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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Hilang energi muon untuk produksi e- , e+ pada tumbukan dengan materi pada energi 5 GeV sampai 10 TeV telah dihitung. Metoda yang digunakan yaitu perturbasi orde terendah relativistik dan efek recoil target tidak diperhitungkan bagi kesederhanaan masalah. Faktor bentuk atom yang dipakai yaitu faktor bentuk atom sederhana dari L. I Schiff yang dapat disesuaikan bagi semua atom dengan penentuan parameter. Proses yang dikerjakan meliputi proses elastik dan inelastik Hasilnya, (I) pada daerah energi muon ini diperlukan hanya satu parameter faktor bentuk atom sederhana untuk semua atom yaitu, parameter yang sesuai dengan model atom Thomas-Fermi tetapi, untuk energi muon datang yang lebih tinggi diasumsikan penentuan nilai parameter tertentu untuk tiap-tiap atom dengan Z kecil (Z < 5), (2) koreksi efek penabiran memperkecil hilang energi muon untuk produksi e-, e+ ; koreksi ini cukup besar dan semakin besar dengan bertambahnya energi muon datang; pada energi muon datang 10 TeV koreksi ini mencapai. ≈30% untuk hidrogen dan ≈ 50% untuk uranium; untuk materi dari atom yang lebih berat efek ini mulai muncul pada energi muon datang yang lebih rendah (3) sunbangan proses inelast ik pada hilang energi muon total pe rlu diperhitungkan dalam daerah energi muon datang ini untuk atom dengan Z ≤ 11 untuk sumbangan yang 10%.

Abstrak :
In spite of abundant experimental evidences supporting the viability of the laser induced shock wave plasma model for the explanation of the important features ofthe plasma and the associated spectroscopic characteristics, a controversy on the atomic excitation mechanism in the plasma has remained to be completely resolved. In this study the contributions of the shock wave model and two other most popular models, the electron-ion recombination model and thc electron collision model were thoroughly investigated. For that purpose, a special technique has been developed for the direct detection of the charge current in conjunction with plasma emission measurement dining the laser plasma generation and expansion. The current detection was performed by placing a partially transmitting metal mesh electrode at a distance in front of the sample surface with the sample target sewing as the counter electrode. The electric Held between the mesh and sample surface was set up and varied by applying a variable DC voltage (0-400 Volt) between them. The laser plasma was generated by a YAG laser (64 ml, 8 ns) tightly focused on a Cu target through the mesh electrode in low-pressure surrounding gas. It was found that the charge current time profiles obtained at various gas pressures invariably exhibit a lack of consistent correlation with the emission time profile of the plasma throughout most of the emission period. The result of this study has thus practically eliminated any significant roles ofthe electron-ion recombination and electron collision models in the excitation process. We are therefore led to conclude that the shock wave model proposed earlier is most plausible for the consistent explanation of the secondary plasma emission, while the other two models may have some contribution only at the very initial stage ofthe secondary plasma generation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
In spite of abundant experimental evidences supporting the viability of the laser induced shock wave plasma model for the explanation of the important features ofthe plasma and the associated spectroscopic characteristics, a controversy on the atomic excitation mechanism in the plasma has remained to be completely resolved. In this study the contributions of the shock wave model and two other most popular models, the electron-ion recombination model and thc electron collision model were thoroughly investigated. For that purpose, a special technique has been developed for the direct detection of the charge current in conjunction with plasma emission measurement dining the laser plasma generation and expansion. The current detection was performed by placing a partially transmitting metal mesh electrode at a distance in front of the sample surface with the sample target sewing as the counter electrode. The electric Held between the mesh and sample surface was set up and varied by applying a variable DC voltage (0-400 Volt) between them. The laser plasma was generated by a YAG laser (64 ml, 8 ns) tightly focused on a Cu target through the mesh electrode in low-pressure surrounding gas. It was found that the charge current time profiles obtained at various gas pressures invariably exhibit a lack of consistent correlation with the emission time profile of the plasma throughout most of the emission period. The result of this study has thus practically eliminated any significant roles ofthe electron-ion recombination and electron collision models in the excitation process. We are therefore led to conclude that the shock wave model proposed earlier is most plausible for the consistent explanation of the secondary plasma emission, while the other two models may have some contribution only at the very initial stage ofthe secondary plasma generation. Key words: charge current, shock wave, electron-ion recombination and electron collision. Praiseci is to the Lord for He is my reason in everything I do. This manuscript is never be done without the guidance by Pro£ Tjia May On, to whom I am extremely grateful. He also provided the support without which this thesis would not possible. He is more than just a teacher for me for his words have deeply touched me. Moreover, he also introduced me that knowledge is something we should share among others and to improve the education in my country. I am also indebted to Prof. Kiichiro Kagawa at the Fukui University for providing the atmosphere and the physical resources to make thesis writing in these times of fast paced research. I am also thankful for the opportunity which is given to me to join research together with him in his laboratory in Japan. Extra special thanks go to Dr. Hendrik Kurniawan for providing me with encouragement and support for this project. He is the first one who encouraged me to take Doctor Cotuse Program which seemed impossible at the beginning. His companion during research at Applied Spectroscopy Laboratory at University of Indonesia is a leading experience in research for me. I am particularly grateful to the excellent team of referees who provided critical comments on this thesis. Their feedback was a great benefit to me. I gratefully acknowledge all my colleagues: Rinda Hedwig, Mangasi A. Marpaung, Hery Suyanto, MM. Suliyanti, Wahyu S. Budi, and Emon in Applied Spectroscopy Laboratory at University of Indonesia, for their assistance and support during my study. My never-ending thanks to my beloved family, especially to my parents who exhibited thoughtful patience over extended periods of time when I seemed to be invisible. Thanks also to Loviana who helped me in all situations which I no longer can resist by myselfl Finally, I apologize to all those who helped that I did not acknowledge specifically. I know there were many and greatly appreciate your assistance. August, 2002 Author

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kecelakaan menjadi penyebab tertinggi ketiga kematian di dunia. Melalui sistem collision avoidance yang diterapkan pada mobil pintar, diharapkan agar kecelakaan pada mobil dapat terhindarkan dan angka kecelakaan dapat berkurang. Sistem ini menerapkan konsep Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), jenis jaringan yang dapat melalukan proses sensing, pengiriman data, serta monitoring melalui koneksi internet. Perancangan dan implementasi purwarupa collision avoidance pada mobil pintar ini bekerja dengan cara mendapatkan jarak antar mobil yang didapat dari sensor Ultrasonik HC-SR04 yang kemudian menjadi input Arduino untuk mengatur kecepatan optimal mobil agar tidak terjadi tabrakan. Komunikasi antar mobil menggunakan Xbee S2 yang dihubungkan ke Raspberry Pi untuk dikoneksikan ke web server. Informasi yang didapat berupa jarak dan kecepatan mobil akan ditampilkan pada website yang dapat diakses oleh pengguna. Hasil pengujian didapatkan jangkauan maksimal Xbee S2 adalah 89 meter. Nilai delay dari sensor hingga sistem monitoring didapatkan rata-rata 0,411 detik, sedangkan nilai throughput rata-rata adalah 641,73 bytes/s.

Abstrak :
Fenomena tabrakan orang pada perjalanan kaki di pedestrian, termasuk zebra cross, menciptakan penundaan perjalanan dan berpengaruh pada inefisiensi ekonomi. Penelitian intervensi ini mencoba untuk menguji efektivitas dari penggunaan provincial norm, sebagai jenis norma yang menggunakan identitas spasial yang lebih dekat pada subjek, dalam membentuk perilaku menyeberang di sisi kiri zebra cross, yang diaplikasikan pada sekaligus dibandingkan dengan penggunaan injunctive norm biasa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan desain A-B-A time series analysis with two comparison group. Setelah melakukan pengukuran selama tiga pekan pada empat titik penyeberangan di Universitas Indonesia, dibuktikan bahwa penggunaan teknik intervensi memanfaatkan provincial norm secara signifikan berhasil membentuk perilaku menyeberang di sisi kiri zebra cross dibandingkan penggunaan injunctive norm biasa. Pembentukan perilaku menyeberang di sisi kiri ini juga memiliki pengaruh pada pengurangan terjadinya tabrakan orang di penyeberangan zebra cross. ......The phenomenon of human collisions on pedestrian, including zebra cross, creates a locomotion delay and affects economic inefficiency. This intervention study tried to test the effectiveness of provincial norms, as a type of norm that uses identity that spatially closer to the subject, in modifying left-side crossing behavior on zebra cross, which is applied at and compared to injunctive norms. This research was carried out with A-B-A time series analysis with two comparison group design. After measuring three weeks at four crossing points in Universitas Indonesia, it was proven that intervention technique using provincial norm significantly succeeded in modifying left-side crossing behavior compared to injunctive norms. The formation of left-side crossing behavior also had an influence on reducing the occurrence of human collisions on zebra cross.

Abstrak :

Teknologi komunikasi nirkabel dari Internet of Things (IoT) saat ini sudah digunakan dalam banyak kasus. Pada tahun 2016 (3rd Generation Partnership Project) 3GPP memperkenalkan teknologi baru yang disebut Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Dengan target melayani pasar perangkat IoT, NB-IoT dirancang untuk menjadi lebih baik dalam menangani sejumlah besar perangkat, dibandingkan dengan teknologi seluler yang ada. Tantangan terbesar untuk melayani sejumlah besar perangkat dalam teknologi nirkabel adalah random access. Penelitian ini menyajikan hasil simulasi prosedur random access pada kestabilan NB-IoT dengan sejumlah besar perangkat. backoff window adalah fokus utama dalam penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi kinerja NB-IoT yang memiliki kemampuan untuk meminimalkan paket Loss sehingga dapat mengirim lebih banyak paket yang di-acknowledge. mekanisme backoff dengan limitasi pengulangan diasumsikan bekerja pada satu tingkat Coverage Enhancement (CE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa probabilitas pengiriman paket juga memiliki peran dalam kinerja, di mana semakin tinggi probabilitas untuk mengirimkan paket, semakin tinggi paket Loss terjadi. Jumlah pengguna (M) maksimum untuk PPKT 10% adalah 45 dengan persentase rata-rata Loss sebesar 49,59%, 35 untuk PPKT 20% dengan persentase rata-rata Loss sebesar 49,49%, dan 30 untuk PPKT 30% dengan persentase rata-rata Loss sebesar 47,86%.

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Next generation wireless communication technology of Internet of Things (IoT) nowadays is already used in many use cases. In 2016 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) started introducing a new technology called Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Targeting to serve the market of IoT devices, NB-IoT is designed to be better in dealing with massive number of devices in a cell, compared to the existing cellular technologies. The biggest challenge to serve massive number of devices in wireless technologies is the random access. This research presents a simulation result of NB-IoT’s random access procedure under massive number of devices in steady-state condition. A backoff window is the main focus in this research to evaluate the NB-IoT performance, it has the ability to minimize packet loss so it can send more an acknowledged packet. the backoff mechanism with retry limit is considered with one coverage enhancement (CE) level. The result shows that a probability of transmitting packet also has a role in performance, where the higher of probability to generate uplink packet, the higher the lost packet will occur. The maximum number of users (M) for PPKT 10% is 45 with an average percentage of loss rate is 49.59%, 35 for PPKT 20% with an average percentage of loss rate is 49.49%, and 30 for PPKT 30% with an average percentage of loss rate is 47.86%.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini mengevaluasi keamanan lalu lintas dari area penggabungan di jalan bebas hambatan berdasarkan teknik konflik lalu lintas dalam kondisi lalu lintas yang sedang berjalan, sebagai tindakan keselamatan lalu lintas non-kecelakaan. Objek penelitian ini, menggabungkan area di Jalan Tol Kota Sidoarjo. Menggunakan Drone untuk mengambil video untuk teknik pemrosesan data. Waktu untuk tabrakan (TTC) ditentukan dengan mengevaluasi konflik lalu lintas menggunakan aplikasi pelacak. Kemudian, ambang batas keparahan TTC ditentukan. Ambang konflik serius dan perubahan jalur umum terletak antara 0–2,9 detik dan 2,9-5,8 detik, masing-masing; ambang konflik serius dan umum ujung-belakang terletak antara 0-0,73 detik dan 0,73-3,33 detik, masing-masing. panjang rata-rata jalur percepatan, persen kendaraan berat yang melintas dijalur ramp, persen kendaraan berat di lajur 1 jalur utama, kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan yang melintas dilajur 1 jalur utama yang dibutuhkan untuk berpindah lajur yang secara positif mempengaruhi indeks resiko kecelakaan perjam (HCRI), Pengukuran TTC dalam makalah ini dapat menawarkan cakupan komprehensif dengan skala yang disempurnakan, menambah pemahaman pemodelan konflik lalu lintas di area penggabungan. ......This research evaluate the traffic safety of the merging area on freeway based on traffic conflict techniques in the running traffic conditions, as a non-accident traffic safety measure. The object of this research, merging areas on Sidoarjo City Freeway. Using Drone to take video for data  processing techniques. The time for a collision (TTC) is determined by evaluating the traffic conflict using the tracker application. Then, the severity threshold of TTC is determined. The threshold of serious and general lane-change conflicts lies between 0–2.9 s and 2.9- 5.8 s,respectively; the threshold of serious and general rear-end conflicts lies between 0–0.73 s and 0.73–3.33 s, respectively. average length of acceleration lane, percent of heavy vehicles crossing the ramp, percent of heavy vehicles in lane 1 main lane, average speed of vehicles crossing lane 1 main lane needed to move lanes which positively affects the hourly accident risk index (HCRI ),The TTC measurement in this paper can offer comprehensive coverage with refined scales, adding to the understanding of traffic conflict modeling in merging areas.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan teknologi telah memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia, termasuk dalam industri manufaktur. Salah satu contoh perkembangan teknologi dalam bidang ini adalah penggunaan robot untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan mengurangi kesalahan dalam proses produksi. Namun, penggunaan robot dalam lingkungan pabrik memerlukan analisis collision detection yang memakan waktu dan sulit dilakukan secara manual. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, penggunaan teknologi Augmented Reality (AR) menjadi solusi yang tepat. Dalam penelitian ini, sebuah aplikasi augmented reality robot-centric untuk commissioning ruang pabrik telah dikembangkan menggunakan platform Unity. Aplikasi ini memanfaatkan SDK ARCore untuk smartphone Android yang dilengkapi dengan fitur Depth API. Dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini, analisis collisiion detection Robot Fanuc tipe M-900iB/700 dalam lingkungan kerjadapat dilakukan secara efisien dan fleksibel. Melalui proses penelitian yang sistematis dan pengujian yang berulang, aplikasi augmented reality ini berhasil memberikan kemudahan bagi pengguna dalam melakukan analisis virtual sebelum implementasi di dunia nyata. Aplikasi ini memungkinkan simulasi dan analisis real-time pada dunia virtual, memberikan hasil yang akurat dan efisien. Dengan pengembangan teknologi augmented reality ini, diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan fleksibilitas dalam proses analisis collision detection pada robot Fanuc M-900iB/700 terhadap lingkungan kerja ruang pabrik. ......The advancement of technology has had a significant impact on various aspects of human life, including the manufacturing industry. One notable technological development in this field is the utilization of robots to enhance efficiency and minimize errors in the production process. However, deploying robots in factory environments requires time-consuming and challenging manual analysis of collision detection in the working envelope. Augmented Reality (AR) technology emerges as a suitable solution to address this issue. In this research, a robot-centric augmented reality application for factory space commissioning has been developed using the Unity platform. The application leverages the ARCore SDK for Android smartphones with Depth API capabilities. By utilizing this application, the collision detection analysis in the Fanuc Robot M-900iB/700 working envelope can be conducted efficiently and flexibly. Through systematic research processes and iterative testing, this augmented reality application successfully provides users with the convenience of virtual analysis before real-world implementation. The application enables real-time simulation and analysis in a virtual environment, delivering accurate and efficient results. The development of augmented reality technology is expected to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of the working envelope collision detection analysis process for the Fanuc Robot M-900iB/700 in factory settings.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) merupakan sistem identifikasi yang tidak memerlukan kontak secara langsung antara reader dan tag. Di dalam RFID terdapat berbagai macam permasalahan salah satunya ialah tumbukan antar reader. Masalah tumbukan antar reader merupakan salah satu masalah paling penting dalam sistem RFID. Di dalam skripsi ini dibahas tentang simulasi dan analisa data dari sebuah protokol multi channel anti collision yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi tumbukan yang terjadi antar reader sehingga didapatkan throughput dan effisiensi yang tinggi serta waktu tunggu yang kecil. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa untuk mencapai throughput yang tinggi diperlukan reader yang banyak sedangkan untuk mencapai effisiensi yang optimal hanya dibutuhkan sedikit reader. Untuk waktu tunggu sebuah reader dapat berkomunikasi kembali dengan tag setelah sebelumnya berhasil berkomunikasi dengan tag adalah makin besar jumlah time slot maka semakin kecil pula waktu tunggu yang dibutuhkan. Oleh karenanya, untuk menghasilkan waktu tunggu yang kecil dibutuhkan time slot yang banyak.

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ABSTRACT
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an identification system that does not require direct contact between reader and tag. RFID system has many problems one of them is collision between reader. In this paper, simulation and analysis of data from a multi-channel anti-collision protocols to reduce collisions between reader and to obtain a high throughput and efficiency and small waiting time is proposed. The simulation results show that a lot of number of readers are needed to achieve high throughputs and a few number of readers are needed to optimize efficiency. A reader can communicate back to tag after the previous communication to tags is success. The higher number of time slot is required to reduce the waiting time.