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Abstrak :
Sumber penerimaan terbesar rumah sakit adalah pasien rawat inap persalinan Jamkesda. Integrasi Jamkesda dengan BPJS Kesehatan, akan merubah sistem pembayaran dari retrospektif menjadi prospektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan potensi selisih penerimaan rumah sakit berdasarkan tarif Perda dan INA-CBGs serta strategi menghadapi potensi selisih tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan gabungan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, menggunakan 660 tagihan dan rekam medis pasien persalinan Jamkesda Tahun 2013. Komponen biaya terbanyak adalah jasa medis, BHP, jasa sarana, obat dan jasa pelayanan. Selisih terbesar pada persalinan dengan sectio secaria dengan rata-rata Rp.3.373.669/pasien. Diperlukan strategi melalui pengelolaan dokter, perawat dan tenaga farmasi, pengawasan, SIM-RS, rekam medis dan billing, perhitungan biaya serta identifikasi pelayanan dan pasar. ...... The main source of hospital income derives from inpatients delivery care of Jamkesda. Jamkesda integration into BPJS health, will change it's payment system to providers from retrospective into prospective. This study aims to describe the potential difference of hospital tariff based on Perda andINA-CBGs. In addition hospital strategies to coping with potential difference of hospital income is also observed. This study combines quantitative and qualitative, using 660 claims and medical records of inpatients delivery care of Jamkesda year 2013. The largest costs component of delivery care are medical fee, consumables, accommodation, medications and nursing fee. The results showed that the largest difference found insecarian delivery patients with average Rp.3.373.669/patient. It takes strategy through medical staff, nursing and pharmacy staff management, supervision, hospital management information system, medical records and billing, costing, services and market identification.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Kolesistektomi merupakan tindakan abdomen tersering dan saat ini kolesistektomi laparoskopi (KL) merupakan baku emas dan telah dilakukan pada 90% kasus kolesistitis simtomatik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil KL di RSCM, Jakarta. Metode: Penelitian retrospektif observasional ini menggunakan data dari departemen bedah divisi digestif RSCM dari bulan Januari hingga Desember 2014. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah pria atau wanita yang berusia 23-66 tahun yang menjalani KL. Tindakan bedah dilakukan baik berupa perawatan 1 hari (one day care (ODC)) maupun elektif. Data yang dikaji adalah temuan preoperatif dan intraoperatif, durasi operasi, lama rawat inap, dan angka konversi ke tindakan kolesistektomi terbuka (open). Kemudian kami menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi angka konversi. Hasil: Jumlah pasien yang masuk inklusi adalah 90 orang. Usia rata-rata 43,9 tahun (SE=1,26 tahun) dengan jumlah pasien wanita 61 orang (67,8%). Median durasi operasi adalah 90±36,9 menit dimana pasien yang konversi membutuhkan operasi lebih dari 2 jam lebih banyak (12% vs 1,5%), namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p= 0,63). Median lama rawat inap adalah 9±27.2 hari dan meningkat bermakna pada kasus yag konversi (24±9 hari, p = 0.011). Median lama pre-operasi = 7±26,8 hari, dan pasca-operasi = 2±3.8 hari, dengan 13,3% pasien dilakukan endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) sebelum KL. Cedera duktus biliaris komunis (CBDK) ditemukan pada 3 kasus (3,33%). Konversi menjadi laparotomi dibutuhkan pada 4,44% kasus. Faktor yang mempengaruhi angka konversi hanya pada kasus adhesi (RR (95%IK) = 25,7 (2,4-273,5); p=0,007. Kesimpulan temuan: kolesistektomi laparoskopi menawarkan lama rawat inap yang lebih singkat. Durasi operasi pendek dan prosedur ini standard, aman, dan efektif di institusi kami. ABSTRACT
Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our hospital, RSCM, Jakarta. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in digestive divison in surgery department of RSCM using data from January to December 2014. The study participants were patients of both gender aged 23?66 years undergoing LC. Surgery was performed either in one day care (ODC) or elective schedule. Demographic variables, preoperative and intraoperative findings, mean operation time, hospital stay, and conversion rate were evaluated. Factors influencing rate of conversion were also studied. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Mean age was 43.9 years (SE=1.26 years) with a female 61 (67.8%). Median operative time was 90±36.9 minutes which converted cases patient needed to operate in more than 2 hours (12% vs 1.5%), but not statistically significant (p= 0.63). Median hospital stay was 9±27.2 days that significantly increased in converted cases (24±9 days, p-value= 0.011). Median of pre-operation = 7±26.8 days, and postoperation = 2±3.8 days, with 13.3% patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Common bile duct injury (CBDI) was found in 3 cases (3.33%). Conversion to laparotomy was required in 4.44% cases. Factors that influenced the rate of conversion included was only adhesion (RR (95%CI) = 25.7 (2.4-273.5), p=0.007. Findings: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers shorter hospital stay. The operative time is short and procedure is standard, safe and effective in our institution.;Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our hospital, RSCM, Jakarta. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in digestive divison in surgery department of RSCM using data from January to December 2014. The study participants were patients of both gender aged 23?66 years undergoing LC. Surgery was performed either in one day care (ODC) or elective schedule. Demographic variables, preoperative and intraoperative findings, mean operation time, hospital stay, and conversion rate were evaluated. Factors influencing rate of conversion were also studied. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Mean age was 43.9 years (SE=1.26 years) with a female 61 (67.8%). Median operative time was 90±36.9 minutes which converted cases patient needed to operate in more than 2 hours (12% vs 1.5%), but not statistically significant (p= 0.63). Median hospital stay was 9±27.2 days that significantly increased in converted cases (24±9 days, p-value= 0.011). Median of pre-operation = 7±26.8 days, and postoperation = 2±3.8 days, with 13.3% patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Common bile duct injury (CBDI) was found in 3 cases (3.33%). Conversion to laparotomy was required in 4.44% cases. Factors that influenced the rate of conversion included was only adhesion (RR (95%CI) = 25.7 (2.4-273.5), p=0.007. Findings: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers shorter hospital stay. The operative time is short and procedure is standard, safe and effective in our institution.;Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our hospital, RSCM, Jakarta. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in digestive divison in surgery department of RSCM using data from January to December 2014. The study participants were patients of both gender aged 23?66 years undergoing LC. Surgery was performed either in one day care (ODC) or elective schedule. Demographic variables, preoperative and intraoperative findings, mean operation time, hospital stay, and conversion rate were evaluated. Factors influencing rate of conversion were also studied. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Mean age was 43.9 years (SE=1.26 years) with a female 61 (67.8%). Median operative time was 90±36.9 minutes which converted cases patient needed to operate in more than 2 hours (12% vs 1.5%), but not statistically significant (p= 0.63). Median hospital stay was 9±27.2 days that significantly increased in converted cases (24±9 days, p-value= 0.011). Median of pre-operation = 7±26.8 days, and postoperation = 2±3.8 days, with 13.3% patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Common bile duct injury (CBDI) was found in 3 cases (3.33%). Conversion to laparotomy was required in 4.44% cases. Factors that influenced the rate of conversion included was only adhesion (RR (95%CI) = 25.7 (2.4-273.5), p=0.007. Findings: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers shorter hospital stay. The operative time is short and procedure is standard, safe and effective in our institution.;Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our hospital, RSCM, Jakarta. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in digestive divison in surgery department of RSCM using data from January to December 2014. The study participants were patients of both gender aged 23?66 years undergoing LC. Surgery was performed either in one day care (ODC) or elective schedule. Demographic variables, preoperative and intraoperative findings, mean operation time, hospital stay, and conversion rate were evaluated. Factors influencing rate of conversion were also studied. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Mean age was 43.9 years (SE=1.26 years) with a female 61 (67.8%). Median operative time was 90±36.9 minutes which converted cases patient needed to operate in more than 2 hours (12% vs 1.5%), but not statistically significant (p= 0.63). Median hospital stay was 9±27.2 days that significantly increased in converted cases (24±9 days, p-value= 0.011). Median of pre-operation = 7±26.8 days, and postoperation = 2±3.8 days, with 13.3% patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Common bile duct injury (CBDI) was found in 3 cases (3.33%). Conversion to laparotomy was required in 4.44% cases. Factors that influenced the rate of conversion included was only adhesion (RR (95%CI) = 25.7 (2.4-273.5), p=0.007. Findings: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers shorter hospital stay. The operative time is short and procedure is standard, safe and effective in our institution.;Background: Cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed abdominal operation and currently laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered gold standard being performed in 90% cases of symptomatic gallstones. The aim of the study was to determine results obtained with LC at our hospital, RSCM, Jakarta. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in digestive divison in surgery department of RSCM using data from January to December 2014. The study participants were patients of both gender aged 23?66 years undergoing LC. Surgery was performed either in one day care (ODC) or elective schedule. Demographic variables, preoperative and intraoperative findings, mean operation time, hospital stay, and conversion rate were evaluated. Factors influencing rate of conversion were also studied. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Mean age was 43.9 years (SE=1.26 years) with a female 61 (67.8%). Median operative time was 90±36.9 minutes which converted cases patient needed to operate in more than 2 hours (12% vs 1.5%), but not statistically significant (p= 0.63). Median hospital stay was 9±27.2 days that significantly increased in converted cases (24±9 days, p-value= 0.011). Median of pre-operation = 7±26.8 days, and postoperation = 2±3.8 days, with 13.3% patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Common bile duct injury (CBDI) was found in 3 cases (3.33%). Conversion to laparotomy was required in 4.44% cases. Factors that influenced the rate of conversion included was only adhesion (RR (95%CI) = 25.7 (2.4-273.5), p=0.007. Findings: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers shorter hospital stay. The operative time is short and procedure is standard, safe and effective in our institution.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif dengan menggunakan disain deskriptif mengenai alternatif pengobatan demam tifoid pada 182 pasien anak di Rumah Sakit Fatmawati Jakarta. Kloramfenikol masih merupakan terapi pilihan terhadap Salmolella typhi. Hasil lain menunjukkan bahwa seftriakson merupakan salah satu antibiotika alternatif yang menjanjikan bagi pengobatan demam tifoid anak.

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The Pattern of the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Children with Typhoid Fever in Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta, 2001-2002. This study was a retrospective study using a descriptive design on the treatment of typhoid fever involving 182 children at Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta. Chloramphenicol was still the drug of choice againts Salmolella typhi. It was also shown that ceftriaxone was an alternative drug used rather frequently for typhoid fever in children.

Abstrak :
Stroke Associated Pneumonia (SAP) adalah komplikasi stroke yang paling sering terjadi dan memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mortalitas pasien SAP belum sepenuhnya diselidiki. Pengetahuan tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mortalitas pasien SAP yang dirawat di Stroke Care Unit (SCU) Rumah Sakit Pusat Otak Nasional (RSPON) tahun 2016-2018. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian kohort retrospektif, pada 268 pasien di SCU RSPON yang didiagnosis SAP selama tahun 2016-2018. Variabel yang berhubungan bermakna dengan mortalitas pada pasien SAP adalah kesesuaian LOS dengan CP RSPON, didapatkan risiko 0,262 (95% CI : 0,138 – 0,501) yang berarti pasien dengan Length of Stay (LOS) tidak sesuai dengan Clinical Pathway (CP) RSPON memiliki hubungan protektif terhadap mortalitas pasien SAP yaitu sebesar 0,26 kali. Dengan menggunakan model prediktor, dapat dihitung probabilitas terjadinya mortalitas pada pasien SAP.

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Stroke Associated Pneumonia (SAP) is the most common complication after stroke and has a high mortality rate. Determining factors for SAP mortality have not been fully investigated. Knowledge of its determining factors can help clinical decision making for patient management. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality factors of SAP who were treated in the Stroke Care Unit (SCU) National Brain Centre (NBC) Hospital. This study used retrospective cohort design, involving 268 subjects SAP obtained at SCU NBC who were diagnosed with SAP during 2016-2018. Variable that significantly related is suitability of Length of Stay (LOS) with Clinical Pathway (CP) NBC obtained the risk of 0.262 (95%CI : 0,138-0,501) which means has protective association with mortality. By using a predictor model, it can be calculated the probability of mortality in SAP patients.

Abstrak :
Epidural hematoma merupakan perdarahan yang terjadi antara tulang kranium dan duramater. Dua pertiga penderita epidural hematoma terjadi pada usia kurang dari 40 tahun, jarang terjadi pada usia diatas 60 tahun, hal ini disebabkan pada usia tua secara anatomis terdapat perlekatan-perlekatan antara kranium dan duramater. Usia kurang dan 40 tahun merupakan usia dengan aktivitas yang sangat tinggi, sehingga merupakan masa yang rawan terjadinya trauma kapitis akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas atau faktor trauma lain yang banyak menyebabkan terjadinya perdarahan epidural. Penegakan diagnosis perdarahan epidural selain dari anamnesis dan pemeriksaan klinis pasien, juga dapat ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan penunjang seperti Brain CT-Scan sehingga dapat ditentukan kriter+a inklusi dan ekslusi penderita perdarahan epidural sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Tidak semua kasus epidural hematoma yang dibawa ke IGD RSUPN CM memerlukan tindakan operasi, hal ini disebabkan disamping karena memang tidak terindikasi juga disebabkan hal - hal lain yang berakibat batalnya tindakan operasi yang bersifat non medis. Berdasarkan data - data kasus perdarahan epidural yang datang ke bagian Gawat Darurat RSUPN CM selama periode tiga tahun ( 2001 - 2004) serta keterkaitannya dengan berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan kasus tersebut, kami membuat suatu penelitian bersifat retrospektif yang diambil dari rekam medik penderita perdarahan epidural yang datang ke IGD RSUPN CM selama tiga tahun. Dengan penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menelaah berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan perdarahan epidural yang dibuat dalam bentuk variabel - variabel tertentu yang sangat berkaitan, sehingga diharapkan dapat membenkan masukan bagi pihak - pihak yang membutuhkan khususnya bagian bedah saraf RSCM guna menurunkan angka kecacatan dan kematian akibat kasus trauma kepala khususnya yang disebabkan oleh perdarahan epidural. Berdasarkan uraian dalam latar belakang masalah, maka dirumuskan masalah penelitian sebagai berikut : 1. Belum ada data penelitian penderita perdarahan epidural pada tiga tahun terakhir, di RSUPN CM, khususnya di Bagian Bedah Saraf 2. Belum ada data demografis penderita trauma kepala umumnya dan penderita perdarahan epidural khususnya, baik menyangkut umur, jenis kelamin, penyebab perdarahan maupun hal - hal lain yang berhubungan dengan kasus perdarahan epidural 3. Belum pemah diteliti faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi prognosis penderita perdarahan epidural di RSUPN - CM.

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ABSTRAK
Salah satu zat pencemar yang mampu menyebabkan kekambuhan asma adalah nitrogen dioksida (NO2). Konsentrasi NO2 yang tertinggi di Kota Padang berasal dari transportasi (50,57 ug/Nm3). Daerah dengan konsentrasi NO2 tinggi di Kota Padang adalah daerah Lubuk Kilangan dan daerah dengan konsentrasi NO2 rendah di Kota Padang adalah beberapa wilayah di Kecamatan Koto Tangah. Data pasien asma diambil dari Puskesmas masing-masing wilayah kerja (Puskesmas Lubuk Kilangan dan Puskesmas Air Dingin). Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi kohort retrospektif, dimana pajanan NO2 telah terjadi di masa lalu, sedangkan riwayat kakambuhan asma diikuti selama Januari – November 2014. Anak yang menjadi responden adalah anak yang berusia ≥ 7 tahun dan telah menderita asma selama minimal 2 tahun pada saat penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan konsentrasi NO2 dengan kekambuhan asma pada anak dengan pvalue 0,003 dengan Risiko Relatif (RR = 2,273). Variabel yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kekambuhan asma adalah konsentrasi NO2 dan riwayat prematur setelah dikontrol variabel lain secara multivariat menggunakan uji Cox Regression.

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ABSTRACT
One of contaminants that can cause an asthma relapse is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The highest concentration of NO2 in Padang is from transportation (50.57 ug / Nm3). An area with high concentrations of NO2 in the city of Padang is Lubuk Kilangan and areas with low NO2 concentrations in Padang are some areas in the district of Koto Tangah. Data of Asthma patient taken from each health center of working area (health centers Lubuk Kilangan and health centers Air Dingin). The study was conducted with a retrospective cohort study design, in which NO2 exposure has occurred in the past, while history of asthma relapse followed during January-November 2014. Children who were respondents are children ≥ 7 years old and have been suffering from asthma for at least 2 years at the time of research. The results showed a significant relationship between the concentration of NO2 with recurrence of asthma in children with p value 0.003 with relative risk (RR = 2.273). The most dominant variable affecting the recurrence of asthma is the concentration of NO2 and premature history after controlled others variable in multivariate using Cox Regression Test

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang Radikal sistektomi (radical cystectomy / RC) merupakan standar pengobatan untuk muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. Diperlukan faktor prediksi untuk pendekatan agresif karena dapat menyebabkan pengobatan berlebihan. Hitung darah tepi (BCC) dilaporkan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan beberapa jenis keganasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan BCC sebagai faktor prediktor terhadap tingkat keselamatan umum (OS) pada pasien karsinoma kandung kemih (BC) setelah menjalani RC. Metode Studi kohort retrospektif dibuat terhadap 26 pasien yang menjalani RC. Karakteristik demografis dan BCC seperti hemoglobin (Hb), NLR, PLR, dan rasio limfosit/monosit (LMR). Analisis kesintasan Kaplan-Meier dilakukan untuk menentukan overall survival (OS) pada penanda pemeriksaan hitung darah. Hubungan antara karakteristik pasien dengan kesintasan satu tahun juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Mantel-Cox (Log-rank). Hasil Dari 26 pasien, usia rata-rata adalah 55,6 ± 12,9 tahun. Pada analisis univariat, tidak ada karakteristik demografis yang ditemukan sebagai prediktor signifikan dari kelangsungan hidup satu tahun dan keseluruhan (p>0,05). Hb, NLR, PLR, dan LMR tidak menjadi prediktor signifikan dari kelangsungan hidup satu tahun dan OS (p>0,05). Kesimpulan BCC bukan merupakan faktor prediktor yang signifikan terhadap kelangsungan hidup pada pasien dengan kanker kandung kemih setelah menjalani radikal sistektomi. ......Background Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. A predictive factor is needed for the aggressive approach as it could lead to overtreatment. Elevated blood cell count (BCC) markers are reported to have a significant association with poor outcomes in several types of malignancy. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are a well-known inexpensive and effective representative marker of inflammatory condition. This study aims to determine the BCC as a predictor factor of overall survival (OS) in bladder carcinoma (BC) after RC patients Methods A retrospective cohort study was designed to investigate 26 patients undergone RC. The demographic characteristics and BCC such as hemoglobin (Hb). NLR, PLR and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) were collected. The patients were categorized based on the CBC markers value (≥Median and 0.05). Hb, NLR, PLR and LMR were not a significant predictor of one year survival and OS (p>0.05). Conclusions The BCC was not a significant predictor factor survival in patients with bladder cancer after radical cystectomy.

Abstrak :
Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah variabel kesehatan dan variabel infrastruktur berkorelasi pada keterpilihan dinasti politik di pilkada Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia tahun 2017-2020. Penelitian ini menguji dengan menggunakan data rata-rata 5 tahun sebelum pilkada 2017, 2018 dan 2020 dan sample yang digunakan adalah 508 Kabupaten/Kota yang mengikuti pilkada. Penelitian ini menggunakan model regresi probit dan model regresi heckprobit untuk menguji apakah probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik dipengaruhi oleh variabel kesehatan yang diproksikan oleh kepersertaan jaminan kesehatan milik pemerintah dan variabel infrastruktur yang diproksikan kondisi jalan mantap. Hasil kontrol selection bias menunjukan bahwa interest variable kesehatan yaitu BPJS Non-PBI signifikan menurunkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Arah negatif ini merupakan bentuk retropective economic voting pada dinasti politik, dimana setiap kenaikan 1% kepesertaan BPJS Non-PBI menurunkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh karena voters yang menganggap bahwa pemerintah tidak memiliki peran dalam penyediaan fasilitas kesehatan yang gratis karena yang membayar iuran kepesertaan BPJS Non-PBI adalah pemberi kerja atau harus membayar sendiri secara mandiri. Sedangkan interest variable infrastruktur berupa kondisi jalan mantap signifikan meningkatkan probabilita keterpilihan dinasti politik. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa politik perbaikan kondisi jalan efektif meningkatkan elektabilitas dinasti politik dan masyarakat menjadikan kondisi jalan sebagai alat retrospective economic voting pada dinasti politik. ......The main purpose of this study was to examine whether the health variable and the infrastructure variable were correlated with the electability of in the district/city elections in Indonesia in 2017-2020. This study tested using an average of 5 years before the 2017, 2018 and 2020 elections and the sample used was 508 districts/cities that took part in the local elections. This study uses a probit regression model and a heck-probit regression model to test whether the probability of electing a political dynasty is influenced by the health variable as proxied by government health insurance participation and the infrastructure variable as a proxy for steady road conditions. The results of the selection bias control show that the health interest variable, namely BPJS Non-PBI, significantly reduces the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This negative direction is a form of retrospective economic voting in political dynasties, where every 1% increase in BPJS Non-PBI membership reduces the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This is due to voters who think that the government has no role in providing free health facilities because those who pay membership fees for BPJS Non-PBI are employers or have to pay for it themselves. Meanwhile, the infrastructure interest variable in the form of steady road conditions significantly increases the probability of being elected to a political dynasty. This indicates that the politics of improving road conditions is effective in increasing the electability of political dynasties and the community makes road conditions a tool for retrospective economic voting in political dynasties.political dynasties

Abstrak :
Penggunaan kombinasi dua atau lebih antihipertensi dapat memungkinkan terjadinya interaksi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai interaksi obat antihipertensi pada pasien rawat inap di Instalasi Paviliun Cendrawasih RS. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Pengambilan data diperoleh secara retrospektif dari rekam medik pasien periode bulan Januari-Juni 2006 yang menggunakan dua atau lebih obat antihipertensi secara bersamaan. Jumlah sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 102 pasien yang terdiri dari 52 pasien laki-laki dan 50 pasien perempuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi obat yang teridentifikasi dan berpotensi terjadi pada 46 pasien (45,10%) dengan jumlah 109 kasus interaksi obat. Persentase jumlah obat yang digunakan bersamaan pada pasien yang teridentifikasi mengalami interaksi obat tertinggi adalah pada kategori banyak. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah obat yang digunakan setiap pasien secara bersamaan dengan jumlah interaksi obat yang teridentifikasi. The combination of two or more antihypertension drugs potentially caused drug interaction. The aim of this study was to identify antihypertensive drug interaction problems which potentially occurred in patients at Cendrawasih Ward of RS. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. The method used was analitical-descriptive. Data were taken retrospectively from medical record of patient treated with greater than or equals 2 drugs. The medical record reviewed were from January until June 2007. There were 102 samples reviewed, consist of 52 men and 50 women. The result showed that antihypertensive drug interaction was identified in 46 patients (45,10%) with 109 cases of interaction. The number of drugs used in cases with interaction mostly was in category 6 or more drugs. There was no significant correlation between the number of drugs used concurrently with the number of interactions.