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"ABSTRAK Akuntabilitas terhadap kinerja suatu lembaga pemerintah sangatlah dituntut dalam reformasi manajemen pemerintah saat ini. Setiap instansi pemerintah diwajibkan untuk mempertanggung jawabkan hasil akhirnya kepada masyarakat atas penggunaan anggarannya sebagai pelaksanaan berbagai program dan kegiatannya. Penerapan SAKIP ini juga mendorong pengintegrasiann sistem perencanaan, sistem penganggaran, sistem pengukuran, sistem pelaporan dan evaluasi yang berbasiskan pada kinerja sesuai dengan amanah yang diemban oleh setiap instansi pemerintah sehingga pada akhirnya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi penggunaan anggaran negara. penerapan SAKIP ini mampu mengindentifikasi potensi inefisiensi penggunaan anggaran negara sebesar 392,87 Triliyun Rupiah ditahun 2016. Selanjutnya mampu menekan potensi inefsiensi sebesar 41, 15 Triliyun Rupiah di tahun 2017, serta menghasilkan efisiensi penggunaan anggaran negara sebesar 65,1 Triliyun Rupiah ditahun 2018. "

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Pandemi Covid-19 telah membuat Indonesia berada dalam keadaan darurat karena krisis ekonomi dan kesehatan. Perubahan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara (APBN) pun dijadikan salah satu cara untuk mengatasi permasalahan keadaan darurat covid-19. Pemerintah kemudian menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 (yang sudah disahkan menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2020) untuk mengatasi keadaan darurat tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini mengenai alasan perubahan APBN dengan mekanisme di dalam Perppu 1/2020 dan mekanisme perubahan APBN yang diatur di dalam UU 2/2020. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tidak adanya kapasitas yang memadai dari Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) untuk melakukan perubahan APBN dengan cepat dan tanggap seperti yang dilakukan Parlemen negara lain, selain itu, memang terdapat hukum yang tidak memadai di dalam sistem hukum APBN Indonesia sehingga memerlukan Perppu untuk mengubah hukum yang sudah ada. Mekanisme perubahan APBN dengan Peraturan Presiden pun sudah tepat dilakukan di masa darurat tanpa menghilangkan hak budget DPR. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah agar Pemerintah dan DPR menyusun Undang-Undang Keuangan Negara Darurat yang mengatur fleksibilitas dari perubahan APBN, jangka waktu perubahan kebijakan dan mekanisme untuk kembali ke kondisi normal.

 

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The Covid-19 pandemic has put Indonesia in a state of emergency due to the economic and health crisis. Changes in the state budget were also used as one way to overcome the problem of the Covid-19 emergency. The government then issued Emergency Decree (ED) Number 1 of 2020 (which was ratified as Law Number 2 of 2020) to overcome this emergency. This research is a juridical-normative research with a qualitative analysis method. The formulation of problems related to the reasons for the revision of the state budget with the mechanisms in ED 1/2020 and the state budget amendment mechanism regulated in Law 2/2020. The conclusion of this research is that there is no sufficient capacity of the parliament to make changes to the state budget quickly and responsively as has been done by Parliaments of other countries, besides that, there is indeed an inadequate law in the legal system of the Indonesian State Budget so that it requires ED to change existing laws. The mechanism for revising the state budget by Presidential Regulation is already appropriate in an emergency without eliminating the parliament's budgetary rights. The suggestion from this research is that the Government and the Parliament should draft an Emergency State Finance Law which regulates the flexibility of state budget changes, the time frame for policy changes and the mechanism for returning to normal conditions.

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"[ABSTRAKSalah satu isu krusial dalam pembangunan pendidikan di Indonesia adalahkesenjangan akses pendidikan antar kabupaten/kota. Pelaksanaan desentralisasiyang bertujuan mendekatkan pelayanan publik ke masyarakat diharapkanmembuat akses pendidikan tingkat kabupaten/kota menjadi lebih baik. Penelitianini membahas pengaruh alokasi anggaran pemerintah terhadap perbaikan aksespendidikan menengah kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Utara, diukur dengan angkapartisipasi kasar (APK) dan angka partisipasi murni (APM). Analisisekonometrika data panel 15 kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Utara, periode 2010-2012, menunjukkan beberapa hal. Pertama, anggaran pemerintah melaluianggaran fungsi pendidikan berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadappeningkatan APK dan APM. Kedua, dana transfer berupa DAU hanyaberpengaruh meningkatakan akses pendidikan melalui APK, tidak pada APM.Ketiga, kemandirian fiskal kabupaten/kota tidak berpengaruh dalammeningkatkan akses pendidikan menengah daerahnya. PDRB per kapita sebagaicerminan kapasitas ekonomi masyarakat menunjukkan berpengaruh signifikan danpositif terhadap peningkatan APK dan APM. Namun demikian pengaruh variabelvariabelyang signifikan terhadap perbaikan akses pendidikan menengah sangatkecil. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak alokasi anggaran pemerintah maupunpertumbuhan ekonomi, terhadap perbaikan akses pendidikan menengahkabupaten/kota relatif kecil.

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ABSTRACTOne of the crucial issues in the development of education in Indonesia iseducation access gap between kabupaten/kota. The implementation ofdecentralization which aims to bring the public service to the community isexpected to make access to education at the kabupaten/kota for the better. Thisstudy discusses the effect of government budget allocation towards improvingaccess secondary education kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, measured by thegross enrollment rate (GER) and net enrollment ratio (NER). Econometricanalysis of panel data of 15 kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, 2010-2012 showseveral things. First, the government budget through the budget of the educationfunctions show significant and positive impact on the improvement of GER andNER. Second, the transfer of funds in the form of DAU affects only increase theaccess to education through the GER, not to NER. Third, fiscal independency ofkabupaten/kota have no effect in improving access to secondary education inthose area. GDP per capita as a reflection of the economic capacity of thecommunity showed significant and positive impact on the improvement of GERand NER. However, the variables which significantly effect the improvement ofaccess to secondary education is very small. This shows that the impact ofgovernment budget allocation and economic growth, improved access tosecondary education kabupaten/kota is relatively small.;One of the crucial issues in the development of education in Indonesia iseducation access gap between kabupaten/kota. The implementation ofdecentralization which aims to bring the public service to the community isexpected to make access to education at the kabupaten/kota for the better. Thisstudy discusses the effect of government budget allocation towards improvingaccess secondary education kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, measured by thegross enrollment rate (GER) and net enrollment ratio (NER). Econometricanalysis of panel data of 15 kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, 2010-2012 showseveral things. First, the government budget through the budget of the educationfunctions show significant and positive impact on the improvement of GER andNER. Second, the transfer of funds in the form of DAU affects only increase theaccess to education through the GER, not to NER. Third, fiscal independency ofkabupaten/kota have no effect in improving access to secondary education inthose area. GDP per capita as a reflection of the economic capacity of thecommunity showed significant and positive impact on the improvement of GERand NER. However, the variables which significantly effect the improvement ofaccess to secondary education is very small. This shows that the impact ofgovernment budget allocation and economic growth, improved access tosecondary education kabupaten/kota is relatively small., One of the crucial issues in the development of education in Indonesia iseducation access gap between kabupaten/kota. The implementation ofdecentralization which aims to bring the public service to the community isexpected to make access to education at the kabupaten/kota for the better. Thisstudy discusses the effect of government budget allocation towards improvingaccess secondary education kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, measured by thegross enrollment rate (GER) and net enrollment ratio (NER). Econometricanalysis of panel data of 15 kabupaten/kota in North Sulawesi, 2010-2012 showseveral things. First, the government budget through the budget of the educationfunctions show significant and positive impact on the improvement of GER andNER. Second, the transfer of funds in the form of DAU affects only increase theaccess to education through the GER, not to NER. Third, fiscal independency ofkabupaten/kota have no effect in improving access to secondary education inthose area. GDP per capita as a reflection of the economic capacity of thecommunity showed significant and positive impact on the improvement of GERand NER. However, the variables which significantly effect the improvement ofaccess to secondary education is very small. This shows that the impact ofgovernment budget allocation and economic growth, improved access tosecondary education kabupaten/kota is relatively small.]"

"Pengetahuan tentang karakteristik permintaan pariwisata mancanegara diperlukan untuk perencanaan dan pengelolaan sektor pariwisata yang efisien khususnya di Indonesia di mana hampir sebagian besar industri sangat tergantung kepada pemerintah. Penelitian ini mempelajari hubungan antara determinan permintaan pariwisata dan jumlah kedatangan wisatawan mancanegara di Indonesia, serta respon pemerintah terhadap perubahan determinan dimaksud. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perubahan pendapatan negara asal wisatawan, nilai tukar mata uang, biaya perjalanan, dan kecenderungan periodic mempengaruhi jumlah kedatangan wisatawan mancanegara di Indonesia. Namun, permintaan wisatawan mancanegara hanya sensitif terhadap perubahan pada variable pendapatan. Lebih jauh, terdapat hubungan non linear antara pendapatan dan kedatangan wisatawan mancanegara di Indonesia. Pemerintah telah menyadari adanya pengaruh tersebut dan mengambil tindakan positif melalui instrument kebijakan anggaran. Implikasi dari penelitian ini akan berpengaruh terhadap prioritas program pemasaran pariwisata Indonesia.

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The efficient planning and management of the tourism sector requires appropriate knowledge about the characteristics of inbound tourism demand, especially in Indonesia, where most industries are highly dependent on the government. This study examined the relationship between the determinants of inbound tourism demand and international visitor arrivals in Indonesia and the responses of the government to changes in the determinants. The findings show that changes in tourists rsquo origin country income, real exchange rates, travel costs, and the time trend affect international tourist arrivals in Indonesia. However, the inbound tourism demand in Indonesia is sensitive only to changes in the income variable. Moreover, the relationship between changes in income and tourist arrivals in Indonesia is not linear. The government has realized the impact of the changes of the determinants and responded positively through the instrument of budgeting policy. The implication of the findings will affect the budget allocation priority for the tourism marketing program."