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Abstrak :
Devoted to the assessment of the quality of numerical results produced by computers, this book addresses the question: How does finite precision affect the convergence of numerical methods on the computer when convergence has been proven in exact arithmetic? Finite precision computations are at the heart of the daily activities of many engineers and researchers in all branches of applied mathematics. Written in an informal style, the book combines techniques from engineering and mathematics to describe the rigorous and novel theory of computability in finite precision. In the challenging cases of nonlinear problems, theoretical analysis is supplemented by software tools to explore the stability on the computer. Roundoff errors are often considered negatively, as a severe limitation on the purity of exact computations. The authors show how the necessarily finite precision of the computer arithmetic can be turned into an asset to describe physical phenomena.

Abstrak :
In the 1820s Gauss published two memoirs on least squares, which contain his final, definitive treatment of the area along with a wealth of material on probability, statistics, numerical analysis, and geodesy. These memoirs, originally published in Latin with German Notices, have been inaccessible to the English-speaking community. Here for the first time they are collected in an English translation. For scholars interested in comparisons the book includes the original text and the English translation on facing pages. More generally the book will be of interest to statisticians, numerical analysts, and other scientists who are interested in what Gauss did and how he set about doing it. An Afterword by the translator, G. W. Stewart, places Gauss's contributions in historical perspective.

Abstrak :
The jackknife and the bootstrap are nonparametric methods for assessing the errors in a statistical estimation problem. They provide several advantages over the traditional parametric approach: the methods are easy to describe and they apply to arbitrarily complicated situations; distribution assumptions, such as normality, are never made. This monograph connects the jackknife, the bootstrap, and many other related ideas such as cross-validation, random subsampling, and balanced repeated replications into a unified exposition. The theoretical development is at an easy mathematical level and is supplemented by a large number of numerical examples. The methods described in this monograph form a useful set of tools for the applied statistician. They are particularly useful in problem areas where complicated data structures are common, for example, in censoring, missing data, and highly multivariate situations.

Abstrak :
Errology is a term launched by Prof. Mineo Suenobu (1995-1999) that means study of error analysis. Japanese-Indonesian errology is a study of various errors done by Indonesian students in learning Japanese as a a foreign language. The intermediate course in this research is a Japanese class from third grade students at Department of Japanese Studies, Faculty of Humanities. Therefore, the Japanese-Indonesian errology in this research is about the errors from early intermediate Japanese, Intermediate Japanese is a level of foreigner’s Japanese who has learned hiragana, katakana, 300 Chinese characters, 1500 words and basic grammar. This competence reached about 1000 Chinese characters, 6000 words and some advanced grammatical categories. From language acquisition, there are two kind of errors: (1) interlingual errors, caused by the students’ mother tongue; (2) intralingual errors, caused by the structural problems of Japanese language. Interlingual errors are much more than intralingual errors. From the structure of language, there are six kind of errors: (1) grammatical errors; (2) lexical errors; (3) pragmatic errors; (4) lexical-pragmatic errors; (5) lexical grammatical errors; (6) grammatical-pragmatic errors. Grammatical errors are the most.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis kesalahan mahasiswa Matematika dalam memahami masalah, membuat rencana, melaksanakan rencana, dan memeriksa kembali jawaban. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif, dengan subjek penelitian sebanyak 145 mahasiswa yang diambil berdasarkan purposive sampling. Prosedur pengambilan data menggunakan teknik Think Out Louds. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan derajat keterpercayaan dengan menggunakan teknik triangulasi.

Abstrak :
Errology is a term launched by Prof. Mineo Suenobu (1995-1999) that means study of error analysis. Japanese-Indonesian errology is a study of various errors done by Indonesian students in learning Japanese as a a foreign language. The intermediate course in this research is a Japanese class from third grade students at Department of Japanese Studies, Faculty of Humanities. Therefore, the Japanese-Indonesian errology in this research is about the errors from early intermediate Japanese, Intermediate Japanese is a level of foreigner?s Japanese who has learned hiragana, katakana, 300 Chinese characters, 1500 words and basic grammar. This competence reached about 1000 Chinese characters, 6000 words and some advanced grammatical categories. From language acquisition, there are two kind of errors: (1) interlingual errors, caused by the students? mother tongue; (2) intralingual errors, caused by the structural problems of Japanese language. Interlingual errors are much more than intralingual errors. From the structure of language, there are six kind of errors: (1) grammatical errors; (2) lexical errors; (3) pragmatic errors; (4) lexicalpragmatic errors; (5) lexical grammatical errors; (6) grammatical-pragmatic errors. Grammatical errors are the most.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas kesulitan mahasiswa Program Studi Jerman angkatan 2007 yang telah lulus bahasa Jerman II, dalam menentukan preposisi lokatif bahasa Jerman. Kesulitan ini dapat dilihat dari banyaknya kesalahan yang dilakukan mahasiswa. Para mahasiswa sering membuat kesalahan dalam penggunaan preposisi lokatif bahasa Jerman karena adanya interferensi bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui preposisi yapng paling banyak digunakan mahasiswa untuk menyatakan ?keberadaan?, ?tujuan/pergerakan?, dan ?asal lokasi?, serta mendeskripsikan jenis interferensi yang terjadi pada penggunaan preposisi bahasa Jerman. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian kualitatif-kuantitatif yang berbentuk studi kasus dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara analisis kesalahan dengan acuan aturan tata bahasa dari bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jerman. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh preposisi in paling banyak digunakan untuk menyatakan ?keberadaan?, preposisi in untuk menyatakan ?tujuan/pergerakan?, dan preposisi von untuk menyatakan ?asal lokasi?. Preposisi yang menjadi masalah dalam penggunaanya adalah preposisi auf dan in. Dari analisis kesalahan terlihat bahwa jenis interferensi yang terjadi pada kasus ini adalah interferensi gramatikal berjenis penghilangan kategori gramatikal wajib.

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The focus of this paper is to describe the problems of using local preposition in German language from the German Literature students that already passed their German Language II. These problems could be seen from the mistake that always done by the students. The cause of the students? mistake on using German local preposition is the interference of the Indonesian language. The purposes of this studies are to know the type of local preposition which is used to declare ?location?, ?purpose?, and ?origin? and to describe the type of interference that occured while using German local preposition. The methode of this research is qualitative-quantitave research, by using descriptive approach. The research was carried out by doing an error analysis and using both Indonesian and German grammar as the theory. The result of this research is: the preposition in is always used to declare ?location? and ?purpose?, and preposition von to declare ?origin?. The most problematic prepositions in its usage are local preposition auf and in. The error analysis showed that the type of interference that occured in this case is a gammatical interference, namely removal of obligatory grammatical category.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas kesalahan gramatikal pada karangan berbahasa Jerman khususnya kesalahan pada artikel kata benda, pembentukan kata benda jamak, dan konjugasi kata kerja, yang merupakan tiga contoh aturan gramatikal dalam bahasa Jerman yang berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia, selaku bahasa ibu responden. Kesalahan tersebut dianalisis menurut teori interferensi gramatikal dari Weinrich yang dikaitkan dengan teori Fehleranalyse menurut Putzer. Sumber data penelitian ini diambil dari karangan UAS mahasiswa Program Studi Jerman tingkat I tahun ajaran 2010/2011 Universitas Indonesia. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, kesalahan dalam konjugasi kata kerja merupakan kesalahan yang paling banyak muncul. Kesalahan terbanyak kedua yang muncul adalah kesalahan dalam artikel kata benda. Selanjutnya, kesalahan pada pembentukan kata benda jamak merupakan kesalahan yang paling sedikit. ......The focuses of this study are the grammatical errors in the usage of articles in nouns, plural forming, and verb conjugation, which are the three examples of German grammatical structure that are different from Indonesian?s. The errors were analyzed according to the theory of grammatical interference by Weinrich associated with the theory of error analysis by Putzer. The sources of this research were drawn from the essays made by the first year students of German Studies Program at Universitas Indonesia in academic year 2010/2011. The results of this study indicate that the errors in the verb conjugation are considered as the most frequently occuring errors. It is than followed by the usage of articles in nouns and plural forming.