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"Ruang lingkup dan metodologi penelitian:Anemia pada tenaga kerja wanita, masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini merupakan studi intervensi yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan tenaga kerja wanita melalui program penanggulangan anemia dan perbaikan gizi. Sampel berjumlah 44 orang.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan, wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan laboratorium (Hemoglobin dan tinja), penilaian pengetahuan mengenai anemia dan gizi, penilaian pola makan dan asupan makanan (energi, protein, zat besi), pengumpulan data sekunder. Intervensi yang dilakukan adalah; 1. Pemberian tablet besi folat (200 mg ferro sulfat dan 0,25 mg asam folat) seminggu 1 x 1 tablet, selama 16 minggu, pada waktu hid diberikan setiap hari 1 x 1 tablet, 10 hari berturut-turut, 2. Obat cacing (Pyrantel Pamoat 500 mg), dosis tunggal, 3. Penyuluhan mengenai makanan bergizi. Evaluasi hasil intervensi, dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan perubahan dari keluhan subyektif, infestasi cacing, kadar Hb, skor pola makan dan asupan makanan, sebelum dan setelah intervensi.Hasil dan kesimpulan:Dari 44 tenaga kerja wanita ditemukan 12 orang (27,27%) menderita anemia, 7 orang diantaranya dengan infestasi cacing positif. Faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi anemia pada penelitian ini, adalah, status gizi, pengetahuan, pola makan dan asupan makanan. Setelah intervensi selama 16 minggu, berhasil meningkatkan kadar Hb rata-rata sebesar 1,83 g% (SD ±0,51) dari rata-rata 10,56 g% menjadi 12,36 g%, selain itu terdapat penurunan keluhan subyektif, peningkatan skor pola makan dan asupan makanan secara bermakna p < 0,05.

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A Study on the Nutritional Deficiency Anemia of the Production Female Workers of PT.BPB, Jakarta, 2000The scope and methodology of the studyAnaemia on female workers is still a health problem that reduces their productivity. This study involves intervention that is aimed to increase the health of the female workers by means of anaemia prevention and nutrition improvement. The approach used to perform data gathering from a sample of 44 person includes, observation, interviews, physical examination, laboratory testing (haemoglobin and feces), measurement of their knowledge level on anaemia and nutrition, examination on the consumed food quality and eating habit, and the use of secondary data pool. Performed interventions include; 1. Providing folat iron tablets (200 mg ferro sulfat and 0,25 mg folat acid), 1 tablet per week for 16 weeks. During menstruation period the dosage is changed to ] tablet daily for 10 days, 2. Providing worm tablets (Pyrantel Pamoat, 500 mg) single dosage, 3. Awareness program on healthy food. The evaluation of interview results is performed by comparing the changes in subjective complaints, worm infestations, haemoglobin level, scoring on consumed food quality and eating habit before and after the intervention.Result and conclusionOut of 44 female workers, 12 persons (27.27 %) were found to suffer from anaemia, 7 of them with worm infestation. Other factors that causes anaemia, based on the study, included nutrition status, awareness of consumed food quality and eating habit. After 16 weeks intervention, haemoglobin was sucessfully increased by 1.83 g% (SD ±0,51) from an average of 10,56 g% to 12,36g%, in addition, decrease in subjective symptoms, improvement of consumed food quality and eating habit were also noted."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Metodologi Penelitian:Anemia pada pekerja wanita, masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini merupakan studi intervensi yang bertujuan untuk membandingkan efek suplementasi Tablet Tambah Darah (TTD) dengan dan tanpa vitamin C terhadap kadar hemoglobin. Total sampel berjumlah 72 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan, wawancara, pemeriksaan laboratorium (Hemoglobin dan serum ferritin), penilaian pengetahuan tentang gizi dan anemia, penilaian pola makan, asupan makan siang di perusahaan (energi, protein, zat besi), dan pengumpulan data sekunder. Responden dibagi atas dua kelompok, kelompok I (kelompok perlakuan) yang diberikan TTD ditambah 100 mg vitamin C dan kelompok II (kelompok kontrol) yang diberikan hanya TTD . Intervensi yang dilakukan adalah: 1. Pemberian Obat cacing dosis tunggal, 2. Pemberian Tablet Tambah Darah /TTD (200 mg ferro sulfat dan 0.25 mg asam folat) dengan dan tanpa 100 mg vitamin C, satu kapsul perminggu dan satu kapsul selama 10 hari (waktu haid), dalam jangka waktu 16 minggu. Pengawasan dilakukan dengan ketat dan mencatat efek dari pemberian suplemen tersebut. Evaluasi hasil intervensi, dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan perubahan dari kadar hemoglobin, serum ferritin, dan indeks masa tubuh, sebelum dan sesudah intervensi.Hasil dan Kesimpulan:Dari 72 pekerja wanita ditemukan 56 orang (77.77%) menderita anemia. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi anemia pada penelitian ini, adalah asupan makanan. Setelah intervensi selama 16 minggu, berhasil meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin, serum ferritin secara bermakna p < 0.05 pada kelompok I dan kelompok II. Untuk melihat efektivitas antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol dianalisa efektivitasnya, memberikan hasil terjadi peningkatan kadar hemoglobin, serum ferritin, dan indeks masa tubuh lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, walaupun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Peningkatan kadar hemoglobin rata-rata bagi kelompok I sebesar 2.51 ± 1.54 g/dl, dan kelompok II rata-rata 2.19 ± 1.62 g/dl. Peningkatan kadar serum ferritin pada kelompok I rata-rata 36.03 ± 21.83 ug/l, sedangkan kelompok II 28.64 ± 34.46 ug/l.

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The Scope and Methodology:

At present, Anemia on female workers is still a health problem that reduces their productivity at work. This research is an intervention study that aims in comparing the effect of FIT supplement with and without vitamin C toward hemoglobin level. The study collected from a total of 72 samples, by observation, interview, laboratory testing (hemoglobin and ferritin serum), anemia and nutrition level of knowledge, evaluation of eating pattern, on-site food consumption at lunch (energy, protein, iron), and secondary data collection. Respondents are divided into two groups, group I (treatment group) are given FIT and 100 mg vitamin C, and group II (control group) that are given only FIT. Performed interventions include: 1.Providing single dosage of anthelmintic. 2. Providing FIT (200 mg Ferro-sulfate and 0.25 mg folat acid) with and without 100 mg vitamin C, one capsule per week, and one capsule per day for 10 days during menstruation, within the period of 16 weeks. The procedure was strictly controlled and every effect was collected as research data Evaluations of intervention effect were performed by comparing the difference of hemoglobin level, ferritin serum and body mass index, before and after intervention.

Result and Conclusion:

56 out of 72 (77.77%) female workers have anemia. After 16 weeks of intervention, hemoglobin and serum ferritin level were successfully increased. By analyzing the collected data of the given FIT in the treatment group and the control group, we can see that the treatment group have higher level of hemoglobin, ferritin serum and body mass index, compared to the control group, even though statically the result is not significant. The increase of hemoglobin level on average for group I is about 2.51 ± 1.54 g/dl, and for group II the average of 2.19 ± 1.62 g/dl. The increase of serum ferritin level on average for group I is about 36.03 ± 21.83 ug/l, and for group II the average of 28.64 ± 34.46 ug/l."

"Sumber pencemaran udara saat ini makin bertambah, hal ini dikarenakan makin bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor dan tidak bertambahnya ruas jalan. Emisi dari sumber-sumber tersebut akan meningkat selaras dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk. Jumlah kendaraan bermotor itu yang bertambah dan bahan bakar yang dipakai banyak menggunakan Bahan Bakar Minyak mengandung timah hitam sangat berkontribusi sebagai penyumbang kendaraan bermotor. Dampak timah hitam yang dikeluarkan oleh kendaraan bermotor sangat mempengaruhi kesehatan terutama para kelompok risiko yang sering berada di jalan raya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 12 pos polisi lalu lintas di wilayah kota Palembang, dengan unit analisis polisi lalu lintas yang berada di jalan raya pada Poltabes kota Palembang dengan sampel seluruh populasi sebanyak 40 orang, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang keterpaparan timah hitam di dalam darah polisi lalu lintas dan dampak kesehatannya.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasi dengan pendekatan "cross sectional" menggunakan analisis data kuantitatif. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan pengukuran Pb udara serta pengambilan sampel darah pada polisi lalu lintas di kota Palembang. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah secara statistik menggunakan teknik analisis distribusi frekuensi, uji chi squre serta fisher's exact.Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh 15 % responden memiliki kadar Pb lebih dari 40 µg/100 ml. Berdasarkan analisis bivariat ternyata ada hubungan antara masa kerja dan pemakaian masker dengan kadar Pb darah pada polisi lalu lintas, sedangkan variabel jam kerja dan kebiasaan merokok tidak ada hubungan dengan kadar Pb darah pada polisi lalu lintas. Dengan menggunanakan analisis regresi logistik variabel jam kerja dan kebiasaan merokok tidak ada hubungan dengan kadar Pb darah pada polisi lalu lintas sedangkan masa kerja dan pemakaian masker dengan nilai p masing - masing untuk masa kerja (p=0,005), pemakaian masker (p= 0,026). Dari analisis ini pula dapat diketahui variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh pada kadar Pb dan Hb yaitu pemakaian masker.Dengan melihat hasil penelitian tersebut penggunaan masker pada polisi lalu lintas harus dilaksanakan dengan baik, terutama pada saat bertugas dijalan raya dalam mengatur lalu lintas kendaraan, terutama peraturan yang jelas untuk pergantian masa berugas di tiap bagian dengan dibuatnya rotasi kerja, hal ini untuk menjaga jangan sampai polisi lalu lintas terlalu lama terpapar dengan pencemaran.

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Pb Concentration Influence in the Air Ambient on Pb of Blood Degree with Traffic Police Anemia Cases at Palembang City 2004Air pollution?s sources increasingly accrue currently, this condition was caused by accretion of the number of vehicles and the roadway was not increase. Emission of the source will increase as long as the accretion of human population. The amount of vehicles, which keep growing, and the fuel that consumed, use much of oil fuel which contain the valuable lead as motor vehicles contributor. The lead impact of motor vehicles was significantly affects especially on the risk group, that is the one who often been on the avenue.

This research took place at 12 posts of traffic police in Palembang district, with traffic police analysis unit was located on highway at Palembang City's Poltabes by all of population of 40 persons, with objective is to find out the background of the lead contamination in traffic police's blood and the health impacts.

This research is observation with "cross sectional" approach, uses quantitative data analysis. The data picked by interview using questioner and measuring Pb of air, also picking blood samples on Palembang traffic police. Then, the results of data maintain statistically using the frequency distribution analysis technical, chi square and fisher's exact test.

From the results of this research get 15% respondent which contains Pb degree more than 40 µg/100 ml. Based on bivariate analysis, apparently, there was correlation of job period and mask employing with Pb blood degree on traffic police, meanwhile, job period variables and smoking habit was not have correlation with Pb blood degree of traffic police. Using logistic regression analysis of job period variable and smoking habit there was not have correlation with Pb blood degree on traffic police, whereas job period and mask employing have p value, both for job period (p=x.005), mask employing (p-0.026). From this analysis too, we can learn the variables that have influence to Pb and Hb degree, that is mask employer.

Having perception regarding the result of research, mask utilization on traffic police have to well maintain, especially when works on the road for organizing traffic, and overt regulation for turning job period over at every segments by making job rotation, those are for avoiding contamination of traffic police."

"Anemia gizi merupakan salah satu masalah gizi utama di Indonesia yang harus ditanggulangi secara serius. Terjadinya anemia gizi biasanya disebabkan karena jumlah zat besi yang dikonsumsi tidak sesuai dengan jumlah yang dibutuhkan. Di samping itu berbagai faktor juga dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya anemia gizi antara lain kebiasaan makan, kurangnya konsumsi zat gizi lain misalnya vitamin A, vitamin C, protein, infeksi, sanitasi lingkungan, investasi cacing, dan sosial ekonomi. Konsekuensi yang timbul akibat terjadinya anemia gizi adalah produktivitas rendah, terhambatnya perkembangan mental dan kecerdasan, menurunnya kekebalan terhadap penyakit infeksi, morbiditas dll.Prevalensi anemia gizi remaja putri berdasarkan beberapa hasil penelitian ternyata cukup tinggi, sementara upaya penanggulangan anemia belum mengarah kepada sasaran remaja ini.Penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi analisis yang menggunakan data sekunder dari Pusat Penelitian dan' Pengembangan Gizi, Departemen Kesehatan RI. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian observasional tipe potong lintang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia gizi remaja putri. Variabel dependen penelitian ini adalah status anemia remaja putri, sedangkan variabel independen meliputi investasi cacing, tingkat konsumsi energi, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C dan zat besi, status Cu, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu, dan kebiasaan minum teh. Analisa data meliputi univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi, bivariat dengan uji kai kuadrat, dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi anemia gizi remaja putri sebesar 41.54 %, Disamping itu variabel yang berhubungan berrnakna secara statistik (p < 0.05) dengan kejadian anemia gizi remaja putri adalah variabel investasi cacing, tingkat konsumsi energi, protein, dan vitamin C. Dan variabel yang paling berhubungan secara bersama-sama terhadap kejadian anemia gizi adalah variabel tingkat konsumsi vitamin C (p < 0.0383, OR = 2.71, CI 95 % = 1.76614 - 3.65i 66).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, disarankan agar penangguulangan anemia gizi pada remaja putri sudah harus mulai diprioritaskan sehingga perlu adanya program khusus penanggulangan anemia gizi pada remaja putri ini. Disarankan pula dilaksanakannya penyuluhan kepada ibu-ibu mengenai pengetahuan tentang anemia sebab dan akibatnya serta perlunya makanan seimbang kepada remaja putri. Disamping itu perlu adanya penelitian lain mengenai anemia gizi remaja putri sehingga informasi yang didapat bisa saling melengkapi.

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Nutritional anemia is one of the major nutritional problems in Indonesia that must be seriously tackled. Nutritional anemia normally occurs when the amount of the iron consumed does not equal to the requirements. Besides, several other factors also contribute to the incidence of nutritional anemia such as, among other things, eating habits, lack of consumption of other nutrients including vitamins A and C, a lack of protein, infection, environmental sanitation, worms infestation, social economic conditions, etc. The consequences arising from nutritional anemia include low productivity, disturbance in mental and intelligence development, decreasing immunity against infectious diseases, morbidity, etc.

According to the results of the research, the prevalence of nutritional anemia among female adolescence is relatively high, whereas the efforts taken to combat anemia have not been directed to' this specific target population.

This research is an analytical study using secondary data from Nutritional Research and Development Centre, Department of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. This is an observational research of a cross-sectional type. The objective of the research is to study the factors relating to the incidence of the nutritional anemia among female adolescence. The dependent variable of the research is the status of anemia among female adolescence, while the independent variables include worms investation, the level of energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C and iron consumptions, the status of Cu, educational background of the girls' parents and the habits of tea drinking. Analysis of the data is carried out using univariate method by frequency distribution, bivariate method by chi square test, and multivariate method by logistical regression.

The results of the research have demonstrated that the prevalence of nutritional anemia among female adolescence reaches as high as 41.54 %. In addition, the variables having statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) with the incidence of nutritional anemia among female adolescence include the investation of worms, and the level of energy, protein, and vitamin C consumptions. And the variable having the closest bearing to the incidence of nutritional anemia is the level of vitamin C consumption (p = 0.0383, OR = 2.71, 95 % CI = 1.76614 - 3.65166).

Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that the handling of nutritional anemia among female adolescence should be prioritized by commencing a special improvement program. Another recommendation is given for the implementation of guidance and education campaign to the mothers on the causes and consequences of anaemia, and the need of providing a balanced diet for their daughters. Further researches and studies on nutritional anemia among female adolescence are deemed necessary, so that all the information obtained will complement each other."

"ABSTRACTA study of 60 infants and children from 6 to 18 months of age, the relationship of iron status to psychomotor development was assessed. Their iron status was diagnosed based on hemoglobin and serum ferritin level. While their psychomotor development was assessed using the motor scale of Bayley Scale Infant Development test. Nineteen infants were normal, 6 were non anemic iron deficient, and 35 were anemic iron deficient. Anemic iron deficient infants/children had significantly lower psychomotor development indices than did the normal or non anemic iron deficient group. Normal and non anemic iron deficient infants/children performed comparably. The study concluded that there was a relationship between iron status and psychomotor development of infants/children 6-18 months of age, the normal group had the highest and the anemic the lowest PDI scores, also that home environment is an important i nf1uenci ng factor. Di etary i ron i ntake seemed to be the mai n causal factor in the occurance of anemia among infants/children. Further investigation using a better controlled method/study design was suggested to scrutinize the influence of iron status on psychomotor development of infants/children."

"ABSTRAKAngka kejadian anemia defisiensi besi yang tinggi di Indonesia. Soetejo dan Samsudin (1976) yang melakukan penelitian terhadappenderita yang berobat jalan di Poliklinik Anak RSCM/FKUI, menemukan prevalensi anemia pada bayi dengan gizi baik sebesar 76,3% gizi kurang sebesar79,4% dan gizi buruk sebesar 100 %. Pada golongan usia prasekolah,prevalensi anemia pada gizi baik sebesar 68,9%, gizi kurang sebesar76,8% dan gizi buruk sebesar 90,0%. Untuk golongan usia sekolah,prevalensi sebesar 46,6% pada gizi baik dan 57,5 % pada gizi kurang.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi beberapa perubahan-perubahanelektrokardiografi, radiologis, fonokardiografi dan ekokardiografi sertamencari hubungan keempat hasil pemeriksaan pada anak-anak yang men-derita anemia defisiensi besi.

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"Menurut Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga (SKRT) tahun 2000, Angka Kematian lbu (AKD di Indonesia sebesar 213/100.000 kelahiran hidup. AKI tersebut masih cukup tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan AKI negara-negara ASEAN. Salah satu penyebab langsung kematian ibu adalah karena perdarahan (45,2%) sedangkan penyebab tak langsung adalah karena anemia Diketahui bahwa anemia dapat meningkatkan risiko perdarahan dan infeksi selama proses melahirkan yang menjadi penyebab langsung kematian ibu. Kejadian anemia di negara berkembang Sekitar 56 % dan sebagian besar (80 %) diderita oleh ibu hamil. Penyebab utama anemia pada ibu hamil (90 %) adalah karena defisiensi besi, sehingga anemia pada ibu hamil sering diidentikkan dengan anemia gizi yaitu Anemia Defisiensi Besi. Data SKRT tahun 2001 menunjukkan prevalensi anemia ibu hamil di Indonesia sebesar 40,1 %. Data Dinas Kesehatan (Dinkes) Provinsi Riau tahun 2006 menunjukkan prevalensi anemia ibu hamil di Provinsi Riau sebesar 47,8%. Penelitian tentang prevalensi anemia ibu hamil di Kota Pekanbaru belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran kejadian anemia gizi besi pada ibu hamil pengunjung Puskesmas Wiiayah Kota Pekanbaru tahun 2007 dan faktor- faktor yang berhubungan dengan status anemia gizi besi tersebut, yang terdiri dari faktor internal meliputi variabel umur, usia kehamilan, paritas, jarak kelahiran dan lingkar lengan atas (LILA) dan faktor eksternal meliputi variabel konsumsi makanan, pendidikan, suplementasi tablet tambah darah (TTD) dan pengetahuan. Metode penelitian ini adalah analitik kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Responden adalah seluruh ibu hamil pengunjung Puskesmas yang datang untuk memeriksakan kehamilannya di 17 Puskesmas Wilayah Kota Pekanbaru pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Mei 2007. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur, pengukuran LILA dengan menggunakan pita ukur LILA dari Depkes dan pengukuran kadar hemoglobin (Hb) darah tepi dengan menggunakan metode Sahli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar ibu hamil pengunjung Puskesmas Wilayah Kota Pekanbaru menderita anemia gizi besi yaitu sebanyak 132 orang (73,3%). Rata-rata kadar Hb ibu hamil sebesar 9,86 g/dl dengan variasi antara 9,67 g/dl - 10,06 g/dl. Hasil analisis penelitian membuktikan bahwa variabel umur, usia kehamilan, paritas dan konsumsi makanan memiliki hubungan secara bermakna dengan status anemia gizi besi pada ibu hamil. Namun variabel paling dominan berhubungan dengan status anemia gizi besi pada ibu hamil adalah paritas. lbu dengan anak lebih dari 2 orang berisiko 4,5 kali menderita anemia gizi besi dibandingkan ibu dengan anak kurang dari 2 orang.

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Regarding to the Household and Health Survey in 2000, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of Indonesia is as high as 213 per 100,000 live births. The figure is relatively high compare to the MMR of other ASEAN countries. One of the direct causes on maternal death is hemorrhage (45.2%) and one of indirect cause is anemia. It has been known that anemia can elevate the risk of hemorrhage and infection during parturition process which can lead to the direct cause of maternal death.

The prevalence of anemia cases in the developing countries are comprises around 56% and mostly takes place in a pregnant mother (80%), The main cause of anemia among pregnant mothers is iron deficiency (90%). Therefore, the anemia among pregnant mothers are identically called nutrition anemia, i.e. Iron Deiciency Anemia The Household and Health Survey data in 2001 showed that anemia among pregnant mothers has a figure of 40.l%. In 2006, data of The Health Authority of Riau Province show the prevalence of anemia in pregnant mothers in the region is 47.8%. However, there is never been a study on anemia prevalence in pregnant mother of Pekanbaru has carried out.

The study has an aim to describe the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant mothers who visit to Community Health Center / Puskesmas in the working area of Pekanbaru in 2007 and factors related to the status of its anemia. The factors consist of intemal factors (age, gestational age, parity, pregnancy interval, and Upper Arm Diameter/ UAD) and external factors (food consumption, level of education, iron tablet supplementation, and knowledge).

The method of the study is using quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The respondents are all mothers who visit and have pregnancy checked in 17 Puskesmas at Kota Pekanbaru, from March to May 2007. Data are collected with some methods: interview by using a structured questionnaire, measuring UAD by using measurement band of UAD of MoH, and measuring the level of Haemoglobine (Hb) of capilair blood with a Sahli method.

The result of the study found that most of pregnant mothers who visit the Puskesmas at working area of Pekanbaru have suffered with iron deficiency anemia (73.3%) The average of Hb level in the blood is 9.86 g/dl with variation between 9.67 g/dl to 10.06 g/dl. The analysis of the study showed that variables of age, gestational age, parity and food consumption have a signijqicant relationship with the status of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant mothers. Though, the most dominant factor that significantly related to the status of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant mothers is parity. Mothers with 2 or more children are 4.5 times having a risk to iron deficiency anemia comparing with mothers who have children less than 2."

"ABSTRAKAnemia adalah suatu keadaan kadar hemoglobin di dalam darah lebih rendahdari nilai normal untuk kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin yang sama. Anemia masihmerupakan salah satu masalah lcesehatan rnasyarakat, tcrmasuk anemia di kelompokremaja. Selain berdampak terhadap fungsi kognitif dan memori, juga menumnkankapasitas kerja, sehingga dapat menurunkan konsentrasi dan prestasi sekolah. Dan jikaseorang remaja putri anemia harnil, resiko perdarahan maupun berat bayi lahir rendahakan meningkat, karena kcbutuhan zat bcsi mereka meningkat sclain untuk kehamilan,juga untuk penumbuhan. Sun/ci Kesehatan Rumah Tangga tahun 1995 prevalensianemia rcmaja putri masih sangat tinggi yaitu 5l,7%.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui falnor-thlctor yang berhubungandengan anemia pada siswi SMUN Bayah. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analisis yangmenggunakan data primer, dengan disain penelitian crossecrional. Data diperolchdengan cara pemeriksaan hemoglobin dengan metode cyanmethemoglobinmenggunakan alat HemoCue, pembuatan slide darah tebal malaria dengan pewamaangiemsa, wawancara dengan kuesioner, fonnulir food recall, FFQ, serta angket untukorang tua. Penelitian ini ailakukan pada siswi SMUN Bayah Ifabupaten Lebak propinsiBanten dengan jumlnh sampel 98 orang.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejadian anemia cukup tinggi, yaitu46,9%. Faktor yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan anemia adalah asupanenergi, protein, zat besi, vitamin C, kebiasaan makan bahan makanan penghambat absorbsi zat besi, dan pendapatan lzeluarga. Faktor Iain yaitu kebiasaan makan bahanmakanan peningkat absorbsi zat br:si ?jarang?, pola mensrruasi (jumlah darah ?tidaknormal?, frekuensi perdarahan ?teratur? dan lama perdarahan yang ?tidak normal?),status malaria 'positif', serta pendidikan ibu ?rendah? cenderung lebih tinggiproporsinya pada siswi dengan anemia, walaupun secara statistik tidak bermakna I-lasilanalisis multivariat menunjukkan 4 faktor (empat) berhubungan secara bermaknadengan anemia, yaitu asupan energi, protein, kebiasaan makan bahan makananpenghambat absorbsi zat besi, dan pendapatan keluarga. Faktor yang paling dominanbcrlmubungan dengan anemia adalah asupan encrgi.Dari hasil penelitian disarankan kcpada pihak sekolah dan Dinas Kesehatanuntuk melakukan melaksanakan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan anemiamelalui kegiatan UKS (Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah), dengan memberikan materipendidikan kesehatan dan gizi scimbang, pemberian tablet tambah darah bagi siswi haiddan anemia, pemeriksaan I-Ib dan malaria sccara berkala. Kegiatan ini dapatdilaksanakan dengan bekerja sama antara sekolah dengan orang tua murid, OSIS,Puskesmas Bayah/ Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Lebak.Perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan ruang lingkup lebih luas untuk mengetahuibesamya masalah anemia dan faktor lain yang berperan terhadap kejadian anemia dikabupaten Lebak, khususnya pada remaja putri, agar tercipta sumber daya manusiayang berkualitas.

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ABSTRACTAnemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin level in blood lower than nonnalstandard value for the same gender and age group. Yet anemia is still one of healthsociety concern, including anemia on adolescent group. ln spite of impaired cognitivefunctioning and memory, it also affecting work capacity, reduce concentration andschool performance. And if an adolescent girl get pregnance, both bleeding and and lowbirth weight risk shall be increased. since the need of iron increased not only for thepregnancy but also the growth. The household health survey (SKRT) conducted in 1995showed anemia prevalence among adolescent girls is still high about 5 l ,'/%.The aim of this study was to find out several factors related to anemia on adolescentsschoolgirls at SMUN Bayah. This study was analyzed primary data, using crossectionaldesign. Data were prepared by checking hemoglobin concentration withcyanmethemoglobine method using I-lemoCue kit, giemsa-stained finger-prick bloodsample smeared for malaria, interview with questionnaire, food recall form, FFQ, andspecial form for the parents. Research conducted on SMUN Bayah, Lebak District,Banten Province with a sample size 98 adolescent schoolgirls.The results indicate that anemia was still high, about 46,9%. Factors that significantlyrelated to anemia were energy, protein, iron, and vitamin C intake, the habit ofconsumption of inhibitor factor of iron absorption, and household income.. Otherfactors such as low consumption of enhancer factor of iron absorption ?rarely?,menstruation pattem (?abnom1a1? blood volume, ?regular? bleeding frequency, and abnorma|? bleeding duration), ?positive? malaria status, and ?low? education level ofmothers tend to the high level proportion on adolescent schoolgirl with anemia,although statistically it was not significant. The results of multivariate analysis indieate4(four) factors related significantly to anemia, those were energy and protein intake, thehabit of consumption ol' inhibitor ol' iron absorption, and household income. Thedominant factor related to anemia was energy intake.In accordance with the results of study, the author suggest to school and healthauthority to conduct the preventive and curative program against anemia by UKS(school health activities), providing health education and balanced nutrition, giving ironsupplementation to menstruation and anemia schoolgirls, checking Hemoglobin andmalaria regularly. These activities can be carried up by maldng a teamwork with BP3organization, OSIS, Bayah Public Health Center/Health Division of Lebak District,It needed more widely study to find out the problem of anemia and other factorsinvolved signilicantly to anemia in Lebak, especially adolescent girls in order to makethe human resource performantly qualified.

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"Anemia adalah keadaan di mana kadar hemoglobin lebih rendah dari normal. Puskesmas Pagerbarang merupakan Puskesmas dengan anemia ibu hamil tertinggi di Kabupaten Tegal. Metode penelitian Cross Sectional. Proses pengumpulan data Mei?Juni 2014. Sampel 164 orang.Hasil analisis memperlihatkan kejadian anemia (33,5%) dan yang mempunyai hubungan dengan anemia:pendidikan (OR = 2,35), keberdayaan perempuan (OR = 3,03), pengeluaran (OR = 3,98), pekerjaan suami (OR = 2,42), status gizi (OR = 10,46), infeksi/penyakit kronik (OR = 3,35), umur (OR = 3,15), paritas (OR = 3,29), pemeriksaan kehamilan (OR = 2,52), konsumsi fe (OR = 2,6), dan lokasi pelayanan kesehatan (OR = 3,29).

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Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin levelis lower than normal. Pagerbarang health centeris a Health Center with the highest maternal anemia in Tegal regency. Methods Cross-sectional study. The process of data collection from May to June2014. Samples 164 people. The results of the analysis showed the incidence of anemia(33.5%) and having a relationship with anemia: education (OR =2.35), the empowerment of women (OR =3.03), spending(OR =3.98), husband's work (OR =2.42), nutritional status (OR =10.46), infectious/chronic disease (OR =3.35), age (OR =3.15), parity (OR =3.29), prenatal care (OR =2.52), fe consumption (OR =2.6), and the location of health services (OR =3.29)."

"Anemia is the main micronutrient deficiency problem among adolescent school girls in Indonesia. Anemia due to iron deficiency often coexists with zine deficiency. Iron and zinc have anlagonistic interaction. Therefore, it was appropriate ratio of iron-zinc supplementation. Objective The study was aimed to investigate the different ratios of iron-zinc supplementation Fe: Zn = 2: 1 and Fe: Zn = 4: 1 on improving the iron and zinc status and eventually reduction of the morbidity of anemic adolescent school girls compared to iron supplementation alone. Methodology randomized, double blind community trial was conducted among anemic adolescent school girls (10-12 years old). Selection of subjects was conduted in two steps. Firstly, 238 girls (out of 1358 girls), with hemoglobin concentration level < 115 g/L using Hemocue were recruited and given antihelminthic drug (500 mg mebendazole as a single dose). Secondly, those who had hemoglobin concentration < 120 g/L using Cell Dyn from venous blood one week after deworming (n+133) were enrolled into the study. The 133 subjects were assigned randomly to one of the three groups for daily iron-zinc supplementation for 12 weeks with: Group 1 (n=45): iron (60 mg/day), Group 2 (n=45): iron and zinc (30 mg and 15 mg/day) or group 3 (n=43): iron and zinc (60 mg and 15 mg/day).Supplement intake was supervised at base line, weight and height were measured and the available iron and zinc intake from diet was estimated using a model modified from WHO/FAO and Murphy, based on the data 24-hour Food Recall and Food Frequency Questionnare. Iron (hemoglobin/Hb, serum ferritin/SF, serum transferrin receptor/TfR, zinc protoporphyrin/ZPP, Mean Corpuscular Volume/MCV, Red-cell Distribution Width/RDW, body iron/BI) and zinc (serum zinc/SZ) status and supplementation. Morbidity status of diarrhea and Acule Respiratory Infection (ARI) were recorded weekly. The phagocytes cell and Cell-Mediated Immunity were measured only for 50% of the subjects. Results and Discussion By the end of the supplementation, most indicators of iron status were increased significantly in all subjects both they took iron supplementation with or without zinc, and the proportion of iron deficiency anemia reduced. Iron supplementation alone or iron-zinc improved zinc status. The proportion of zinc deficiency was sinificantly reduced only among subjects who took iron-zinc supplementation with the ratio of Fe: Zn =2: 1. which was significantly lower compared to the other two groups at the end of supplementation. In iron/zinc 2 : 1 group, no subject had iron deficiency anemia and zinc deficiency after 12 weeks of supplementation, which suggested that iron-zinc supplementation with the ration of Fe: Zn = 2 : 1 had reduced both iron deficiency anemia and zinc deficiency. In this study, iron deficiency among anemic school girls was due to insufficiency of iron in red blood cell, and iron or iron-zinc supplementation for 12 weeks had less benefit to increase iron status. The possibility; of hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia trait affecting adolescent girls in this study should be considered as several studies indicated that the prevalence of tlinlassemia trait among the same population in Indonesia is high. Iron deficiency also occurred at the storage level, which increased and reached the normal value with iron or iron-zinc supplementation. At the end of supplementation, the mean value of most indicators of iron status in all groups did not reach the normal value (such as Hb < 120 g/L, ZPP > 40 umol/mol heme, MCV <2 80 fL, RDW > l4%), perhaps the 12-weeks of iron supplementation was not long enough to fulfill iron for the 120 erythrocyte life cycle. lt seems, that the competition between iron and zinc occurred both at the storage level and the erythrocyte formation, and iron-zinc supplementation with the ratio of Fe: Zn = 2: 1 had minimal interaction as the improvement of both iron and zinc status was higher compared to the other groups. Most anemic adolescent school girls in this study had low available iron and zinc intake from the diet, with low intake of enhancers and high intake of inhibitors, which is not enough to promote either iron or zinc absorption from the supplements. The reduction of the proportion ol' subjects suffering from ARI was the highest among subjects who took either iron alone (3l.1% to 6.7%) compared to those who took iron- zinc supplement with ratio 2: 1 (1 7.3% to l1.l%) or iron-zinc supplement with ratio 4: 1(16.3 % to l4%), indicating that iron alone reduced morbidity status in tenn of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). However, adding zinc to iron supplements with ratio 2: 1 scents to improve the specific immune response of anemic adolescent school girls, as shown that the ratio of CD-4/CD-S was slightly increased among subjects who took iron- zinc supplement with the ratio of Fe: Zn= 2: 1 Conclusions and Recommendations lt was concluded, that both iron deficiency anemia (22%) and zinc deficiency (15.8%) were problems in the study area. Iron deficiency and hemoglobinopathies such as that assemia trait might be the causes of anemia among adolescent school girls. A daily 30 mg iron and 15 mg zinc supplementation among anemic adolescent schools girls for 12 weeks improved iron and zinc status and reduced iron deficiency anemia and zinc deficiency. Iron supplementation alone increased iron status, while adding zinc to iron supplementation protected the adverse effect of iron on decreasing zinc status. The competition between iron and zinc might occur in the role of both nutrients for erythrocytes formation as well-as at storage level, and supplementation with the ratio of Fe: Zn = 2: 1 had minimal interaction on improving bot.h iron and zinc status. As most of the anemic adolescent school girls had inadequate iron and zinc intake from the diet, the deficiencies of other micronutrients such as; vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin B12 should also be considered as the causes of anemia. Combined iron-zinc supplementation with the ratio of Fe: Zn = 2: 1 was appropriate on reducing the risk of anemic adolescent school girls suffering from Acute Respiratory Infection, however the mechanism of both iron and zinc on enhancing immune system could not clearly be shown from the results of this study. It is recommended to establish an iron-zinc supplementation program with ratio of 2: 1 through the existing channel of school health program to alleviate iron de iciency anemia and zinc deficiency 'among adolescent girls. Research cum action prioritized is to explain the contribution of bioavailability iron and zinc intake from the diet including increase the enhancers and minimize the inhibitors to the absorption of iron-zinc supplementation with ratio of Fe: Zn = 2: 1. The possibility of hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia trait, as the cause of anemia needs further investigations."