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"Masalah pencemaran lingkungan sungai di kota DKI Jakarta, telah menunjukkan gejala yang cukup serius. Salah satu penyebab dari pencemaran tersebut adalah air buangan dari limbah perkantoran. Gedung The City Center (TCC),. merupakan gedung perkantoran yang terletak di Jakarta Pusat. Gedung ini telah mempunyai IPAL dengan sistim lumpur aktif dan telah berupaya menjaga kualitas air limbah buangan nya memenuhi baku mutu air limbah sesuai permen LHK RI No. 68/Menlhk/Setjen/kum.1/8/2016. Sejak tahun 2020, telah terjadi pandemi COVID-19 sehingga debit air olahan menurun hingga kurang dari 50% dari total desain kriteria debit. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengaturan debit resirkulasi lumpur aktif . Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengevaluasi efisiensi penyisihan BOD dan COD dalam kurun waktu tahun 2017 hingga bulan Maret 2021, mengatur debit resirkulasi lumpur aktif pada masa pandemi COVID-19 dan mengevaluasi efisiensi penyisihan BOD dan COD. Data BOD dan COD pada kurun waktu 2017 hingga bulan Maret 2021 dikumpulkan dari data sekunder. Pengaturan debit resirkulasi lumpur dilakukan dari kondisi maksimum resirkulasi sampai dengan kondisi resirkulasi terendah yaitu pada 176 m3/hari, 206 m3/hari dan 236 m3/hari. Pada tiap variasi debit, dilakukan pengambilan sampel lumpur di tanki pengukuran, sampel air limbah influent di bak grit chamber dan sampel air limbah effluent di bak effluent. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada waktu tinggal 24 jam dan 48 jam. Sampel lumpur di tanki pengukuran diukur MLSS, sampel influent dan effluent dikur kadar BOD dan COD. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa debit resirkulasi lumpur yang optimum terjadi pada 206 m3/hari dengan waktu tinggal 24 jam. Jumlah MLSS di tangki aerasi sebesar 4435.97 mg/L dan , Nilai Food to mass ratio (F/M ratio) sebesar 0.008374 kg BOD/kg. Pada kondisi optimum, effisiensi penyisihan BOD dan COD masing – masing sebesar 95.60% dan 96.73%. Pada kondisi pandemi COVID-19, dengan mengatur debit resirkulasi lumpur, efisiensi penyisihan BOD dan COD lebih tinggi dibanding tanpa pengaturan debit resirkulasi dengan efisiensi penyisihan rata –rata BOD dan COD masing masing 94% dan 93%

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The problem of river environmental pollution in the city of DKI Jakarta, has shown quite serious symptoms. One of the causes of this pollution is wastewater from office waste. The City Center (TCC) building. is an office building located in Central Jakarta. This building already has an WWTP with an activated sludge system and has made efforts to maintain the quality of its wastewater discharge to meet the wastewater quality standards according to the Indonesian LHK Regulation No. 68/Menlhk/Setjen/kum.1/8/2016. Since 2020, there has been a COVID-19 pandemic so that the treated water discharge has decreased to less than 50% of the total design discharge criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the activated sludge recirculation discharge. The purpose of this study were evaluate the efficiency of BOD and COD removal from 2017 to March 2021, setting the activated sludge recirculation discharge during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate of removal efficiency of BOD and COD . BOD and COD data for the period of 2017 up to March 2021 were collected from secondary data. Sludge recirculation discharge settings are carried out from the maximum recirculation conditions to the lowest recirculation conditions at 176 m3/day, 206 m3/day and 236 m3/day. For each discharge variation, a sample of sludge was taken in the measurement tank, a sample of the influent wastewater taken in the grit chamber and a sample of the effluent wastewater taken in the effluent tank. Sampling were carried out at detention time of 24 hours and 48 hours. Sludge samples in the measurement tank were measured MLSS, influent and effluent samples measured oncentration of BOD and COD. The results of the study showed that the optimum sludge recirculation discharge occurred at 206 m3/day with detention time of 24 hours. The amount of MLSS in the aeration tank is 4435.97 mg/L and the value of Food to mass ratio (F/M ratio) is 0.008374 kg BOD/kg. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of BOD and COD is 95.60% and 96.73%, respectively. In the COVID-19 pandemic conditions, by setting the sludge recirculation discharge, the removal efficiency of BOD and COD were higher than without the setting of recirculation discharge with an average removal efficiency of 94% for BOD and 93% for COD respectively.

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"Masalah Penelitian : BeIum ada alat ukur yang menilai kemampuan fungsional penderita nyeri pinggang bawah (NPB) secara obyektif dan subyektif di IRM RSUPN CM sebagai evaluasi program rehabilitasi medik yang diberikan. Tujuan Penelitian : Menetapkan dengan jelas suatu aIat ukur yang praktis ditinjau dari segi waktu dan sahih. Rancangan Penelitian : Suatu uji alat ukur untuk mengetahui parameter kemampuan fungsional penderita NPB karena osteoartrosis (OA) lumbal dengan manbandingkan 2 macam metoda evaluasi yaitu : Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS) dan Main Lumbar Spine Study (MLSS) modifikasi. Subjek Penelitian : Delapan belas penderita NPB karena OA lumbal tanpa penjulit, umur 36 - 60 tahun, fase akut dan sub akut.

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Research Problem: Beium has a measuring tool that assesses the functional ability of pain sufferers Lower waist (NPB) objectively and subjectively at IRM RSUPN CM as an evaluation of the medical rehabilitation program provided. Research Objectives: To clearly establish a measure that is practical in terms of time and sahih. Research Design: A test of measuring instruments to determine the parameters of functional ability Patients with NPB due to lumbar osteoarthritis (OA) by comparing 2 types of evaluation methods, namely: Low Bock Pain Rllting Scale (LBPRS) and modified Maine Lumbar Spine Study (MLSS). Research Subject: Eighteen patients with NPB due to lumbar OA without juliut, age 36 - 60 years, acute and sub-acute phase."

"Penggunaan bahan plastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari untuk berbagai keperluan sudah sangat umum dan beragam khususnya untuk bahan penyimpanan makanan dan minuman kemasan. Salah satu bahan plastik yang sering digunakan adalah PET (Poly-Ethylene- Terephthalate) yang bahan dasarnya adalah TA (Terephthalic Acid) resin. Bahan baku untuk memproduksi TA adalah pX (Para-Xylene) melalui proses oksidasi dengan Oksigen dan bahan-bahan lain seperti Asam Asetat, Kobal, Mangan, Bromin dan Hidrogen. Selama proses reaksi kimia, tidak semua reaksi akan berlangsung secara sempurna. Hasil reaki yang tidak sempurna berupa para-Toluic Acid (p-Tol) dan 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA) akan menjadi pengotor dalam produk TA sehingga memerlukan proses pemurnian untuk mendapatkan Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA). Proses pemurnian dilakukan melalui proses reaksi hidrogenasi untuk konversi 4-CBA menjadi p-Tol dan selanjutnya p-Tol dipisahkan dari TA solid melalui beberapa tahap proses separasi yang salah satunya dengan menggunakan unit sistem yang baru yakni Mother Liquor Solid Settler (MLSS). Peralatan utama dari MLSS adalah tangki silinder vertical dengan kubah penutup dan dasar kerucut, dilengkapi dengan lengan-lengan penyapu padatan di bagian dasar tanki yang digerakan dengan sistem motor listrik dan gearbox, sistem perpompaan, sistem perpipaan, sistem kontrol dan instrumentasi. MLSS dibangun diatas struktur beton bertulang dengan system Table-Top dan struktur baja untuk akses dan penempatan peralatan-peralatan penunjang khususnya motor, gearbox, dan sistem penyapu solid. Perhitungan-perhitungan teknis untuk desain dan pembuatan MLSS mengacu pada API Standard 650, 620 dan dibantu dengan software STAAD PRO.

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The use of plastic materials in everyday life for various purposes is very common and diverse, especially for food and beverage packaging. One of the plastic materials that is often used is PET (Poly-Ethylene-Terephthalate) whose basic material is TA (Terephthalic Acid) resin. The raw material for producing TA is pX (Para-Xylene) through an oxidation process with Oxygen and other materials such as Acetic Acid, Cobalt, Manganese, Bromine and Hydrogen. During the chemical reaction process, not all reactions will take place perfectly. The results of imperfect reactions in the form of Para-Toluic Acid (p-Tol) and 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA) will become impurities in TA products so that they require a purification process to obtain Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA). The purification process is carried out through a hydrogenation reaction process for the conversion of 4-CBA to p-Tol then p-Tol is separated from solid TA through several stages of the separation process, one of which is by using a new system unit, namely Mother Liquor Solid Settler (MLSS). The main equipment of MLSS is a vertical cylindrical tank with a dome roof and a conical bottom equipped with a solid sweep arm rack at the bottom of the tank driven by an electric motor and gearbox system, pumping system, piping system, control system and instrumentation. MLSS is built on a reinforced concrete structure with a Table-Top system and steel structure for access and placement of supporting equipment, especially motors, gearboxes, and solid sweep systems. Technical calculations for the design and manufacture of MLSS refer to API Standards 650, 620 and are assisted by STAAD PRO software."

"This book focuses on current subcontracting practices in the construction industry and their effects on Singapore’s construction productivity. It offers readers a better understanding of how the fragmentation of large and small firms in Singapore impacts construction productivity when operating under the commonly adopted multilayer subcontracting system (MLSS), which extends globally to the construction industries in other countries that have adopted the MLSS. The book also assesses the effectiveness of subcontracting practices in helping local contractors improve their construction productivity (and thereby improve the industry’s overall productivity). In closing, it provides recommendations on how the problems associated with the MLSS can best be addressed, and how its benefits can be capitalized on through organizational learning."