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"Penelitian ini membahasa perancangan, simulasi, dan analisis kerja Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) dengan konfigurasi Output Capacitor Less (OCL) berbasis topologi tiga tahap penguatan, yaitu differential amplifier, voltage amplifier stage (VAS), dan Final Amplifier. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi karakteristik penguatan dan kualitas sinyal pada setiap tahap penguat serta membandingkan hasil simulasi dengan implementasi rangkaian fisik. Proses simulasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Multism untuk mendapatkan data gain tegangan, gain arus, serta parameter distorsi harmonic total (THD) dan SINAD. Sementara itu, implementasi rangkaian nyata diuji dengan menggunakan power supply DC, sinyal input sinusoidal dari function generator, dan osiloskop digital untuk manganalisis performa output.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tahap differential amplifier menghasilkan penguatan sebesar -5,77 V/V, sedangkan VAS memberikan gain sekitar 12,22 V/V dan final amplifier memiliki karakteristik unity gain serta gain arus sebesar 150 kali, yang masih berada dalam rentang beta transistor TIP2955. Distorsi harmonic total (THD) yang diperoleh sebesar 0,130% dan nilai SINAD sebesar 53,659 dB, yang masih tergolong layak untuk aplikasi audio. Selain itu, digunakan juga analisis frekuensi respons pada rentang 1 Hz sampai 200 kHz yang menunjukkan penurunan gain secara bertahap setelah 50 kHz, mengindikasi batas atas bandwidth efektif dari amplifier.Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa rangkaian SSPA OCL yang dirancang mampu menghasilkan penguatan dan kualitas sinyal yang baik pada frekuensi audio, serta memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap performa masing-masing tahap penguatan berdasarkan pengujian simulasi dan implementasi.

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This study presents the design, simulation, and performance analysis of a Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) using an Output Capacitor Less (OCL) configuration. The amplifier adopts a three-stage topology, comprising a differential amplifier, a voltage amplifier stage (VAS), and a final amplifier stage. The primary objective is to evaluate the gain characteristics and signal integrity at each amplification stage and compare the simulation results with those obtained from the physical implementation. Simulations were conducted using Multisim software to obtain voltage gain, current gain, total harmonic distortion (THD), and signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD). The real circuit implementation was tested using a DC power supply, sinusoidal input signal from a function generator, and a digital oscilloscope for output analysis.

The differential amplifier stage produced a voltage gain of -5.77 V/V, while the VAS achieved approximately 12.22 V/V. The final stage operated close to unity voltage gain and demonstrated a current gain of 150x, which falls within the beta range of the TIP2955 transistor. The measured THD was 0.130%, and SINAD was recorded at 53.659 dB, indicating acceptable performance for audio applications. Frequency response analysis across the 1 Hz to 200 kHz range showed a gradual decline in gain beyond 50 kHz, suggesting the upper bandwidth limit of the amplifier.

Overall, this research demonstrates that the designed OCL-based SSPA is capable of delivering adequate gain and signal quality across the audio frequency range, providing insight into each amplification stage through both simulation and physical testing."

"This book offers a concise introduction to the analysis of electrical transients aimed at students who have completed introductory circuits and freshman calculus courses. While it is written under the assumption that these students are encountering transient electrical circuits for the first time, the mathematical and physical theory is not ‘watered-down.’ That is, the analysis of both lumped and continuous (transmission line) parameter circuits is performed with the use of differential equations (both ordinary and partial) in the time domain, and the Laplace transform. The transform is fully developed in the book for readers who are not assumed to have seen it before. The use of singular time functions (unit step and impulse) is addressed and illustrated through detailed examples.The appearance of paradoxical circuit situations, often ignored in many textbooks (because they are, perhaps, considered ‘difficult’ to explain) is fully embraced as an opportunity to challenge students. In addition, historical commentary is included throughout the book, to combat the misconception that the material in engineering textbooks was found engraved on Biblical stones, rather than painstakingly discovered by people of genius who often went down many wrong paths before finding the right one. MATLAB® is used throughout the book, with simple codes to quickly and easily generate transient response curves."

"Penelitian ini membahas perancangan, simulasi, dan validasi performa dari penguat daya audio berbasis arsitektur tiga tahap dengan konfigurasi Output Capacitor- Less (OCL) dan topologi kelas AB. Arsitektur ini terdiri atas tahap input buffer diferensial, voltage amplifier stage (VAS), dan output buffer push-pull yang dirancang untuk memberikan penguatan arus tinggi dengan distorsi rendah. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi karakteristik penguatan tegangan, penguatan arus, distorsi harmonik Total (THD), rasio SINAD, dan respons Frekuensi dari sistem amplifier.Proses simulasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak NI Multisim, dengan pengujian fisik dilaksanakan menggunakan osiloskop digital, function generator, dan beban resistif 4 Ω. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penguatan Total mendekati 60 V/V, dengan bandwidth hingga 40 kHz. Tahap VAS menyumbang gain utama sebesar 12,2 V/V, sementara final amplifier memberikan unity gain dengan penguatan arus hingga 150 kali, masih dalam batas karakteristik β transistor output (2SC5200/2SA1943). THD berada pada level 0,130% dan SINAD mencapai 53,659 dB, memenuhi standar audio kelas menengah. Respons Frekuensi menunjukkan penurunan gain secara bertahap setelah 40–50 kHz akibat efek parasitik pada PCB fabrikasi.Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa desain penguat daya OCL tiga tahap ini berhasil memenuhi kriteria penguatan dan fidelitas sinyal audio yang baik. Selain itu, pendekatan ini memberikan pemahaman komprehensif mengenai kontribusi masing- masing tahap dalam struktur amplifier terhadap performa akhir sistem.

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This research discusses the design, simulation, and performance validation of an audio power amplifier based on a three-stage architecture with an Output Capacitor-Less (OCL) configuration and Class AB topology. The architecture consists of a differential input buffer stage, a voltage amplifier stage (VAS), and a push-pull output buffer designed to deliver high current gain with low distortion. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the system’s voltage gain, current gain, Total Harmonic distortion (THD), signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD), and frequency response.

The simulation was performed using NI Multisim software, while physical testing involved the use of a digital oscilloscope, function generator, and 4 Ω resistive load. The test results showed a Total closed-loop gain approaching 60 V/V, with a bandwidth reaching up to 40 kHz. The VAS stage contributed the primary voltage gain of approximately 12.2 V/V, while the final amplifier provided unity gain with a current gain of up to 150 times, still within the β range of the output transistors (2SC5200/2SA1943). The measured THD was 0.130%, and SINAD reached 53.659 dB, meeting the standards for mid-range audio applications. Frequency response analysis revealed a gradual gain roll-off beyond 40–50 kHz, attributed to parasitic effects in the fabricated PCB.

This study confirms that the designed three-stage OCL power amplifier meets the criteria for good audio signal gain and fidelity. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive understanding of how each amplifier stage contributes to the overall system performance."