plant’s ability to survive under heavy metal stress and reduce its toxicity. Based on previous study, mycorrhizae can increase the growth of Paraserianthes falcatariaunder Pb stress. The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of mycorrhizae on growth of P. falcatariain artificial growing media containing heavy metals Cu (copper) and Cd (cadmium). P. falcatariainoculated with 0, 15 and 25 grams of mycorrhizae and treated with 150 mg/kg of CuSO₄and 15 mg/kg of CdSO₄. Parameters observed in this study were plant height, fresh weight, and leaf color at 43 days after planting. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation did not significantly increase the height of P. falcatariatreated with Cu and Cd. Fresh weight of P. falcataria in Cu and Cd treatment showed higher in mycorrhizal plants than without mycorrhizae. Based on observation of leaf color, there were dead plants that were without mycorrhizal inoculation in both heavy metal treatment. Discoloration also found in most of the lowest leaves in Cu treatment plants inoculated with mycorrhizae and without mycorrhizae. Plants with normal colored leaves in Cd treatment increased at higher mycorrhizal amount. The inoculation of mycorrhizae can improve plant’s ability to alleviate the effects of toxicity caused by excessive concentrations of heavy metals Cu and Cd.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini menganalisis kandungan logam berat Tembaga (Cu) pada partikel mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada ikan kembung Rastrelliger kanagurta, air dan sedimen di perairan Ancol dan Muara Baru, Teluk Jakarta. Pengambilan sampel air dan sedimen dilakukan pada 3 titik di setiap perairan. Sampel ikan diambil sebanyak 6 ekor pada masing – masing perairan dengan bobot ±100gr dengan panjang ±20cm. Sampel mikroplastik dilakukan dengan metode floating menggunakan NaCl jenuh dan diamati diatas kertas Whatman Cellulose Nitrate 0.47μm. Kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel air berkisar 182.22 – 332.22 partikel/L sedangkan, pada sampel sedimen berkisar 550.31 – 901.04 partikel/Kg dan sampel ikan berkisar 64 – 107 partikel/individu. Polimer yang teridentifikasi pada sampel antara lain polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) dan polystyrene (PS). Kandungan logam berat tembaga (Cu) pada mikroplastik air memiliki rata – rata 50.01 mg/kg dan pada sedimen 36.49 mg/kg sedangkan, pada ikan 19.53 mg/kg. Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukan bahwa tidak adanya korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik dengan kandungan logam Cu pada mikroplastik yang ditemukan. ......This study analyzed the heavy metal content of copper (Cu) in microplastic particles found in mackerel fish Rastrelliger kanagurta, water and sediment of Ancol and Muara Baru, Jakarta Bay. Water and sediment sampling was carried out at 3 points in each waters. Samples of mackerel were taken as many as 6 fish in each waters with a weight of ± 100gr with a length of ± 20cm. Microplastic samples were carried out by floating method using saturated NaCl and observed on 0.47μm Whatman Cellulose Nitrate paper. The abundance of microplastics in water samples ranged from 182.22 – 332.22 particles/L while in sediment samples it ranged from 550.31 – 901.04 particles/Kg and fish samples ranged from 64 – 107 particles/individual. The polymers in the sample include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). The content of heavy metal copper (Cu) in water microplastics has an average of 50.01 mg/kg and 36.49 mg/kg in sediments, while in fish it is 19.53 mg/kg. Spearman correlation test showed that there was no correlation between microplastics and Cu metal content in microplastics