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Abstrak :
This book aims to present the first comprehensive synthesis of the context and impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to offer insights on successful and sustainable interventions and policies that work for at-risk populations. It includes 12 chapters divided into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the state of the problem and state of knowledge on the epidemiology and burden of the major NCDs. Three chapters review the epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Chapter 1), cancers (Chapter 2) and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease (Chapter 4). Two chapters focus on the co-morbid and multi-morbid interactions between the major NCDs and infectious diseases like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria (Chapter 3) and mental health disorders (Chapter 5). Part II focuses on best practices and innovation in research and intervention. Four chapters discuss key issues on this theme including health systems strengthening (Chapter 6), population surveillance (Chapter 7), community-based interventions (Chapter 8) and self-help approaches to NCD care (Chapter 9). Part III focuses on policy development and implementation. Three chapters offer a comprehensive analysis of existing policies relevant to NCD prevention and control. They focus on policies that work, as well as discussing the lessons that can be learned from infectious disease control (Chapter 10), NCD control in high-income countries (Chapter 11) and the current policy issues and activities arising from the 2011 UN High Level Meeting on NCDs and leading to a post-2015 global health agenda (Chapter 12).

Abstrak :
Abstract: Epidemiology of Chronic Disease: Global Perspectives is the most current and authoritative resource on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive factors of forty common chronic diseases. This comprehensive text provides readers with an excellent basis for examining current hypotheses regarding chronic disease epidemiology. Organized into eight sections, the text begins with an introductory chapter examines the new public health environment in which chronic diseases have replaced acute infectious conditions concurrent with improved health care and increasing longevity in many populations of the world. Subsequent sections cover cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, major forms of cancer, diseases of the respiratory tract, metabolic and digestive diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and finally, three infectious diseases that often manifest as chronic conditions. Special sections in each chapter focus on controversial topics that can serve as a launching point for classroom discussion of molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and the relevant epidemiologic issues pertaining to the prevention and control of chronic diseases.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 32-36 Stress is hypothesized as a common pathway for several related chronic diseases of man. Psychosocial stress as modified by perceptions and coping by patients can lead to physical processes. Psychoneuroimmunologic (PNI) studies have suggested that psychosocial factors can alter immune function and increase vulnerability to illnesses. The patients also have high sensitivity to periodontal disease (PD). This article described the association of stress as a physiological respons to diseases such as PD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease. The psychosocial stress can lead to physiological processes through 1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to glucocortico-steroid secretion, 2) the autonomic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamine; or 3) the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in the release of sex hormones. The processes may affects on chronic diseases. It can be concluded that psychosocial stress in periodontal disease patients must be considered and social supports must be provided in order to achieve an optimum periodontal therapy result.;Stress is hypothesized as a common pathway for several related chronic diseases of man. Psychosocial stress as modified by perceptions and coping by patients can lead to physical processes. Psychoneuroimmunologic (PNI) studies have suggested that psychosocial factors can alter immune function and increase vulnerability to illnesses. The patients also have high sensitivity to periodontal disease (PD). This article described the association of stress as a physiological respons to diseases such as PD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease. The psychosocial stress can lead to physiological processes through 1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to glucocortico-steroid secretion, 2) the autonomic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamine; or 3) the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in the release of sex hormones. The processes may affects on chronic diseases. It can be concluded that psychosocial stress in periodontal disease patients must be considered and social supports must be provided in order to achieve an optimum periodontal therapy result.

Abstrak :
Chronic hepatitis C virus : lessons from the past, promise for the future documents the monumental advances that have been made in our understanding of chronic HCV during the past decade. The first section reviews the natural history of chronic HCV, how this virus can affect other organs in addition to the liver, and whether treating chronic HCV alters the natural history of this disease. Section 2 reviews the advances that have been made in the treatment of chronic HCV during the past decade with interferon based therapy. Separate chapters on response guided therapy and how to manage the adverse events associated with these medications provide the physician with the concepts required to more effectively treat chronic HCV now and in the future. As the genetics of virologic response have recently been elucidated, a chapter is devoted to helping the clinician understand how genes that modulate disease processes and their treatment are identified and utilized in clinical care. Section 3 deals with the future of HCV treatment and specific inhibitors of HCV. Specific chapters explain how targets for drugs are identified and how drugs are then developed and tested; how mutations of HCV develop and how anti-viral agents will affect this process; the most up to date data regarding the treatment of chronic HCV with peginterferon, ribavirin and anti-viral agents; and the potential to treat chronic HCV with just oral anti-viral agents and without peginterferon and ribavirin in the future. The final section of this book covers issues related to liver transplantation in patients with chronic HCV. Separate chapters review the natural history of chronic HCV in liver transplant recipients and the impact of utilizing HCV positive donors. The volume concludes with chapters that cover the treatment of chronic HCV both prior to and after liver transplantation with potent anti-viral agents. Chronic hepatitis C virus : lessons from the past, promise for the future is a valuable resource for all physicians caring for patients with chronic HCV.

Abstrak :
Populasi lansia merupakan salah satu kemajuan bagi keberhasilan dalam meningkatkan kesehatan dan merupakan tantangan yang cukup besar. Penuaan disertai dengan penurunan fungsi dan struktur fisik menyebabkan disabilitas menjadi sangat penting bagi lansia. Disabilitas sangat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup lansia. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi disabilitas seperti penyakit kronis, perilaku berisiko dan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran penyakit kronis, factor perilaku, dan lingkungan pada disabilitas dan kualitas hidup lansia peserta posbindu puskesmas Pancoran Mas, kota Depok, tahun 2008. Design penelitian adalah deskriptif cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah 157 lansia peserta posbindu yang datang ke posbindu. Pengujian statistic menggunakan uji chi-square. Uji reliabilitas kuesioner (test-retest) menggunakan uji korelasi r Pearson. Ukuran frekuensi yang digunakan adalah prevalen. Hasil penelitian diketahui prevalensi lansia yang tidak aktivitas/OR, hipertensi, diabetes melitus, gangguan sendi, lingkungan fisik dan sosial mengalami disabilitas daripada yang tidak. Prevalensi merokok lebih kecil mengalami disabilitas. Prevalensi disabilitas pada domain 1 kesehatan fisik terbesar pada tingkat kurang, domain 2 kesehatan psikologis pada tingkat kurang, domain 3 relasi social pada tingkat kurang dan domain 4 lingkungan pada tingkat kurang. Secara statistic variabel yang bermakna adalah aktivitas/OR, lingkungan sosial, domain 1 kesehatan fisik, domain 2 kesehatan psikologis dan domain 3 relasi sosial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut penulis menyarankan untuk mengadakan pelatihan dan mentoring untuk kader berkaitan dengan penyakit kronis, meningkatkan aktivitas/OR, kegiatan sosial dan penelitian lanjutan untuk membuktikan hipotesis.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Interaksi sosial pada lanjut usia dengan penyakit kronis terganggu akibat berbagai keterbatasan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi interaksi sosial pada lanjut usia dengan penyakit kronis di Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Pondok Kopi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif dengan total sampel sebanyak 53 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan 52,8% lanjut usia dengan penyakit kronis pada umumnya memiliki interaksi sosial yang baik. Interaksi sosial pada lanjut usia dengan stroke memiliki interaksi sosial yang kurang sekitar 48%. Perawat sebaiknya tidak hanya memperhatikan kondisi fisik namun sosial terutama interaksi sosial pada pasien lansia dengan penyakit kronis.

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Abstract
Social interaction in elderly with chronic diseases become decrease because of many limitations. The purpose of this research is to identify social interaction in elderly with chronic diseases in Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Pondok Kopi. This research using descriptive design with total samples around 53 people. The result from this research indicated that 52.8% social interaction in elderly with chronic diseases generally is good. Elderly with stroke have less social interaction around 48%. Nurse should not only care about physical condition but also social especially social interaction in elderly with chronic diseases.;

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Salah satu program unggulan BPJS Kesehatan adalah Program Rujuk Balik yang bertujuan untuk mengendalikan dampak penyakit kronis. Rumah Sakit St. Carolus telah menyelenggarakan program ini sejak 2014. Jumlah pasien rujukan berdasarkan data Januari-Juni 2018 sebanyak 6350 orang, tetapi pasien yang berhasil dalam program ini baru mencapai 106 orang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan program ini masih rendah. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi program rujuk balik dengan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor dalam diri pasien yang berhubungan dengan keberhasilan Program Rujuk Balik serta memberikan saran untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan program rujuk balik. Metode: Merupakan studi kuantitatif dengan metode potong lintang. Variabel bebas adalah umur pasien, jenis kelamin, faktor herediter atau keturunan, keikutsertaan dalam Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis (Prolanis), tekanan darah sistolik,tekanan darah diastolik, komplikasi penyakit, perilaku selalu membawa obat ke manapun pergi, perilaku selalu minum obat, perilaku jika sehat maka tetap minum obat, perilaku jika terjadi keadaan buruk karena obat maka tetap minum obat, perilaku mengetahui manfaat obat, dan perilaku selalu menebus obat. Variabel tergantung adalah keberhasilan Program Rujuk Balik. Analisis data menggunakan program SPSS versi 23. Hasil: Secara statistik variabel bebas yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan keberhasilan PRB adalah perilaku selalu menebus obat (p value = 0,003), tekanan darah sistolik (p value = 0,014) dan komplikasi penyakit (p value = 0,000), Kesimpulan: Program Rujuk Balik di RS St.Carolus belum optimal. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan keberhasilan program ini dari perspektif pasien adalah komplikasi penyakit, tekanan darah sistolik dan perilaku selalu menebus obat. Perlu usaha preventif promotif, kuratif dan rehabilitatif yang dilakukan oleh rumah sakit untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan program ini. Selain itu rumah sakit juga perlu melakukan pengelolaan data dan pembuatan program perangkat lunak atau aplikasi komputer yang dapat membantu dokter spesialis dalam menganalisa keadaan pasien.

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Background: Back Referral Program is one of BPJS Kesehatans program with aim to control the impact of the chronic disease. St.Carolus Hospital has been conducting this program since 2014. According to the data from January until June 2018 the referral patients was about 6350 patients. The patients who were joint the Back Referral Program was about 106 patients. This data shows that the successful level of this program is still low. Purpose: To evaluate back referral program by identifying some factors in the patients that have correlation with the successful of this program and then to provide some suggestions to improve the back referral program in St. Carolus hospital. Method: This study used cross sectional quantitative study. The independent variables were the age, sex, heredity factor, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, joining the Prolanis, Disease complications, the patients behaviour to bring medicine where ever they go, to take the medicines, to continue take the medicine while something worst happened, to continue take the medicine in health condition, to know the benefit of the medicine and to take the medicine from the pharmacy unit. The dependent variable was the successful of Back Referral Program. The data was analysed by using SPSS Program Version 23. Result: Statistically the variables that have significant relationship with the successful Back Referral Program were the behaviour to take the medicine in pharmacy unit (p value = 0.003), Systolic Blood Pressure (p value = 0.014) and Disease Complications (p value = 0.000. Conclusion: The successful of Back Referral Program in St. Carolus Hospital is not optimum yet. To increase the successful of this program, some efforts should be taken by the hospital i.e., conducting the preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative health programs to control the impacts of chronic diseases. Moreover, the hospital should perform well data organizing and provide a software or application for specialist to analyse the patients' conditions.