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Abstrak :
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) merupakan peristiwa buruk yang paling sering terjadi dalam pelayanan kesehatan di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya terdapat ratusan juta pasien terkena HAIs yang mengarah pada kematian secara signifikan dan menyebabkan kerugian finansial untuk sistem kesehatan. Di negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah dan rendah, frekuensi infeksi di ICU setidaknya 2-3 kali lebih tinggi daripada negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan hasil analisis tata laksana pencegahan dan pengendalian Health care-associated infections (HAIs) di unit perawatan intensif RSUD Koja menggunakan metode bow tie. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian operasional yang bersifat kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah wawancara mendalam, telaah dokumen, dan observasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyebab angka HAIs di RSUD Koja masih diatas standar yakni adanya latent failure dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian HAIs. Maka dari itu diperlukan perbaikan dalam beberapa variabel laten untuk memaksimalkan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian HAIs, serta dibutuhkan penelitian yang membahas kondisi pasien sebagai ancaman dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian HAIs di rumah sakit.

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Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) are the most frequent adverse events in health services throughout the world. Every year there are hundreds of millions of patients affected by HAIs that lead to death significantly and cause financial losses to the health system. In middle and low-income countries, the frequency of infections in ICUs is at least 2-3 times higher than in high-income countries. The purpose of this study was to obtain the results of analysis of prevention and control of Health care-associated infections (HAIs) in the intensive care unit at Koja Disrict Hospital using the bow tie method. This research is a type of operational research that is used qualitative method. The methods used are in-depth interviews, document studies, and observations. The results of this study indicate that the cause of the number of HAIs in Koja District Hospital is still above the standard, namely the presence of latent failure in efforts to prevent and control HAIs. Therefore, improvements in some latent variables are needed to improve the effectiveness of HAIs prevention and control efforts, and research is needed to discuss the patients condition as a threat in preventing and controlling HAIs in the hospital.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Risiko kebakaran dan ledakan mengakibatkan kerugian terhadap keselamatan pekerja, pencemaran lingkungan, kerusakan perangkat kerja dan kredibilitas perusahaan. Fasilitas gas memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan karena natural gas merupakan highly flammable dari campuran metana (utama : 70-90%), etana dan sedikit senyawa lain. Oleh karena itu, sebagai dasar upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian terhadap konsekuensi yang ditimbulkan dari risiko kebakaran dan ledakan dengan menurunkan dampak/konsekuensi ketingkat yang bisa diterima (aceptable level) pada fasilitas pengolahan gas (separation system, gas processing system dan fuel gas system), diperlukan analisis semi-kuantitatif risiko kebakaran dan ledakan.

Teknik yang digunakan adalah melakukan analisis data sekunder (studi HAZID, studi HAZOP, Bow-tie Analysis dan simulasi PHAST). Hasil penelitian ini sebagai dasar upaya mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan yang menyebabkan kejadian kebakaran dan ledakan pada fasilitas pengolahan gas. Dari hasil simulasi crystal ball didapat total forecast memiliki angka 4.30 dimana jika dilihat di matriks resiko maka berada dilevel medium risk yang berati bahwa fasilitas pengolahan gas termasuk katagori risiko masih dapat diterima. Untuk sensitivity, perubahan tekanan (16.0%), perubahan suhu (15.9%) dan kelebihan tekanan (15.8%) merupakan faktor yang paling sensitif terhadap perubahan dibandingkan faktor-faktor lainnya. Selain itu, dapat membantu dalam menentukan rekomendasi yang tepat untuk diterapkan pada fasilitas pengolahan gas tersebut.

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ABSTRACT
Risk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety, environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gas facility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammable mixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds. Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising from the risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the level that can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processing facilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitative analysis is required the risk of fire and explosion.

The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID and HAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of this study as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause the occurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulation results obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which when seen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processing facility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes (16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are the factors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it can assist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gas processing facility.;Risk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety, environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gas facility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammable mixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds. Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising from the risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the level that can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processing facilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitative analysis is required the risk of fire and explosion. The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID and HAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of this study as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause the occurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulation results obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which when seen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processing facility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes (16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are the factors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it can assist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gas processing facility., Risk of fire and explosion resulted in the loss of the worker safety, environmental pollution, damage to the work and credibility of the company. Gas facility has a risk of fire and explosion because natural gas is a highly flammable mixture of methane (major: 70-90%), ethane and a bit of other compounds. Therefore, as a basis for prevention and control of the consequences arising from the risk of fire and explosion by reducing the impact / consequences to the level that can be accepted (aceptable level) with a precise cost on gas processing facilities (separation systems, gas processing system and fuel gas system), a semiquantitative analysis is required the risk of fire and explosion. The technique used is to conduct a secondary data analysis (HAZID and HAZOP studies, Bow-tie Analysis and PHAST simulation). The results of this study as a basis for efforts to determine the dominant factors that cause the occurrence of fire and explosion at a gas processing facility. From the simulation results obtained crystal ball that total forecast has the number 4.30 which when seen in the risk matrix was at medium risk which means that the gas processing facility including the safe category/tolerable risk. For sensitivity, pressure changes (16.0%), themperature changes (15.9%) and excess pressure (15.8%), are the factors that are most sensitive to change than other factors. In addition, it can assist in determining the appropriate recommendations to be applied to the gas processing facility.]

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keunggulan dan keterbatasan dalam menilai risiko yang ada di Floating Storage and Offloading Unit (FSO) X PT ABC dengan metode Bow-Tie Analysis yang bersumber dari data hasil analisis HAZOP, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis kajian terhadap metode HAZOP dan Bow-Tie sehingga diketahui keterbatasan dan keunggulan masing-masing metode. Hasil yang diperoleh akan dijadikan rekomendasi dalam manajemen risiko di PT ABC. Penelitian dilakukan pada unit cargo oil loading system FSO X pada deviasi/top event yaitu no/less flow dan corrosion/erosion selama Januari?Juli 2015. Parameter yang digunakan adalah parameter yang ada pada metode HAZOP dan Metode Bow-Tie. Hasil penilaian risiko pada cargo oil loading system disajikan dalam bentuk worksheet kerja HAZOP dan Bow-Tie diagram. Keunggulan HAZOP diantaranya adalah HAZOP memiliki kelebihan dalam penggunaan guide word untuk memandu evaluasi deviasi desain dan kecukupan safeguard; ruang lingkup spesifik dalam hal identifikasi risiko terkait desain proses dimana analisis dilakukan berdasarkan P&ID; tidak memerlukan software khusus dalam pengerjaanya. Keterbatasan yang dimiliki HAZOP adalah penyajian data dalam bentuk worksheet sehingga membutuhkan pemahaman lanjutan; ketidakmampuan dalam menggambarkan skenario risiko maupun mitigasinya. Keunggulan bow-tie diantaranya kemudahan dalam memahami hasil analisis karena tergambarkan dalam visual diagram; kemampuan memprediksi tingkat preventive atas penyebab (proaktif) dan tingkat mitigasi dari konsekuensi risiko yang ditimbulkan (reaktif); kemampuan analisis hingga tingkat/level risiko; dan kemampuan dalam menggambarkan perkembangan dan mitigasi risiko. Adapun keterbatasan bow-tie adalah tidak spesifik mengkaji hazard terkait operasional/desain proses; diperlukan software khusus yang relatif cukup mahal sehingga penggunaannya menjadi terbatas. Dalam hal pemilihan metode risk assessment, pemilihan metode risk assessment sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan tujuan utama dari fasilitas yang akan dinilai. Pada penelitian penilaian risiko di Floating Storage and Offloading Unit (FSO) X PT ABC dengan penggunaan metode HAZOP yang berfokus pada evaluasi kecukupan safety devices suatu instalasi, sehingga perlu dilengkapi dengaan Bow-Tie Analysis agar tingkat risiko dan mitigasi tergambarkan dan terprediksi. ......The purpose of this study is to compare HAZOP and Bow-tie analysis method to determine the advantages and limitations of the method in assessing the risks that exist in the Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) X PT ABC. The results obtained will be recommended in risk management at PT ABC. The study was conducted on a unit of oil cargo loading system FSO X on deviation/top event no/less flow and corrosion/erosion during January to July 2015. The parameters used are the parameters that exist in the HAZOP and Bow-Tie method. The results of the risk assessment on oil cargo loading system are presented in the form of HAZOP worksheet and Bow-Tie diagrams. The advantages of HAZOP including the use of guidance word; specific in terms of identification of risk associated design process based on P&ID; and it doesn?t require any special software. The HAZOP limitations including the used of worksheet that requires an advanced understanding;and it can?t describing risk scenarios and mitigation. Bow-tie advantages including the results of the analysis as illustrated in the visual diagram so it?s easy to understand; the ability to predict the level of preventive action (proactive) and level of mitigation of the consequences (reactive); analytical skills up to the level of risk; and the ability to describe the development and mitigation of risk. The limitations of bow-tie is not specifically assess the hazard related to operational/design process; and it required special software, so the use of the method is limited. When we want to conduct the risk assessment, it should be adjusted with the primary purpose of the facility is to be assessed. In the risk assessment study on the Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) X PT ABC, the use of HAZOP method only focuses on the evaluation of the adequacy the installation of safety devices, to get more comprehensive result that can predict the risk level and risk mitigation we also need another method such as Bow-Tie Analysis.

Abstrak :
Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan krisis ekonomi skala global dengan dampak serius pada sektor logistik terutama pengiriman peti kemas. Pada penelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai dasar serta faktor penyebab terjadinya kelangkaan peti kemas dan rekomendasi untuk mengatasi dan mencegah hal tersebut. Peti kemas memiliki peranan penting dalam sistem logistik dalam lingkup domestik dan internasional karena digunakan sebagai media penyimpanan berbagai komoditas dalam proses distribusi logistik. Pada penelitian ini data kelangkaan peti kemas dan informasi terkait, dikumpulkan melalui studi literatur, pengamatan langsung, pengisian kuesioner dan wawancara langsung dengan pihak ahli terkait. Penyebab kelangkaan peti kemas kemudian diidentifikasi dengan menganalisis setiap kemungkinan yang dapat memicu kelangkaan dengan menggunakan analisa Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) dan Bow-Tie Analysis. Berdasarkan analisis yang dihasilkan, faktor penyebab kelangkaan diantaranya pergantian jalur pelayaran, penutupan pelabuhan, ketidaktersediaan armada kapal, pembatasan kapasitas dan pengurangan sumber daya manusia. Rekomendasi yang disarankan bertujuan untuk mengurangi dampak kelangkaan peti kemas dan mencegah kelangkaan peti kemas di masa yang akan datang. ...... Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) caused the economic crisis in global scale with main affect in the logistic sector, especially the shipping of container port. This research of thesis will expound about element and the occurrences of port container shortage as well as the suggestions reference to overcome and avoid those issues. Container port plays a crucial role in logistic system within domestic and international scope since it used as the main receptacle any commodities in the process of logistic distribution. This analysis of exploration the principal data of the shortage of container port and all information related are gathered using literature study, direct observation, filling out the questionnaire, and conduct live interview with relevant experts whose related to container port complications. The causes of insufficiency of container port are identified by examine each of possibility which can precipitate the shortage by using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Bow-Tie Analysis. Based on the analysis resulting from, few components of the container shortage are cruise line, port closure, unpreparedness fleet of ships, capacity limitation, and devaluation of human resources. The guidances that offered aims to reduce and prevent the undersupply of container port henceforward.