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Abstrak :
Summary: From acoustics to zoology, the bestselling, authoritative encyclopedia that brings the latest in science and technology to students. Celebrating more than 50 years of bringing knowledge to readers at all levels of study, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 11th Edition provides need-to-know information in the major disciplines of science and technology. All entries are commissioned from leading

Abstrak :
Dalam setiap aktivitas pertambangan, terdapat potensi bahaya yang menimbulkan risiko terjadinya kecelakaan. Jenis kecelakaan menabrak merupakan kecelakaan yang banyak terjadi pada operasi lalu lintas tambang jobsite PT SS (41%) dan kejadiannya cenderung berulang. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang sistem pertahanan dalam mencegah kecelakaan sesuai dengan kerangka pikir Swiss Cheese Model. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis data kecelakan lalu lintas tambang di salah satu jobsite di PT SS, suatu perusahaan kontraktor pertambangan batubara terbuka, dengan menggunakan Human Factors Analysis and Classification System in Mining Industry (HFACS-MI). Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan terhadap 53 kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas tambang, permasalahan yang banyak ditemukan di antaranya adalah skill-based error, adverse mental states, coordination and communication, inadequate leadership, dan organization process. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem pertahanan yang ada untuk mencegah kecelakaan lalu lintas tambang masih belum optimal. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan perbaikan sistem pertahanan, baik yang ditargetkan kepada individu ataupun organisasi, agar risiko kecelakaan dapat dikendalikan. ......In mining process activities, there are potential hazards that poses a risk to be an accident. Collision is one of accident types that frequently happen on mining traffic operations jobsite PT SS (41%) and it has tendency to occur repeatedly. This study aimed to gain an overview of defences system in preventing accidents according to Swiss Cheese Model framework. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach through mining traffic accident data analysis in one of jobsite in PT SS, an open coal mining contractor company, using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System in Mining Industry (HFACS-MI). Based on the analysis of 53 cases of mining traffic accidents, revealed that the most common problems were skill-based errors, adverse mental states, coordination and communication, inadequate leadership, and organization process. It can be concluded that the existing defences system to prevent mining traffic accidents has not been optimal yet. Therefore, defences system improvement, either targeted to the individual or organizational, is needed to control accident risk.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tentang keselamatan pasien pada pasien yang direstrain di HCU Rawat Inap Teratai RSUP Fatmawati Tahun 2016. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan hasil analisis mengenai Implementasi Patien Safety pada Pasien Restrain di HCU Rawat Inap Teratai RSUP Fatmawati. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Operational Research yang bersifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa RSUP Fatmawati telah memiliki prosedur mengenai restrain dan keselamatan pasien. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan terdapat lubang pada lapisan kedua akibat tidak dilakukannya supervisi, lapisan ketiga akibat belum semua perawat mengikuti pelatihan, lapisan keempat akibat belum dipatuhinya prosedur restrain dan keselamatan pasien. Pada teori Swiss Cheese disebutkan bahwa lubang yang terletak pada satu garis lurus dapat mengakibatkan kejadian tidak diinginkan yang membahayakan patient safety pada pasien yang direstrain di HCU Rawat Inap Teratai 2016. ...... This study discusses about Patient Safety in restraint patients at Teratai?s Inpatient Care of RSUP Fatmawati in 2016. The aim of this study is to get the results of implementation analysis of Patient Safety in restraint patients. This research is an Operational Research, which use quantitative and qualitative approach. The method are observation, interviews, and documents review. The results showed that the RSUP Fatmawati has procedures regarding restrain and patient safety. The results also show there is a hole in the second layer of not doing supervision, the third layer as a result, not all nurse training, a fourth layer due to non-compliance with procedures restrain and patient safety. Swiss Cheese theory mentioned that the holes are located on one straight line. It can lead to adverse events that endanger patient safety in the restraint patients at the Teratai?s Inpatient Care of RSUP Fatmawati 2016.

Abstrak :
Rhizopus oryzae is known to produce lactic acid, protease and lipase, make it potential as a starter in cheese production. However, R oryzae aplication in the unripened cheese production has not been elucidated. In this research, microbiology and nutritional status of unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae was analysed and compared to that of the cheese made by rennet as a control. Total Plate Count of bacteria in unripened cheese fermented by R. Oryzae was 8.1 x 10 cfuml in PCA medium and 3.7 x 10 cfu/ml in MRSA. Total Count of fungi group was conducted using PDA, resulting in 1.2 x 10 cfu/ml. Dominant microflora were identified as Eterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis in MRSA and Aspergillus sp. in PDA. HPLC analysis of the unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae showed that it had higher essential amino acid content than the control. The essential amino acid found were Threonine (1,15 ppm), L-Methionine (0,47 ppm), L-Valine + L-Tryptophan (0,70 ppm), L-Phenylalanine (0,66 ppm), L-Isoleucine (0,48 ppm), L-Leucine (1,28 ppm), and L-Lycine (1,64 ppm).

Abstrak :
Rhizopus oryzae is known to produce lactic acid, protease and lipase, make it potential as a starter in cheese production. However, R. oryzae application in the unripened cheese production has not been elucidated. In this research, microbiology and nutritional status of unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae was analyzed and compared to that of the cheese made by rennet as a control. total plate count of bacteria in unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae was 8.1 X 10 cfu/ml in PCA medium and 3.7 X 10 cfu/ml in MRSA. Total count of funig group was conducted using PDA, resulting 1.2 X 10 cfu/ml. Dominant microflora were identified as enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis in MRSA and Aspergillus sp. in PDA. HPLC analysis of the unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae showed that in had higher essential amino acid content than the control. The essential amino acid found were Threonine (1,15 ppm), L-Methionine (0,47 ppm), L-Valine + L-Tryptophan (0,70 ppm), L-Phenylalanine (0,66 ppm), L-Isoleucine (0,48 ppm), L-Leucine (1,28 ppm), and L-Lycine (1,64 ppm).

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ABSTRAK
Industri penerbangan sipil di Indonesia telah dinominasikan oleh beberapa lembaga survei sebagai industri dengan tingkat keselamatan terendah di dunia. Banyaknya kecelakaan penerbangan sipil di Indonesia disebabkan oleh sistem manajemen keselamatan yang buruk. Menurut Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA), saat ini, 80% kecelakaan penerbangan disebabkan oleh kesalahan manusia (pilot, pengontrol lalu lintas udara, mekanik, dll). Hasil ini berbeda dibandingkan dengan tahun-tahun awal industri penerbangan yang 80% kecelakaan disebabkan oleh kegagalan mesin. Oleh karena itu, kita harus menemukan metode yang paling tepat untuk menganalisis kecelakaan penerbangan untuk mencegah terulangnya hal itu. Penerbangan sipil berjadwal di Indonesia hampir mewakili semua penerbangan sipil karena masih belum umumnya industri general aviation di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan model analisis dan investigasi kecelakaan yang dimodifikasi berdasarkan swiss cheese model untuk mengidentifikasi faktor manusia dan organisasi yang terkait dalam kecelakaan penerbangan sipil berjadwal. Model ini akan terdiri dari kategori dan subkategori yang dikembangkan oleh model sebab-akibat yang dikombinasikan dengan hukum dan peraturan yang berlaku serta praktik sistem manajemen keselamatan di industri penerbangan sipil berjadwal di Indonesia. Model yang diusulkan diharapkan dapat menganalisis kecelakaan penerbangan sipil terjadwal dengan lebih baik dan jelas serta membantu manajemen untuk mengambil tindakan keselamatan yang diperlukan untuk mencegah terulangnya kecelakaan.

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ABSTRACT
Civil aviation industry in Indonesia has been nominated by some survey institutes to be the lowest in safety rating in the world. This is caused by poor safety management system which lead to many civil aviation accidents in Indonesia. According to Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA), nowadays, 80% of aviation accident are due to human error (pilots, air traffic controllers, mechanics, etc). This result differ compared to the early years of the aviation industry which is 80% of accident are caused by machine failure. Therefore, we have to find the most appropriate method to analyze an aviation accident in order to prevent its reccurence. In Indonesia, scheduled civil aviation almost represent all civil aviation in the country. Therefore, This research proposed a modified accident analysis and investigation model based on swiss cheese model to identify the human and organizational factors involved in scheduled civil aviation accidents. The model will be consist of categories and subcategories which is developed by classic ancient causation models combined with the laws and regulation in Indonesia and a safety management system practices in the scheduled civil aviation industry. The proposed model is expected to be able to analyze scheduled civil aviation accident better and clearer and help the management to take a safety action needed to prevent the recurence of accidents.

Abstrak :
Pelayanan pre operatif anestesi merupakan tahap pertama dari seluruh tindakan anestesi. Dikatakan bahwa 40% risiko kematian atau komplikasi akibat tindakan anestesi yang berkaitan dengan masalah gangguan jalan nafas dapat dicegah dengan pengkajian pre operatif anestesi. Namun hingga saat ini pelaksanaan pre operatif anestesi yang tidak pernah mencapai 100% menjadi masalah yang dihadapi hampir semua rumah sakit tidak terkecuali Rumah Sakit Myria Palembang. Sebuah kerangka berpikir keselamatan pasien “swiss cheese model” yang lebih mengutamakan pendekatan sistem digunakan untuk analisis pre operatif anestesi. Identifikasi celah dalam setiap proses pelayanan pre operatif anestesi digunakan sebagai dasar untuk melakukan perbaikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis pelayanan pre operatif anestesi dengan pendekatan mixed method. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada 106 responden. Data kualitatif didapatkan melalui wawancara mendalam, fokus group discussion, telaah literatur dan dokumen terkait untuk mendapatkan analisis yang lebih komprehensif terhadap pengaruh organisasi, supervisi, teknologi, prekondisi dan perilaku individu pada pre operatif anestesi. Hasil analisis deskriptif didapatkan capaian pre operatif anestesi sebesar 61.3%; keseluruhan pre operatif anestesi dilakukan di hari yang sama dengan hari operasi; terdapat ketidaksesuaian regulasi yang ditetapkan manajemen rumah sakit; lemahnya supervisi pelaksanaan pre operatif anestesi; kurangnya pemanfaatan teknologi; sikap pasif pasien terhadap pelaksanaan pre operatif anestesi tergambar dari tanggapan responden terhadap variabel prekondisi termasuk dalam kategori rendah; operasi tetap berjalan meskipun tidak dilakukan pre operatif anestesi; budaya keselamatan pasien yang rendah pada perawat dan penata anestesi; proses admisi dan pelaporan pasien yang terlalu malam; perilaku individu tidak aman dokter spesialis anestesi dengan tidak melakukan pre operatif anestesi. Strategi rumah sakit sebagai pemecahan masalah rendahnya pelaksanaan pre operatif anestesi antara lain perbaikan regulasi; peningkatan supervisi; optimalisasi pemanfaatan sistem informasi rumah sakit; memperbaiki proses admisi pasien dan pelaporan pasien; meningkatkan kerja sama dengan operator bedah untuk kemudahan pelaksanaan pre operatif anestesi serta meningkatkan komitmen dokter spesialis anestesi untuk melakukan pre operatif anestesi. ......Preoperative anesthesia is the first stage of any anesthetic procedure. It is said that the 40% risk of death or complications from anesthesia related to airway obstruction can be prevented by recovering from preoperative anesthesia. However, until now the implementation of preoperative anesthesia which has never reached 100% is a problem faced by almost all hospitals, Myria Palembang Hospital is no exception. A “Swiss cheese model” patient safety framework supporting the systems approach was used to analyze preoperative anesthesia. Identification of gaps in each process of preoperative anesthesia services is used as a basis for making improvements. This study aims to analyze preoperative anesthesia services using a mixed methods approach. Statistical tests were carried out using a questionnaire which was distributed to 106 respondents. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, literature review and related documents to obtain a more comprehensive analysis of the influence of organization, supervision, technology, conditions and individual behavior on preoperative anesthesia. The results showed that the preoperative anesthetic performance was 61.3%; Overall preoperative anesthesia was carried out on the same day as the day of surgery; there is a non-compliance with the regulations set by the hospital management; weak supervision of the implementation of preoperative anesthesia; lack of utilization of technology; the patient's passive attitude towards the implementation of preoperative anesthesia is reflected in the respondents' responses to the precondition variables included in the low category; the operation continues even though preoperative anesthesia is not performed; low patient safety culture among nurses and anesthesiologists; late admission process and patient reporting; Unsafe individual behavior of anesthesiologists by not performing preoperative anesthesia. The hospital's strategy as a solution to the problem of low implementation of preoperative anesthesia includes regulatory improvements; increased supervision; optimizing the utilization of hospital information systems; improve admission and patient reporting processes; increase cooperation with surgical operators to facilitate the implementation of preoperative anesthesia and increase the commitment of anesthesiologists to perform preoperative anesthesia.

Abstrak :
Keju mozzarella substitute merupakan salah satu alternatif pilihan pengganti keju mozzarella komersiil yang harganya cukup mahal di pasaran. Pembuatan keju mozzarella substitute dilakukan dengan variasi bahan baku, yaitu dengan atau tanpa penambahan bee bread, serta variasi jenis bee bread yang digunakan Penentuan jenis keju mozzarella substitute terbaik dilakukan dengan analisis proksimat, uji organoleptik oleh ahli perkejuan, dan uji hedonic dari masyarakat sekitar. Keju mozzarella substitute terbaik adalah tipe A (tanpa penambahan bee bread), dengan kadar protein sebesar 7%; kadar air 52,92%; kadar abu 1,62%; kadar lemak 14,5%; dan kadar karbohidrat 23,96%. Dari hasil uji organoleptik yang dilakukan oleh ahli keju, dari ketiga jenis sampel tersebut disimpulkan sampel A (keju mozzarella substitute tanpa penambahan bee bread) lebih acceptable dari segi rasa, aroma, tekstur dan warna dibandingkan kedua jenis sampel lainnya. Di samping itu, hasil uji hedonik juga menunjukkan bahwa responden lebih menyukai keju mozzarella substitute tipe A dengan persentase kesukaan terhadap rasa sebesar 90%; aroma 80%; tekstur 74%; dan warna 80%.

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Mozzarella cheese substitute is one of the alternative food choices that can replace the commercial mozzarella cheese which is quite expensive in the market. In this research, manufacturing process of mozzarella cheese substitute is divided into three types, the first type doesn’t use bee bread, the second type use2% of bee bread Trigona, and the third type use2% of bee bread A.dorsata as its raw material. The best mozzarella cheese substitute is determined by using proximate analysis, organoleptic analysis, and hedonic test. The best mozzarella cheese substituteis the first type (without an addition of bee bread) with a protein content of 7%; moisture content of 52,92%; ash content of 162%; fat content of 14,5%; and carbohydrate content of 23,96%. From the results of organoleptic test conducted by its experts, from three types of the samples are summed sample A (substitute mozzarella cheese without the addition of bee bread) is more acceptable in terms of flavor, aroma, texture and color than the other two types of samples. In addition, hedonic test results also showed that the respondents preferred the substitute mozzarella cheese type A with a preference for flavors percentage of 90%; aroma 80%; texture of 74%; and color of 80%.

Abstrak :
Bekerja di ketinggian merupakan aktivitas yang memiliki risiko tinggi. Kasus jatuh dari ketinggian berkontribusi atas 38% dari 105.182 kasus kecelakaan kerja di sektor konstruksi. Pada tahun 2020 dan 2021, PT.X memiliki dua kecelakaan jatuh dari ketinggian. Pengaruh organisasi menjadi kontributor paling besar dalam kedua kasus yang ada. Studi ini membahas secara mendalam terkait analisis kecelakaan bekerja di ketinggian yang terjadi pada PT.X pada tahun 2020-2021 menggunakan aspek human factors. Pada analisis kecelakaan, akan digunakan salah satu teori human factors yaitu Swiss Cheese Model dengan tools turunan yaitu Human Factors Analysis and Classification. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus dengan menggunakan data sekunder serta wawancara dengan pihak PT.X. Penggunaan aspek human factors pada kecelakaan bekerja di ketinggian akan menemukan kondisi laten dan kegagalan aktif yang dapat menjadi faktor-faktor kontributor terhadap kecelakaan. Kondisi laten yang ditemukan antara lain kurangnya kesadaran manajemen dalam menegakkan aspek keselamatan, belum tersedianya fasilitas pendukung safety yang optimal, dan lainnya. Sedangkan kondisi aktif yang berkontribusi antara lain pengetahuan dan pelatihan yang kurang dari pekerja tentang bahaya serta pengendalian di tempat kerja, pelanggaran aturan kerja, dan lainnya. Peneliti menyarankan untuk PT.X melakukan perbaikan atas faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap kejadian kecelakaan khususnya di level manajemen dan organisasi. ......Working at heights is a high-risk activity. Falls from heights accounted for 38% of the 105,182 work accidents in the construction sector. In 2020 and 2021, PT.X had two falls from a height. Organizational influence is the biggest contributor in both cases. This study discusses in depth the analysis of work accidents at the height that occurred at PT.X in 2020-2021 using human factors aspects. In the accident analysis, one of the theories of human factors will be used, namely the Swiss Cheese Model with derivative tools, namely Human Factors Analysis and Classification. The research method used is a case study using secondary data and interviews with PT.X. The use of human factors aspects in accidents at work will find latent conditions and active failures that can be contributing factors to accidents. Latent conditions found include lack of management awareness in enforcing safety aspects, unavailability of optimal safety support facilities, and others. While active conditions that contribute include lack of knowledge and training of workers about hazards and controls in the workplace, violation of work rules, and others. Researchers suggest PT.X make improvements to the factors that contribute to the incidence of accidents, especially at the management and organizational levels.