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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Studi dan kajian ini sangat penting dilakukan untuk mendesain ukuran suar header pipa dari lokasi lama ke lokasi yang baru untuk mencegah kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh back pressure. Pembakaran gas sangat umum dilakukan dibanyak industri seperti refinery, petrochemical, dan oil and gas untuk melepaskan gas yang sudah tidak digunakan. Disetiap plant diwajibkan mempunyai sistem yang mampu membuang tekanan berlebih saat plant dimatikan, perbaikan tahunan, start up dan saat plant sedang mengalami emergency. Dengan adanya beberapa simulasi dan pengaplikasian desain suar diharapkan akan mendapatkan beberapa kajian yang mendalam karena suar gas asam ini didesain dengan memperhatikan resiko dampak dari kandungan asamnya. Metode yang digunakan menggunakan thermo hydraulic model. Untuk simulasi akan menggunakan AspenTechs Flarenet software. Simulasi akan menggunakan beberapa skenario dengan menggunakan feed dari existing dan penambahan dari feed baru. Dari beberapa simulasi yang dilakukan didapatkan beberapa rekomendasi untuk external fire plant 7 tail pipe 7-PSV-036A/B harus dinaikkan dari 3" menjadi 4", CV fail 079-PSV-001A/B mengganti type PSV dari balance ke pilot, untuk pemilihan worst case dari power failure dipilih desain pipa gabungan setelah menerima feed dari existing dan feed baru dengan ukuran 20".

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ABSTRACT
This study examines the important issue to determine flare header size extension from original location to new location of flare acid to prevent damage caused by back pressure. Gas flaring is a common practice used in many industrial processes such as refinery, petrochemical, and oil-gas industry to release flue gas. It is a must-have safety requirement which is installed to reduce excess pressure when the plant is shut down for annual repair, start up or emergency circumstance. With case study and design flare packages system will get additional information because acid flare system has been designed based on the largest single risk with consideration of acid content. Methods flare design studies will be using thermo-hydraulic model. The modelling will be simulated using AspenTechs flarenet software with some scenario from existing flare acid flare system design basis for non-simultaneous relieving load and then new flare acid will receive additional load from new unit. From the result of simulation, for external fire for plant 7tail pipe 7-PSV-036A/B shall be increase from 3" become 4", CV fail scenario of 079-PSV-001A/B PSV type shall be changed from balance to pilot type, new header size determined based general power failure header selected is 20".

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Masalah yang dihadapi oleh pasien Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik (LES) yang stabil adalah bagaimana untuk mempertahankan kondisi ini dan mencegah flare. Salah satu faktor baru yang diduga memicu flare saat ini adalah penurunan dosis kortikosteroid pada pasien LES stabil. Penurunan dosis kortikosteroid dapat memicu flare jika dosis dan durasinya tidak dipantau secara ketat. Hal ini menimbulkan tantangan tersendiri bagi para klinisi dalam mengelola pasien LES stabil yang diturunkan dosis kortikosteroid. Tujuan: Mempelajari pengaruh penurunan dosis kortikosteroid terhadap kejadian flare pada pasien LES yang stabil. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian kohor retrospektif. Pemilihan pasien dilakukan melalui consecutive sampling. Sebanyak 110 pasien diambil dari data rekam medis di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, pasien LES stabil dengan penurunan dosis kortikosteroid, dan yang mempertahankan dosis kortikosteroid. Hubungan antara penurunan dosis kortikosteroid dan kejadian flare-up pada pasien LES stabil dihitung melalui analisis univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat cox regression. Hasil: Pada kelompok penurunan dosis kortikosteroid,dari 110 pasien LES yang stabil, sebanyak 20 pasien (18,2 %) mengalami flare. Kejadian flare terjadi 3 pasien (5,8%) pada kelompok LES stabil dengan dosis kortikosteroid yang dipertahankan dan 17 pasien (29,3 %) pada kelompok yang diturunkan dosis kortikosteroid. Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis multivariat crude kortikosteroid sebesar 5,979(1,751 – 20,422) dengan p 0,004. Setelah dikontrol semua variabel perancu didapatkan fully adjusted RR variabel kortikosteroid kejadian flare pada LES yang stabil adalah 4,581 (1,296 – 16,195) dengan p 0,018. Simpulan: Kejadian flare pada pasien LES yang stabil sebesar 18,18% dengan IK 95% (10,97- 25,39). Kelompok pasien LES stabil yang diturunkan dosis kortikosteroid berisiko 4,58 kali mengalami flare dibandingkan kelompok pasien LES stabil yang dipertahankan dosis kortikosteroid setelah dikontrol berbagai faktor perancu dengan berbagai keterbatasannya. ......Background: The problem faced by stable Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients is how to maintain a stable condition and prevent flare-ups. One new factor suspected to trigger flare-ups is the reduction of corticosteroid doses in stable SLE patients. A decrease in corticosteroid dosage can trigger flare-ups if the dosage and duration are not closely monitored. This poses a separate challenge for clinicians in managing stable SLE patients with reduced corticosteroid dosages. Objective: To determine the influence of corticosteroid dose reduction on the occurrence of flares in stable SLE patients. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study. The patient selection is done through consecutive sampling. One hundred ten patients were taken from medical record data at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, and divided into two groups: stable SLE patients with reduced corticosteroid dosage and SLE patients maintained on corticosteroid dosage. The relationship between the reduction of corticosteroid dosage and the occurrence of flare-ups in stable SLE patients was calculated with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses carried out to assess the confounding factors that influenced the relationship of flare-ups in stable SLE. Result: In the reduced corticosteroid dosage group, out of 110 stable SLE patients, 20 patients (18.2%) experienced a flare. The occurrence of flare was seen in 3 patients (5.8%) in the stable SLE group with maintained corticosteroid dosage and in 17 patients (29.3%) in the group with reduced corticosteroid dosage, with an HR of 5.979(1.751 – 20.422) and a P value of 0.004. After controlling for all confounding variables, the fully adjusted RR for corticosteroid dosage in the occurrence of flare-up in stable SLE is 4.581 (1.296 – 16.195) with a pvalue of 0.018. Conclusion: The incidence of flares in stable SLE patients was 18.18%, with a CI of 95% (10.97- 25.39). The group of stable SLE patients who had their corticosteroid dose reduced had a 4.58 times risk of experiencing a flare compared to the group of stable SLE patients whose corticosteroid dose was maintained after controlling for various confounding factors with various limitations.

Abstrak :
Lupu Eitematosus Sistemik adalah suatu penyakit autoimun yang melibatkan multi organ yang umumnya menyerang wanita dan bersifat kronik yang perjalanan penyakitnya ditandai dengan relaps dan remisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari faktor risiko perburukan pasien lupus eritematosus sistemik dengan menganalisa beberapa variabel seperti usia, tingkat pendidikan, anemia, obat-obatan dihubungkan dengan perburukan yang diukur dengan skor Systemic Lupus Eythematosus Disease Activity Index. Selain itu, dilakukan juga peneltian deskritptif mengenai sebaran gen Human Leucocyte Antigen pada subpopulasi penelitian. ......Systemic Lupus Erythemattosus is an autoimmune disease which involved multi organs and have chronic course and mostly inflicted woman , the nature of the disease involved relaps and remission This research aim to find risk factor for worsening (flare) of SLE by analysing variables like age, education level, anemia, drugs associated to flare measured by Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index and we also conduct Human Leucocyte Antigen genotyping for subpopulation of the study.

Abstrak :
Perancangan LPG Plant dengan memanfaatkan gas suar bakar sebagai bahan baku kilang LPG bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan pembangunan LPG Plant ditinjau dari segi teknis maupun ekonomi sehingga dapat menjadi rekomendasi dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan LPG domestik dengan memanfaatkan gas suar bakar yang dihasilkan dari lapangan gas Tambun, Bekasi. Proses dasar LPG dari gas suar bakar adalah pemisahan menggunakan sistem refrijerasi. Produk yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat LPG yang digunakan secara komersial yaitu jumlah komponen propana dan butana lebih dari 97,5 %. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh produk LPG sebesar 120 ton per hari, kondensat 240 barrel per hari dan lean gas sebesar 11 MMSCFD. Biaya investasi LPG Plant dengan kapasitas 15 MMSCFD adalah US $ 31.63 juta dengan tingkat nilai pengembalian yang disyaratkan 10%/tahun NPV sebesar US $ 121,45 juta, IRR 62,58 % dan Payback Period 2 tahun.

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LPG Plant design is to study whether the utilization of flare gas as the feed gas of LPG Plant feasible or not to be developed technically and economically. This study could be recommended as an alternative to fulfill the LPG demand in domestic. Selected process for LPG recovery is Refrigeration system. The product has to fulfill the LPG specification which contains more than 97.5 % of propane and butane. From the simulation, the result product of LPG Plant is 120 tonne/day of LPG, 240 barrel/day of condensates and 11 MMSCFD of lean gas to pipeline. Economic analysis shows that the total capital investment of this plant with 15 MMSCFD capacity is US $ 31.63 million. In case of 10 % MARR, NPV results are US $ 121,45 million , IRR 62,58 % and payback period is 2 years.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Gas suar bakar merupakan gas yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan eksplorasi dan produksi atau pengolahan minyak atau gas bumi yang dibakar karena tidak dapat ditangani oleh fasilitas produksi atau pengolahan yang tersedia sehingga belum termanfaatkan. Berdasarkan data pemanfaatan gas bumi tahun 2016 yang dikeluarkan oleh ESDM, jumlah gas suar bakar di Indonesia masih cukup besar yaitu sebesar 214.3 MMSCFD. Gas to Liquid merupakan salah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan dalam pemanfaatan gas suar bakar. Penggunaan teknologi ini membuat produk hasil pengolahan gas menjadi lebih mudah untuk didistribusikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan teknis dan ekonomi pemanfaatan gas suar bakar dari lapangan onshore X dan lapangan offshore Y dan Z dengan menggunakan teknologi GTL. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah simulasi pemodelan proses dan perhitungan keekonomian. Dengan membuat rancangan simulasi proses sesuai dengan konversi pada reaktor microchannel pada pembuatan syngas dan syncrude, dihasilkan produk berupa syncrude, dari Lapangan X sebesar 714 bbl/day, Lapangan Y menghasilkan 557 bbl/day, sedangkan Lapangan Z sebesar 614 bbl/day. Pada perhitungan keekonomian, dengan menggunakan asumsi harga gas suar bakar 0.35 US$/MMBTU dan harga syncrude 57 US$/bbl, didapatkan IRR untuk Lapangan X sebesar 18.28%, Lapangan Y 13.29% dan Lapangan Z 26.47%

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ABSTRACT
Gas flare is a gas produced by exploration activities and production or processing of oil or natural gas which is burned because it can not be handled by production or processing facilities that is available so it has not been utilized. Based on data of utilization of natural gas issued 2016 by ESDM, the amount of flare gas in Indonesia is still quite large that is equal to 214.3 MMSCFD. Gas to Liquid is one of the technologies that can be used in the utilization of flare gas. The use of this technology makes the product of gas processing becomes easier to distribute. This study aims to determine the technical and economic viability of the use of flare gas from X onshore field and Y offshore field by using GTL technology. The method used in this research is the simulation of process modeling and economical calculation. By making process simulation with conversion for microchannel reactor on syngas and syncrude production, syncrude is produced from X Field with flowrate 714 bbl/day, whereas from Y Field is 557 bbl/day and Z Field produces 614 bbl/day. Then, the economic calculation obtained IRR result for X field 18.28%, Y Field 13.29% and Z Field 26.47%.

Abstrak :
Lingkungan kita sedang terancam oleh gas rumah kaca dari proses pembakaran gas. Sekitar 4 MMSCFD dikontribusikan oleh gas suar dari lapangan X. Studi ini akan membahas aspek tekno-ekonomi dari teknologi pemanfaatan gas suar. Dalam tulisan ini, tiga metode gas alam terkompresi, Gas Pipa dan gas ke listrik yang dikombinasikan dengan CNG. Menurut hasil, produksi metode pemanfaatan gas suar metode CNG adalah teknologi yang paling ekonomis dengan memiliki IRR yang lebih besar, laba tahunan sekitar $ 4,23 juta, dan waktu pengembalian 1,62 tahun. Analisis ini menunjukkan ada peningkatan nilai ekonomi gas suar dan peningkatan perlindungan lingkungan.

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Our environment is being endangered by greenhouse gases from gas flaring processes. Approximately 4 MMSCFD is contributed by flare gas from X field. This Study would discuss a techno-economic aspect of flare gas utilization technology. In this paper, three methods of compressed natural gas, pipeline gas and gas to wire was combined with CNG. According to the results, the production of the CNG method of flare gas utilization is the most economical technology; with has a greater IRR, an annual profit of about $4,23 million, and a payback period of 1,62 years. Analysis shows there improved economic gas flare value and improvement environmental protection.

Abstrak :
Pada tanggal 7 Maret 2012, sebuah flare kelas-X5.4 melepaskan energi yang besar pada daerah aktif NOAA 11429. Sesaat setelah flare dimulai, sebuah gelombang EIT terdeteksi oleh instrumen AIA 193 Ã? wahana Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Gelombang ini tampak jelas menjalar yang kemudian disusul oleh gelombang EIT berikutnya yang dipicu oleh flare kelas X1.3 sekitar satu jam kemudian. Kedua gelombang EIT ini menunjukkan penjalaran gelombang yang memiliki perbedaan arah dan karakteristik satu sama lain. Peristiwa gelombang EIT pertama disertai dengan kemunculan struktur mirip kubah yang berkaitan erat secara spasial dengan peristiwa lontaran massa korona (CME). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya gelombang moda cepat dan lambat pada peristiwa pertama yang tidak tampak pada peristiwa kedua. Peristiwa kedua juga tidak disertai dengan CME sebagaimana peristiwa pertama. Hasil ini menyarankan bahwa gelombang EIT dapat dihasilkan oleh mekanisme lain selain gelombang kejut yang diakibatkan oleh CME.

Abstrak :
The type III solar radio bursts is an indicator of solar X-ray flare phenomena. The effect of solar X-ray flares to the ionospheric layer is the increasing of minimum frequency (fmin) which indicates the absorption of incoming high frequency (HF) radio wave. Further impact is a disturbance of high frequency radio communications. The number and flux density of type III bursts and X-ray flare can used as an information of ionospheric disturbance possibility. The correlation analysis shows that the number of X-ray flare is related to the number of ionospheric absorption and the time duration of these absorption. The serial event of type III bursts and solar X-ray flare occures during February 6th to 12th, 2010 are an example cases of the early warning of possibility of radio communications disturbances.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which involved many organs. One of its severe manifestations is lupus nephritis (LN). Treatment of LN consist of two phases, induction and maintenance. Inappropriate treatmen approach could increase morbidity and mortality in LN pantients. Renal flare is among many bad outcomes of LN that should be mitigated with an approciate therapuitec approach. Various guidelines stated usage of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA) as an appropriate immunosuppresant in the maintenence phase

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas bagaimana memanfaatkan gas suar bakar yang ada di Platform X untuk dapat menjadi suatu yang bernilai ekonomis. Gas suar bakar yang ada di Platform X selama ini hanya dibakar. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan menganalisa komposisi gas suar bakar yang ada di Platform X agar dapat ditentukan proses seperti apa yang tepat untuk mengolah gas suar bakar menjadi gas jual. Dari segi analisis teknis, proses Kompresi Gas merupakan pilihan tepat untuk mengolah gas suar bakar menjadi gas jual. Dilihat dari analisa komposisi gas suar bakar yang rendah gas asam membuatnya tidak perlu pengolahan lanjutan. Gas suar bakar dapat dikompresikan untuk dialirkan ke aliran gas yang masuk ke fasilitas gas eksport untuk diproses agar sesuai dengan spesifikasi gas eksport. Fasilitas gas eksport di Platform X didesain untuk menampung gas 175 MMSCFD dimana produksi saat ini sebesar 125 MMSCFD sehingga masih mampu menampung masukan gas. Dari hasil analisa ekonomi investasi ini dinilai layak dilakukan, dengan nilai WACC 23,89% dan IRR 28,88%.

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ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuable products. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip. This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it can specified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into sales gas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method to treatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gas has lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas can be compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to be processed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform X Gas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able to handle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments is considered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuable products. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip. This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it can specified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into sales gas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method to treatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gas has lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas can be compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to be processed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform X Gas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able to handle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments is considered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuable products. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip. This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it can specified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into sales gas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method to treatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gas has lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas can be compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to be processed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform X Gas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able to handle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments is considered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuable products. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip. This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it can specified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into sales gas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method to treatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gas has lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas can be compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to be processed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform X Gas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able to handle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments is considered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR., The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuable products. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip. This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it can specified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into sales gas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method to treatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gas has lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas can be compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to be processed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform X Gas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able to handle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments is considered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.]