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Abstrak :
The subject of the book is advanced statistical analyses for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis), and selected practical issues relating to research synthesis. Specifically the book describes multivariate analyses for several indices commonly used in meta-analysis (e.g., correlations, effect sizes, proportions and/or odds ratios), will outline how to do power analysis for meta-analysis (again for each of the different kinds of study outcome indices), and examines issues around research quality and research design and their roles in synthesis. For each of the statistical topics we will examine the different possible statistical models (i.e., fixed, random, and mixed models) that could be adopted by a researcher.

Abstrak :
Berbagai penelitian terkini menunjukkan bahwa durasi tidur malam yang pendek berhubungan dengan kejadian obesitas pada orang dewasa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan durasi tidur malam pada orang dewasa yang mengalami obesitas dengan orang dewasa yang tidak obesitas di dunia. Penelitian yang diikutsertakan dalam meta-analisis merupakan penelitian yang dipublikasikan pada rentang tahun 1990 hingga 2013. Identifikasi penelitian dilakukan secara sistematis menggunakan PubMed dan e-Resource PNRI maupun manual melalui daftar referensi dari jurnal penelitian yang teridentifikasi dalam langkah sistematis. Sebanyak 57 penelitian yang teridentifikasi secara sistematis dianggap potensial, 16 penelitian memenuhi kriteria inklusi, 7 penelitian diikutsertakan dalam meta-analisis. Sebanyak 5 penelitian teridentifikasi secara manual dan 2 diantaranya diikutsertakan dalam meta-analisis. Secara keseluruhan, 9 penelitian diikutsertakan dalam meta-analisis dan melibatkan 78.119 subjek. Durasi tidur malam dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu ≤ 5 jam, 5 ? 7 jam dan < 7 jam. Masing-masing kelompok tersebut dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, yaitu orang dewasa dengan durasi tidur malam 7 hingga 9 jam. Nilai OR gabungan kelompok pertama adalah 1,73 (95% CI: 1,47-2,03). OR gabungan kelompok kedua adalah 1,21 (95% CI: 1,05-1,39) dan kelompok ketiga adalah 1,42 (95%CI: 1,25 ? 1,61).

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Many recent studies show that short sleep duration may be associated with adulthood obesity. The objective of this study is to assess difference of sleep duration between obese and non-obese adults based on formerly scientific studies. Studies which were included in this meta-analysis are published between years of 1990 ? 2013. Systematic identification was done using PubMed and e-Resource PNRI. Manually identification was done using reference of studies which identified systematically. Of 58 potential studies identified systematically, 16 met inclusion criteria and 7 were pooled in the meta-analysis. Of 5 studies identified manually, 2 were pooled in the meta-analysis. Overall, 9 studies were pooled in the meta-analysis for a total 78.119 subjects. Sleep duration is differentiated into 3 groups, ≤ 5 hours, 5 ? 7 hours and < 7 hours. Summary OR of first group is 1,73 (95%CI: 1,47-2,03). Summary OR of second group is 1,21 (95%CI: 1,05-1,39) and third group is 1,42 (95%CI: 1,25 ? 1,61).

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Background: non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be associated with some metabolic disorders. Recent studies suggested the role of uric acid in NAFLD through oxidative stress and inflammatory process. This study is aimed to evaluate the association between serum uric acid and NAFLD. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted using Pubmed and Cochrane library. The quality of all studies was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). All data were analyzed using REVIEW MANAGER 5.3. Results: eleven studies from America and Asia involving 100,275 subjects were included. The pooled adjusted OR for NAFLD was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.66-2.23; p<0.00001). Subgroup analyses were done based on study design, gender, non-diabetic subjects, non-obese subjects. All subgroup analyses showed statistically significant adjusted OR and most of which having low to moderate heterogeneity. Two studies revealed relationship between increased serum uric acid levels and severity of NAFLD. No publication bias was observed. Conclusion: our study demonstrated association between serum uric acid level and NAFLD. This finding brings a new insight of uric acid in clinical practice. Increased in serum uric acid levels might serve as a trigger for physician to screen for NAFLD.

Abstrak :
Penyakit demam berdarah dengue tergolong endemis dan epidemik di lebih dari 100 negara tropis dan sub-tropis. Situasi kasus demam berdarah dengue di Indonesia tahun 2011 dilaporkan sebanyak 16.612 orang dengan kematian sebanyak 142 orang (CFR 0,85%). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor karakteristik individu dan kondisi lingkungan terhadap demam berdarah dengue. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan metode meta-analisis dengan sampel studi 27 case control dan 5 crossectional pada model random effect untuk penggabungan nilai OR. Hasilnya adalah variabel-variabel pada penelitian crossectional cenderung tidak heterogen dan kurang mendukung model random effect. Uji publikasi pada funnel-plot terdapat indikasi bias publikasi, namun uji Egger’s test hanya membuktikan variabel penggunaan kelambu. Ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan dengan demam berdarah dengue pada variabel kebiasaan menggantung pakaian (OR=2,40; 95%CI=1,44-3,99), kondisi TPA (OR=2,63; 95%CI=1,79-3,88), keberadaan jentik nyamuk pada case control (OR=2,96; 95%CI=1,97-4,45), dan keberadaan jentik nyamuk pada crossectional (OR=4,67; 95%CI=2,68-8,14). ...... Dengue fever is classified as endemic and epidemic in more than 100 tropical and sub-tropical countries. Cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia was reported as many as 16.612 people with 142 deaths in 2011 (CFR 0,85%). This study is aimed to determine the relationship of individual characteristic and environmental condition towards dengue hemorrhagic fever. Study design is a literature review with meta-analysis method, which has sample of 27 case-control and 5 crossectional studies, also using random effect model for the summary of odds ratio. The result is the variables in cross-sectional studies tend not to support heterogeneous and less random effect models. Test publication in the funnel plot is an indication of publication bias, but the Egger's test only proves the variable of using mosquito nets. Found a significant association with dengue hemorrhagic fever in the habit of hanging clothes variable (OR = 2,40; 95% CI = 1,44 to 3,99), container conditions (OR = 2,63; 95% CI = 1,79- 3,88), the presence of mosquito larvae in the case control study (OR = 2,96; 95% CI = 1,97 to 4,45), and the presence of mosquito larvae in the crossectional study (OR = 4,67; 95% CI = 2,68-8,14).

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Complex cystic and solid mass payudara merupakan massa kistik dengan konten anekoik (cairan) dan konten ekogenik (padat), termasuk di antaranya adalah dinding tebal, septasi tebal, massa intrakistik atau mural, dan massa dominan padat dengan komponen kistik. Complex cystic and solid mass payudara yang tergolong sebagai kategori BI-RADS 4, yaitu lesi yang mencurigakan ganas dengan tingkat keganasan 2-95%, sebuah rentang yang sangat lebar. Berdasarkan temuannya complex cystic and solid mass payudara memiliki temuan dibagi menjadi 3 tipe berdasarkan temuannya: tipe 1 adalah lesi dengan penebalan dinding atau septasi interna atau keduanya; tipe 2 adalah lesi dengan massa intrakistik atau massa campuran kistik-padat dominan kistik (komponen kistik >50%); dan tipe 3 adalah lesi dengan massa dominan padat (komponen padat >50%) dengan komponen kistik / fokus kistik eksentrik. Telaah sistematis dan meta-analisis ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai prediktif positif dari masing-masing temuan tersebut. Metode: Pencarian sistematis dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi studi yang menilai prediktif positif keganasan berdasarkan temuan USG pada complex cystic and solid mass payudara, dengan referensi baku pemeriksaan patologi. Pencarian dilakukan pada Juni 2022 melalui data dasar Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, GARUDA, dan Indonesian Journal of Cancer, daftar pustaka dari artikel terpilih, dan grey literature. Temuan utama yang diekstraksi dari tiap studi adalah jumlah positif benar dan positif palsu untuk mendapatkan nilai prediktif positif masing-masing temuan USG. Penilaian kualitas metodologi dan kualitas bukti studi dilakukan menggunakan QUADAS-2 dan GRADE. Hasil: 10 studi (255 lesi) yang menilai temuan USG tipe 1, sembilan studi (347 lesi) tipe 2; dan 10 studi ( 277 lesi) tipe 3 diidentifikasi. Dua studi menunjukkan setidaknya satu risiko bias yang tinggi pada salah satu domain. Tujuh studi menunjukkan setidaknya dua risiko bias tidak jelas. Empat studi menunjukkan terdapat satu risiko bias tidak jelas. Pada analisis subgrup studi-studi dengan risiko bias dan penerapan yang relatif rendah, didapatkan PPV tipe 1 13% (95% CI 4-22%), tipe 2 20% (95% CI 12-29%), dan tipe 3 30% (95% CI 13-48%). Kesimpulan: Temuan USG tipe 1 dapat dikategorikan sebagai BI-RADS 4a, sedangkan temuan USG tipe 2 dan 3 dapat dikategorikan sebagai BI-RADS 4b. Kecenderungan peningkatan risiko keganasan ditemukan meningkat sesuai dengan bertambahnya komponen padat. Akan tetapi, penerapan temuan telaah sistematis ini terbatas karena kualitas metodologi studi dan kualitas bukti yang terbatas ......Background: Complex cystic and solid breast masses are cystic masses with anechoic (fluid) and echogenic (solid) content, including thick walls, thick septations, intracystic or mural masses, and predominantly solid masses with cystic components. Complex cystic and solid breast masses is categorized as BI-RADS 4, i.e. suspicious lesions with a malignancy rate of 2-95%, thus a very wide range. Based on ultrasonography findings, complex cystic and solid mass breasts are divided into 3 types: type 1 with wall thickening or internal septation or both; type 2 with an intracystic mass or a mixed cystic-solid mass predominantly cystic (cystic component >50%); and type 3 with a predominantly solid mass (solid component >50%) with a cystic component/eccentric cystic foci. This systematic review are written to obtain a positive predictive value from each of these findings. Methods: Studies that detect predictive positive value of malignancy based on ultrasound findings of complex cystic and solid breast masses, with reference to pathological examinations were identified. The search was conducted in June 2022 through the Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, GARUDA, and Indonesian Journal of Cancer, bibliography of selected articles, and grey literature. Findings extracted from each eligible study included including number of true positives and false positives to obtain the positive predictive value. Methodological quality dan evidence quality were assessed using QUADAS-2. Results: Ten studies in type 1 US features (255 lesions), nine studies in type 2 US features (347 lesions), and ten studies in type 3 US features (277 lesions) were identified. Two studies demonstrated at least one high risk of bias in one domain. Seven studies demonstrated at least two unclear risks of bias. Four studies demonstrated one unclear risk of bias. Subgroup analysis based on risk of bias and applicability was performed, from those studies type 1 US features has PPV 13% (95% CI 4-22%), type 2 has PPV 20% (95% CI 12-29%),a nd type 3 has PPV V type 1 has a range of 3.2% to 30.4%, type 2 has a range of 12.2 to 38.9%, and type 3 has PPV 30% (95% CI 13-48%). Conclusion: Type 1 ultrasound findings can be categorized as BI-RADS 4a, while type 2 and 3 ultrasound findings can be categorized as BI-RADS 4b. The increased risk of malignancy also corresponds to an increase in its solid component. However, the application of the findings of this systematic review is limited due to limited quality of the methodology and evidence quality of studies

Abstrak :
Modern meta-analyses do more than combine the effect sizes of a series of similar studies. Meta-analyses are currently increasingly applied for any analysis beyond the primary analysis of studies, and for the analysis of big data. This 26-chapter book was written for nonmathematical professionals of medical and health care, in the first place, but, in addition, for anyone involved in any field involving scientific research. The authors have published over twenty innovative meta-analyses from the turn of the century till now. This edition will review the current state of the art, and will use for that purpose the methodological aspects of the authors' own publications, in addition to other relevant methodological issues from the literature. Are there alternative works in the field? Yes, there are, particularly in the field of psychology. Psychologists have invented meta-analyses in 1970, and have continuously updated methodologies. Although very interesting, their work, just like the whole discipline of psychology, is rather explorative in nature, and so is their focus to meta-analysis. Then, there is the field of epidemiologists. Many of them are from the school of angry young men, who publish shocking news all the time, and JAMA and other publishers are happy to publish it. The reality is, of course, that things are usually not as bad as they seem. Finally, some textbooks, written by professional statisticians, tend to use software programs with miserable menu programs and requiring lots of syntax to be learnt. This is prohibitive to clinical and other health professionals.