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Abstrak :
Karbon aktif adalah suatu karbon yang memiliki konfigurasi atom karbonnya terbebas dari ikatan dengan unsur lain dan porinya dibersihkan dari senyawa lain, sehingga permukaan serta pusat aktifnya menjadi luas, dan daya adsorpsinya meningkat. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pembuatan arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa sawit untuk menurunkan konsentrasi gas CO dan menjernihkan asap kebakaran. Proses aktivasi dilakukan secara kimia dan fisika. Tahapan pembuatan karbon aktif meliputi karbonisasi, aktivasi kimia dan fisika. Karbonisasi karbon aktif dilakukan pada suhu 400ºC dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi kimia dengan bahan pengaktif KOH dengan konsentrasi 75%. Aktivasi fisika dilakukan dengan mengalirkan gas N2 selama 1 jam pada suhu 850 ºC dan dilanjutkan dengan mengaliri gas CO2 selama 1 jam pada suhu 850ºC. Penelitian ini menghasilkan karbon aktif yang memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia yang memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 1295 m2/gram dan juga dapat diaplikasikan untuk pemurnian gas polutan pada unit purifikasi asap dengan persen adsorpsisebesar 15,7%. ......Activated carbon is carbon which has a configuration of carbon atoms free from bond with other elements and their pores are cleared of other compounds, so that the surface as well as its active center became widespread, and the adsorption increased. This research performed the manufacture of activated carbon made from oil palm shell to reduce the concentration of CO gas and clear the fire smoke. The activation process is done chemically and physically. Stages of manufacture of activated carbon include carbonization, chemical and physics activation. The carbonization of activated carbon is carried out at 400ºC, followed by chemical activation with KOH activator material of 75% concentration. Physical activation is done by flowing N2 gas for 1 hour at 850ºC and followed by flowing CO2 gas for 1 hour at 850 º C. This research produces activated carbon which meet the Indonesian National Standard that has a surface area of 1295 m2/gram and can also be applied for the purification of pollutan gas in the smoke purification unit by adsorption of 15.7% with optimum particle size of 50-37 μm.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan di gedung parkir 3 Mal Kelapa Gading untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai konsentrasi karbon monoksida (CO) pada tempat parkir tertutup, gedung parkir, dan tempat parkir terbuka. Gedung parkir 3 memiliki 8 lantai, dengan 2 lantai adalah berupa parkir bawah tanah (basement) dan 6 lantai lainnya adalah gedung parkir di atas tanah. Lokasi parkir basement yang berada di ruangan tertutup membuat pihak pengelola harus bisa memastikan bagaimana kondisi sirkulasi udara di ruangan tersebut dapat terjaga. Karbon monoksida merupakan polutan yang berbahaya karena sifatnya yang tidak berbau, tidak berasa dan tidak berwarna sehingga tidak dapat terdeteksi secara fisik. Penelitian yang dilakukan hari Senin dan Jumat ini menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi maksimum CO terjadi di titik A 3 (ruang tunggu supir), yaitu sebesar 19 ppm pada hari Senin siang. Konsentrasi minimum CO adalah 0 ppm yang terjadi pada basement 2 (titik B 1 dan B 2), lantai P 3 ( titik D 1), dan parkir luar (titik E 2) di hari Jumat pagi dan siang, titik lantai P 1 (titik C 1), D 2, dan E 1 di hari Jumat pagi. Pada pengukuran hari Senin, seluruh nilai minimum CO sebesar 0 ppm terjadi di seluruh titik kecuali di titik A 3 pada siang hari, yakni sebesar 17 ppm. Berdasarkan hasil uji-t, jumlah kendaraan berpengaruh terhadap nilai konsentrasi CO di udara ambien. Berdasarkan uji ANOVA, ada perbedaan nilai konsentrasi CO antara ketiga jenis tempat parkir tersebut.

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This study took place at Gedung Parkir 3 Mal Kelapa Gading to know the differences of concentration value of carbon monoxide in basement parking, building parking, and field parking. Gedung Parkir 3 is a 8 stories building, with 2 floors are the basement parking, and the other 6 floors are upperground parking structure. The basement parking that located in a confined space makes the manager should be able to ascertain how the conditions of the air circulation in the room can be maintained. CO is a dangerous pollutant because its odorless, tasteless, and colorless, so it can't be physically detected. Research conducted on Monday and Friday shows that the maximum concentration of CO accurs at point A3 (the driver's waiting room), amounting to 19 ppm on Monday afternoon. The minimum concentration of 0 ppm CO is occuring in basement 2 (point B1 and B2), p3 floor (point D), and outside parking (point E2) on friday morning and afternoon, the floor P1 (point C1), D2, and E1 on friday morning. On monday measurement, all minimum value of 0 ppm CO occurs at all points except at the point A3 in the afternoon, which amounted to 17 ppm. Based on the results of t- test, the concentration of CO in ambient air is affected by the amount of vehicles. Based on the ANOVA test, there are diffirences in the concentration of CO between the three types of parking spaces.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan Kebakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau terjadi setiap tahun telah menjadi bencana nasional. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah pada bulan Agustus 2015 menyatakan terdapat 21 titik api di Kabupaten Kampar. Asap dari hasil pembakaran hutan mengandung karbon monoksida dan senyawa karsinogenik yaitu benzopirene dengan metabolit utamanya benzopirene diol epoxide BPDE yang bersifat mutagenik sehingga meningkatkan terjadinya keluhan respirasi dan risiko kanker paru. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar karbon monoksida ekspirasi dan benzopirene serum pada 2 populasi yaitu subjek kontrol dan pasca tiga bulan terpajan kebakaran hutan di Kabupaten Kampar. MetodePenelitian ini merupakan disain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bukan Januari 2016 bertempat di Desa Rimbo Panjang, Kabupaten Kampar Riau . Total sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 97 subjek terpajan di desa Rimbo Panjang dan 15 subjek kontrol di kota Pekanbaru. Pengukuran kadar CO ekspirasi menggunakan CO Analyzer, benzopirene serum melalui pengambilan darah serta pengisian kuesioner untuk menilai keluhan respirasi. HasilPenelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO ekspirasi tertinggi pada kelompok subjek terpajan sebesar 38 ppm, sedangkan pada seluruh subjek kontrol 0 ppm. Kadar CO ekspirasi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan jenis kelamin p

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Background

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ABSTRACT
Forest Fire in Riau Province was happen every year that becomes asone of national disaster. The National Disaster Management on August 2015 said that there are 21 hotspot in kampar, Riau. Fog are contains of carbon monoxide and carcinogenic agents; metabolite benzopyrene diol epoxide BPDE which is mutagenic and increase the level of respiratory complaint and lung cancer risk. This research aim was to understand the CO expiration and BPDE serum on 2 subjects; controlled subject post exposed wildfire smoke. MethodsThis is a cross sectional study reseacrh, on January 2016 taking Place in Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Riau . The total sample of this research were 97 exposured subjects and 15 controlled subjects. The CO expiration measured by CO Analyzer and the subjects blood taken to measure the BPDE serum. Also, the whole subjects demanded to fill the questionnaire in case of finding out the respiratory complaint. Results From the methods used, it is known that the highest level of CO from the exposure subjects was 38 ppm. While on the controlled subjects was 0 ppm. The CO expirations level has a significant linkages within sex p

Abstrak :
Aktivasi Ca-bentonit dapat dilakukan dengan cara merendam 5 % Ca-bentonit dalam larutan asam H2S04 10 % kemudian dipanaskan sampai mendidih di atas plat pemanas selama 2 jam dan dikeringkan dalam oven listrik pada temperatur 200 °C selama 1 jam. Ca-bentonit hasil aktivasi tersebut di atas memiliki luas permukaan 103,89 m2/gram dengan kapasitas adsorpsi optimum terhadap gas N2 sebesar 0,48 %, relatif lebih besar dari bentonit yang diaktifkan dengan cara pengeringan pada 200 °C dimana memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 92,50 m2/gram dan kapasitas adsorpsi terhadap gas N2 sebesar 0,21 %. Ca-bentonit aktif (adsorben) dengan kapasitas adsorpsi ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan (padatan) penunjang katalis (catalyst support). basil pengamatan dengan alat spektroskopi infra merah (IR) menunjukkan impregnasi Cu(NO3)2 terhadap Ca-bentonit aktif mampu mengkonversi sampai dengan 8,51 % CO gas buang kendaraan bermotor.

Abstrak :
Semakin berkembangnya zaman, perkembangan teknologi semakin maju dan memberikan banyak manfaat di berbagai bidang. Salah satunya adalah perkembangan internet yang memiliki banyak keuntungan bagi kehidupan sehari-hari. Perkembangan teknologi tersebut dibuktikan dengan adanya layanan smart home bagi mereka yang memiliki kemampuan secara ekonomi. Di kawasan Nordik sendiri, khususnya Swedia dan Finlandia penerapan smart home ini sudah diterapkan, namun tidak semua masyarakat Swedia dan Finlandia mampu memiliki rumah impian ini. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pengumpulan datanya menggunakan studi literature dan dijelaskan secara deskriptif. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisa kebijakan dan Analisa keuntungan dan biaya dalam konteks energi yang terbarukan serta bagaimana implementasinya pada penggunaan smart home di Swedia dan Finlandia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan lebih banyak keuntungannya dibandingkan besarnya biaya yang harus dikeluarkan sehingga pengimplementasian smart home sudah banyak dilakukan di Kawasan Nordic khususnya di Swedia dan Finlandia. Penerapan smart home ini dilakukan pada rumah-rumah modern dan masyarakat yang memiliki sosial ekonomi yang menengah keatas. Pengimplementasian smart home ini memberikan manfaat yang sangat banyak, contohnya adalah meminimalisir kebakaran, memperbaiki kualitas udara, mendeteksi karbon monoksida dan keamanan sistem. Pencahayaan otomatis, penguncian tanpa kunci dan pemrograman jarak jauh melalui telepon seluler menciptakan antusiasme pada masyarakat. ......With the advent of the time, technological developments continue to improve and provide numerous benefits stemming from a wide range of industries. One of them is the advancement of the internet, which has numerous benefits for daily living. The emergence of smart home services exemplifies how this technological advancement affect daily activities for the adopters. While this smart home has been introduced in Nordic countries , not all citizen can afford it. This  thesis aims at analysing policies determine how the smart home is used in Sweden and Finland using a benefit-cost analysis. The study adopts qualitative research that involves  data collection through a review of the literature, interview and presented them descriptively.  The finding of this study reveal that smart home adoption has been widespread in Nordic countries particularly in Sweden and Finland. The devices  has been used in modern homes and predominantly adopted by people at the middle and upper socioeconomic classes. The adoption of this smart home deliver numerous  benefits, including fire prevention, improved air quality, carbon   monoxide detection and system security. The community was excited by automatic lighting, keyless locking and remote programming via cell phones. The thesis differentiates the nature of smart home adoption. It has challenges  for Sweden related to the relatively higher costs than the benefits it can bring whereas in Finland the benefits it higher than the cost.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang : Penelitian ini merupakan studi awal untuk mengukur kapasitas difusi paru DLCO-SB ipada pasien PPOK di RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta untuk mengetahui prevalens penurunan nilai DLCO pada pasien PPOK. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang (cross sectional study) pada pasien PPOK yang berkunjung di Poliklinik Asma-PPOK RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta. Dilakukan uji spirometri dan DLCO pada pasien PPOK yang diambil secara konsekutif antara bulan Mei-Juli 2015. Komorbiditas juga dicatat. Hasil : Uji Spirometri and DLCO dilakukan pada 65 subjek didapatkan 7 subjek (10,8%) termasuk kedalam PPOK Grup A, 19 subjek (29,2%) PPOK Grup B, 21 subjek (32,3%) PPOK grup C dan 18 subjek (27,7%) PPOK grup D. rerata usia 64,15 (45-89) tahun;rerata VEP 1 % 46,05%, rerata nilai DLCO 19,42 ml/menit/mmHg dan rerata DLCO % adalah 72.00%. prevalens penurunan DLCO pasien PPOK adalah 56,92% (37/65 subjek) sedangkan 28 subjek dengan nilai DLCO normal. Ditemukan 15 subjek (23,07%) dengan penurunan ringan, 18 subjek (27.69%) penurunan sedang dan 4 subjek (6,15%) dengan penurunan berat. Ditemukan 47 subjek (72,3%) memiliki komorbid. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara grup PPOK, derajat spirometri, VEP 1 , IMT dan komorbiditas dengan nilai hasil uji DLCO. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara nilai DLCO dengan jenis kelamin, umur, riwayat merokok, Indeks Brinkmann, obstruksi-restriksi dan lama terdiagnosis PPOK. Kesimpulan : Proporsi penurunan nilai DLCO pada pasien PPOK adalah 56,92%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara grup PPOK, derajat spirometri, VEP 1 , IMT dan riwayat TB dengan nilai hasil uji DLCO. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara nilai DLCO dengan jenis kelamin, umur, riwayat merokok, Indeks Brinkmann, obstruksi-restriksi, komorbid dan lama terdiagnosis PPOK.ABSTRACT
Background and the aim of study : This is a preliminary study to measure DLCO-SB in COPD patients in Persahabatan Hospital. The aim of the study is to know the magnitude of disturbance in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients. Methods : This was a cross sectional study in which COPD patients attending COPD-Asthma clinic in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta were performed spirometry and DLCO-SB consecutively between May 2015?July 2015. Comorbidities conditions were also recorded. Results : Spirometry and DLCO-SB measurement were conducted on 65 COPD subjects of which 7 subjects (10.8%) were COPD Group A, 19 subjects (29.2%) were Group B, 21 subjects (32.3%) were COPD group C and 18 subjects (27.7%) were COPD group D. The mean age was 64.15 (45-89); mean FEV 1 % was 46.05%, mean DLCO measured was 19.42 ml/min/mmHg and the mean DLCO% was 72.00%. The prevalence of decreasing in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients was 56.92% (37 subjects) While 28 subjects were normal. There were 15 subjects (23.07%) with mild decrease in DLCO, 18 subjects (27.69%) were moderate decrease and 4 subjects (6.15%) with severe decrease. 47 subjects (72.3%) had comorbid conditions. There was significant correlation between grup COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and comorbidities with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There was no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, Brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, length of COPD period. Conclusion : The proportion of decreasing in DLCO in COPD patients are 56.92%. There is significant correlation among the group of COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and previous TB history with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There is no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, comorbidities and length of COPD period. ;Background and the aim of study : This is a preliminary study to measure DLCO-SB in COPD patients in Persahabatan Hospital. The aim of the study is to know the magnitude of disturbance in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients. Methods : This was a cross sectional study in which COPD patients attending COPD-Asthma clinic in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta were performed spirometry and DLCO-SB consecutively between May 2015?July 2015. Comorbidities conditions were also recorded. Results : Spirometry and DLCO-SB measurement were conducted on 65 COPD subjects of which 7 subjects (10.8%) were COPD Group A, 19 subjects (29.2%) were Group B, 21 subjects (32.3%) were COPD group C and 18 subjects (27.7%) were COPD group D. The mean age was 64.15 (45-89); mean FEV 1 % was 46.05%, mean DLCO measured was 19.42 ml/min/mmHg and the mean DLCO% was 72.00%. The prevalence of decreasing in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients was 56.92% (37 subjects) While 28 subjects were normal. There were 15 subjects (23.07%) with mild decrease in DLCO, 18 subjects (27.69%) were moderate decrease and 4 subjects (6.15%) with severe decrease. 47 subjects (72.3%) had comorbid conditions. There was significant correlation between grup COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and comorbidities with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There was no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, Brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, length of COPD period. Conclusion : The proportion of decreasing in DLCO in COPD patients are 56.92%. There is significant correlation among the group of COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and previous TB history with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There is no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, comorbidities and length of COPD period. ;Background and the aim of study : This is a preliminary study to measure DLCO-SB in COPD patients in Persahabatan Hospital. The aim of the study is to know the magnitude of disturbance in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients. Methods : This was a cross sectional study in which COPD patients attending COPD-Asthma clinic in Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta were performed spirometry and DLCO-SB consecutively between May 2015?July 2015. Comorbidities conditions were also recorded. Results : Spirometry and DLCO-SB measurement were conducted on 65 COPD subjects of which 7 subjects (10.8%) were COPD Group A, 19 subjects (29.2%) were Group B, 21 subjects (32.3%) were COPD group C and 18 subjects (27.7%) were COPD group D. The mean age was 64.15 (45-89); mean FEV 1 % was 46.05%, mean DLCO measured was 19.42 ml/min/mmHg and the mean DLCO% was 72.00%. The prevalence of decreasing in diffusing capacity of the lung in COPD patients was 56.92% (37 subjects) While 28 subjects were normal. There were 15 subjects (23.07%) with mild decrease in DLCO, 18 subjects (27.69%) were moderate decrease and 4 subjects (6.15%) with severe decrease. 47 subjects (72.3%) had comorbid conditions. There was significant correlation between grup COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and comorbidities with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There was no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, Brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, length of COPD period. Conclusion : The proportion of decreasing in DLCO in COPD patients are 56.92%. There is significant correlation among the group of COPD, GOLD COPD grade, VEP 1 , BMI and previous TB history with magnitude of decreasing DLCO value. There is no correlation between DLCO value with sex, smoking history, brinkmann index, age, obstruction-mix criteria, comorbidities and length of COPD period.

Abstrak :
Ruang lingkup dan Cara penelitian : Karbon monoksida, merupakan gas sangat beracun yang dapat dihasilkan oleh kompresor. Kompresor konvensional yang digunakan nelayan penyelam sebagai alat penghasil udara tekan untuk 'media pernafasan' dalam air, dapat memberikan dampak negatif jika digunakan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Penelitian tentang dampak pemakaian kompresor untuk penyelaman belum pernah dilaporkan, khususnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran rata-rata kadar CO dalam udara kompresor konvensional; prevalensi intoksikasi CO; hubungan antara pajanan CO udara kompresor terhadap peningkatan COHb; besarnya peranan faktor resiko terhadap gambaran hematologi (peningkatan COHb). Parameter gambaran hematologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah COHb, Hemoglobin, Hematokrit dan Eritrosit. Disain penelitian adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional terhadap 75 subyek. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara terstruktur, pemeriksaan lisik, dan survey lingkungan kerja (laut). Hasil, kesimpulan dan saran : Subyek terpajan dengan CO udara kompresor rata-rata 4,3 ppm, suatu pajanan yang masih tergolong dalam batas-batas aman untuk penyelaman dengan pemakaian kompresor atau SCUBA. Prevalensi intoksikasi CO dalam penelitian ini berada pada tingkat 'sub level CO intoxication'. Terdapat 9,3 % dari subyek menunjukkan gambaran hematologi bawah normal, dan 90,7 % menunjukkan gambaran normal. Efek hematologi yang merupakan peningkatan COHb mempunyai hubungan secara bermakna terhadap faktor resiko kondisi kompresor dengan O.R 15,58 (95 % C.I: 2,16 - 112,38 ), dan terhadap beban penyelaman dengan O.R 7,65 (95 % C.l : 1,30 - 44,93). Hubungan antara faktor resiko tersebut terhadap peningkatan COHb ternyata didukung pula oleh hasil analisis hubungannya terhadap gambaran hematologi secara bermakna pula. Dengan hasil penelitian ini dapatlah disarankan agar nelayan penyelam selalu memperhatikan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja dan berpedoman pada buku panduan, antara lain tentang hagaimana cara penggunaan dan perawatan kompresor, memperhatikan arah angin, dan beban penyelaman. Subyek perlu menyediakan waktu untuk aktivitas olahraga, melengkapi menu sehari-hari mereka dengan vitamin, dan sedapat-dapatnya dengan gizi yang haik. Perlu dikembangkan kerjasama dengan instansi Departemen Kesehatan, Departemen Pertanian, gubernur KDKI Jakarta, RSAL Dr. Mintoharjo Jakarta, dan Program Studi Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Universitas Indonesia atau lembaga pendidikan yang terkait untuk membentuk suatu sistem atau organisasi yang dapat dilimpahkan wewenang serta tanggung jawabnya terhadap kesehatan nelayan penyelam, pembangunan chamber (HBO), riset dan pengembangan di bidang kedokteran kelautan di Indonesia umumnya dan di DKI khususnya. ...... Scope and methodology : Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas which could be produced by a compressor. Fishermen diver applied it as a compressed air producer, which can be used for sub aquatic breathing. Negative impact might be evoked if is used for a long period. Unfortunately, there has never been reported any study refer to this impact, nor any prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication published concerning to application of compressor in diving, especially in Indonesia. The objectives of study is to get a description of carbon monoxide level in air breathing of compressor, prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication, and analysis of connection between car-bon monoxide exposure and hematologic figure or carboxyhemoglobin elevation. The parameters used in this study are carboxyhemoglobin level in blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count. The design of study was cross sectional. Data were collected by structured interview, physical examination, and field survey (offshore) over 75 subjects. Result, conclusion and suggestion : The subjects were exposed to 4,3 ppm carbon monoxide level in average, within safe range in SCUBA diving or compressor's diving. Prevalence of carbon monoxide intoxication was sub level intoxication. Approximately, 9,3 % subjects had an undernormal figure, and 90,7 % showed normal hematologic figure. Hematological effect, which recorded as carboxyhemoglobin elevation exhibited a significant connection to the risk factors, namely compressor condition, with odds ratio 15,58 ( 95 % C.I: 2,16 - 112,38 ), and diving load with O.R 7,65 ( 95 % C.I: 1,30 - 44,93 ). This connection was supported by analysis of these risk factor with significant connection to hematologic figure. Referring to this result, it might be suggested to the fishermen diver that they have to notice carefully their health and safety work. They are always guided by a diving manual in their duty, far instance, how to care and use the compressor, pay attention to the wind condition, and the load of diving. The subjects have to provide a time for physical exercise, vitamin supplement and good nutrient as much as they could. A cooperation should be established among Health Department, Agriculture Department, local government ( Jakarta governor), Naval Hospital Dr. Mintoharjo Jakarta, University of Indonesia ( post graduate program of occupational health and safety) or another relevant institutes in developing a system or organization which take care of fishermen diver's health, chamber of LIBO, research and development of hyperbaric medicine in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang. Mikroangiopati diabetik DM seperti nefropati, retinopati, dan neuropati merupakan komplikasi umum diabetes melitus tipe 2 T2DM . Paru merupakan salah satu organ target dari komplikasi mikrovaskular dan penurunan kapasitas difusi paru pada mikroangiopati DM masih sedikit diketahui. Metode. Penelitian ini bersifat potong lintang pada subjek T2DM yang menjalani pemeriksaan kapasitas difusi paru terhadap karbon monoksida DLCO, albumin urin, funduskopi dan elektromiografi EMG di poliklinik rawat jalan DM terpadu. Kriteria eksklusi yaitu penyakit paru akut atau kronis. Hasil. Sebanyak 52 subjek L/P:20/32 usia 58 10,4 tahun sebagian besar menunjukkan HbA1c>6,5 41/52 78 , tidak pernah merokok 41/52 78,8 . rerata terdiagnosis DM 10,5 6,9 tahun, sebanyak 33 63,5 le;10 tahun dan 19 36,5 subjek >10 tahun. Subjek dengan neuropati lebih banyak ditemukan yaitu sebesar 41/52 26,3 diikuti nefropati 29/52 18,6 dan retinopati 9/52 5,8 dengan rerata DLCO sebesar 16,01 4,12 ml/menit/mmHg . Penurunan kapasitas difusi pada Mikroangiopati DM ditemukan sebanyak 14/52 25 subjek, didapatkan nilai p pada nefropati sebesar p=0,27, retinopati p=0,36 dan neuropati p=0,49. Kesimpulan. Gangguan kapasitas difusi paru pada mikroangiopati DM mengalami penurunan namun tidak mempunyai hubungan yang yang bermkana, hal ini menunjukkan gangguan faal difusi paru pada mikroangiopati DM.

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Background. Diabetic microangiopathy such as nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy is a common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM . The lung is one of the target organs in the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients and little is known about the impairment of pulmonary diffusing capacity due to the diabetic microangiopathy. Method. The subjects were T2DM patients underwent carbon monoxide lung diffusion capacity DLCO test, urine test, funduscopy and electromyography EMG examination with consecutively from diabetic outpatient clinic. The exclusion criterias were acute or chronic pulmonary diseases. Results. A total of 52 subjects m/f: 20/32 ages 58 10.4 years mostly showed HbA1c> 6.5 41/52 78 , never smoked 41/52 78.8 . diagnosed DM rates of 10.5 6.9 years, 33 63.5 le;10 years and 19 36.5 subjects> 10 years. Subjects with more neuropathy were 41/52 26.3 followed by nephropathy 29/52 18.6 and retinopathy 9/52 5.8 with DLCO average of 16.01 4.12 ml / min / mmHg . The decrease in diffusion capacity in Microangiopathy DM was found in 14/52 25 subjects, obtained p value on nephropathy of p=0.27, retinopathy p=0.36 and neuropathy p=0.49 respectively. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that diffusion capacity is impairment in diabetic microangiopathy patients. Pulmonary diffusion capacity has no association with diabetic microangiopathy but there is a decreased pulmonary diffusion physiology.

Abstrak :
Kebakaran merupakan bencana yang sangat merugikan dan menelan banyak korban jiwa. Salah satu alasan utama banyaknya korban jiwa pada peristiwa kebakaran adalah karena kandungan CO pada asap kebakaran dan kepekatan pada asap yang menyebabkan evakuasi sulit untuk dilakukan. Karbon aktif sebagai adsorben memiliki luas permukaan yang besar untuk menyerap gas. Proses aktivasi dilakukan dengan KOH untuk meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsinya. Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh massa dan ukuran karbon aktif teraktivasi KOH dalam mengadsorpsi CO dan penjernihan asap. Variasi massa dan ukuran diberikan kepada karbon aktif yang diujikan untuk mendapatkan massa dan ukuran optimum dalam mengadsorpsi CO dan penjernihan asap kebakaran. ......Fire is a disaster that may harm so many people. One of the main reason of fatalities in fire is because the high concentration of CO and optical density of the smoke that which can make the evacuation is hard to do. Activated carbon as an adsorbent has a large internal surface area to adsorb the gas. The activation process is done with KOH to increase the adsorption ability. The study was conducted to see the effect of the mass and size particle of KOH activated carbon in the adsorption of CO and smoke purification. Variations in mass and size is given to KOH activated carbon to find the optimum mass and size particle of activated carbon in the process.

Abstrak :
Asap dari pembakaran banyak mengandung senyawa-senyawa yang berbahaya. Gas CO merupakan salah satu senyawa berbahaya yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mereduksi gas CO pada asap pembakaran. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan reduksi gas CO menggunakan karbon aktif teraktivasi yang berasal dari tempurung kelapa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif teraktivasi dengan ukuran partikel 500-600 nm dapat menjerap gas CO sebesar 3,72% dari konsentrasi awal selama 30 menit dan karbon aktif teraktifasi dengan ukuran 800-1000 nm memiliki kemampuan penjernihan asap hingga 75% dari OD(Optical Density) maksimal asap selama 30 menit.

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Smoke from burning contains many harmful compounds. CO gas is dangerous substance that can harm our health. Research needs to be done to reduce the CO in combustion. In this research, the reduction of CO gas using activated carbon based on oil palm shell. The result showed that activated carbon with a particle size between 500-600 nano can adsorb CO gas by 3.72 % of the initial concentration for 30 minutes and activated carbon with a particle size between 800-1000 nano can clean smoke 75% of of maximum smoke OD(Optical Density)for 30 minutes.