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"European Community (EC) saat ini merupakan salah satu organisasi regional yang mempunyai peran penting dalam perdagangan internasional. World Trade Organization (WTO) di lain pihak merupakan forum perdagangan internasional terbesar. Hubungan hukum keduanya menimbulkan banyak diskusi dan kontroversi. Permasalahan yang paling sering muncul adalah permasalahan common commercial policy (CCP) dan direct effect. Permasalahan pertama adalah masalah CCP eksternal EC pada forum WTO. EC bersama dengan negara-negara anggotanya menjadi anggota dalam Perjanjian WTO atau disebut juga sebagai mixed agreement yang disebabkan oleh fragmentasi kompetensi internal EC. Sebagian sektor dalam Perjanjian WTO merupakan kompetensi EC, sebagian merupakan kompetensi negara-negara anggota, dan sebagian merupakan shared competence. Keadaan ini kemudian mengakibatkan terdapat dua tahap negosiasi perdagangan yaitu internal EC dan pada saat negosiasi pada forum WTO yang menjadikan proses negosiasi dengan EC menjadi lamban. Selain itu pihak ketiga sukar dalam memutuskan pihak mana yang bertanggungjawab pada saat terjadinya pelanggaran terhadap Perjanjian WTO, terutama apabila akan mengajukan perkara pada Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) WTO. Permasalahan kedua adalah direct effect; ECJ pada tahun 1963 mengembangkan suatu doktin baru yang disebut dengan doktrin direct effect. Doktrin ini memberikan hak kepada individu hukum negara anggota untuk dapat menjadikan regulasi ataupun norma rezim hukum EC sebagai dasar hukum dihadapan pengadilan negerinya. Doktrin ini kemudian juga mencakup perjanjian internasional sehingga individu hukum dapat menjadikan pengaturan dalam suatu perjanjian internasional sebagai dasar hukum gugatannya di pengadilan negerinya sendiri. Pertanyaan yang muncul adalah apakah terdapat direct effect WTO dalam rezim hukum EC? Dalam analisis kasus-kasus ECJ jawabannya jauh dari afirmatif."

"This edited volume contains a comprehensive discussion. . .by many of the key contributors to the trade policy literature. The discussion is largely forward thinking, building on achievements that have persisted and survived the turbulence and much more primitive system of rules that have existed so far in the global financial architecture. An excellent supplementary text for international courses. Highly recommended."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"Outsourcing America reveals how much outsourcing is taking place, what its impact is and will be, and what can be done about the loss of jobs. The book shows how outsourcing is part of the historical economic shifts toward globalism and free trade, and demonstrates the impact of outsourcing on individual lives and communities. The authors discuss policies that countries like India and China use to attract U.S. industries, and they offer frank recommendations that business and political leaders must consider in order to confront this snowballing crisis -- and bring more high-paying jobs back to the U.S."

"The promise of global institutions -- Broken promises -- Freedom to choose? -- The East Asian crisis : how IMF policies brought the world to the verge of a global meltdown -- Who lost Russia? -- Unfair trade laws and other mischief -- Better roads to the market -- The IMF?s other agenda -- The way ahead."

"This work offers a synthesis of the current approaches toward an integration of international trade and climate change, with a view to fostering potential improvements in policies and institutions affecting these. A number of pragmatic measures are proposed with reference to the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regimes, which are expected to contribute toward enhanced climate change governance, as well as promoting international trade."