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Abstrak :
The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether or not an association exists between the presence of enamel craze lines and the prevalence of tooth sensitivity (TS) after in-office bleaching. Subjects that met the inclusion criteria (N = 23) were screened to detect the existence of enamel craze lines. In total, 460 teeth were subjected to bleaching where 49 % of them presented enamel craze lines. After bleaching (15 % hydrogen per oxide), the subject were asked to rate the level of TS by answering a self-administered questionnaire. The majority of subjects (91 %)experienced TS at the first day of bleaching. The TS prevalence decreased gradually to 22 % at second day, to 17 % at third day, and to 9 % at fourth day. After the fourtf day, no subject reported TS. While 15 % of teeth with no craze lines also showed TS. A positive but weak correlation (r = 0.214) was found between the existence of enamel craze lines and TS. In this clinical study, higher incidence of TS was found with the use of 15 % hydrkedogen peroxide bleaching agent compared to the previous studies. Patients who would undergo in-office bleaching informed that tooth sensitivity is a very often side effect but it may disappear within 1 week.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Latar Belakang: Bleaching kimiawi dapat merusak email gigi dan jaringan lunak. Daun stroberi mempunyai zat aktif berupa asam ellagat yang dapat berperan sebagai oksidator pada proses pemutihan gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perubahan warna pada email gigi setelah aplikasi ekstrak murni daun stroberi serta mengetahui sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna tersebut. Metode: Menggunakan ekstrak murni daun stroberi dengan konsentrasi 25 dan 50 diaplikasikan pada email gigi selama 7 jam hingga 28 kali aplikasi. Analisis warna menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan software Adobe Photoshop. Hasil: Perubahan warna email gigi mejadi lebih terang. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak murni daun stroberi mampu mengubah warna email gigi menjadi lebih terang. RGB merupakan sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna email gigi setelah bleaching.

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ABSTRACT
Background Bleaching using chemicals can damage tooth enamel and soft tissue. Strawberry leaves contain active compounds in the form of acid ellagat that can act as an oxidant in the process of teeth whitening. Objective To determine discoloration of the tooth enamel after application of direct extracts of strawberry leaves and determine the color space which appropiate to measure the color change. Methods Using direct extracts of strawberry leaves with a concentration of 25 and 50 applied on enamel for 7 hours until 28 times repetition of application. Color analysis conducted using a spectrophotometry with software Adobe Photoshop. Results Enamel surface becoming brighter. Conclusions Direct extraction of strawberry leaves able to change the color of the enamel becomes brighter. RGB is a color space system which most appropriate for measuring changes in the color of enamel after bleaching.

Abstrak :
Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed.

Abstrak :
The aims of the study were to evaluate by spectrophotometer the in vivo colour changes resulting from the application of an in-office tooth bleaching system containing 28 % H2O2 by light-emitting diode (LED) activation and to determine whether the application of 5 % potassium nitrate 30 min before bleaching decreased tooth sensitivity. Thirty-two individuals were assigned randomly to two groups (n = 16). Group A received 5 % potassium nitrate as a desensitizing agent 30 min before bleaching with 28 % hydrogen peroxide activated by LED. Group B received glycerin as a placebo and the same bleaching protocol was applied. The colour of the right central incisor of each patient was measured visually and by spectrophotometer before bleaching, immediately thereafter, 15 days and 3 months later. Differences in L* a* b* values were tested with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in AE values were tested with ANOVA statistical analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were detected in L*, as well as in b* values, between initial (I) and post bleaching (PB) and between initial (I) and 3 months post-op. In contrast, there was no significant difference between PB and 3 months post-op. The a* values showed no statistically significant differences among the different time points. Tooth sensitivity decreased significantly when potassium nitrate was applied. In-office bleaching system gave quantitatively stable results over a 3-month period. Tooth sensitivity was reduced significantly, when a desensitizing agent was applied 30 min before treatment, but the efficacy of bleaching decreased.

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ABSTRAK
Pemutihan gigi sudah menjadi kebutuhan banyak orang untuk menunjang penampilan estetika. Pada prosedur pemutihan gigi, biasanya menggunakan bahan-bahan pemutih seperti hidrogen peroksida, karbamid peroksida, dan karbopol. Namun bahan-bahan pemutih gigi tersebut dapat menimbulkan efek samping seperti sensitifitas gigi paska tindakan serta iritasi pada rongga mulut dan mukosa saluran cerna bila tertelan. Buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisang adalah jenis buah yang diketahui mengandung hidrogen peroksida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pada jus buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisang dalam memutihkan gigi yang mengalami diskolorisasi ekstrinsik. Gigi premolar post-ekstraksi yang telah diskolorisasi teh dan diskolorisasi kopi diberi perlakuan jus buah selama 14 hari. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan rata-rata skala warna pada kelompok teh dengan perlakuan jus buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisang dari skala 12 menjadi rata-rata sebesar 5,4 ± 0,51; 4,4 ± 1,07; 4,9 ± 1,07; 4,5 ± 0,97 dan 4,8 ± 1,13. Sedangkan pada kelompok kopi dengan perlakuan jus buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisang dari skala 9 menjadi rata-rata sebesar 1,6 ± 0,69; 2,2 ± 1,54; 2,2 ± 1,31; 1,5 ± 1,84; 1,37 ± 1,06.

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ABSTRACT
Teeth whitening has become a need for many people to support the aesthetic appearance. In the teeth whitening procedure, usually using bleaching ingredients such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, and carbopol. However the ingredients of teeth whitening can cause side effect such as tooth sensitivity and irritation after the action in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal mucosa if ingested. Avocado, apple, mango, pineapple, and bananas are the types of fruit are known to contain hydrogen peroxide. This study aims to determine the effect on fruit juice avocado, apple, mango, pineapple, and banana in the teeth whitening experience extrinsic discoloration. Post-extraction of premolars that had discoloration of tea and coffee discoloration of the treated fruit juice for 14 days. The test results showed that the average changes color scale on tea group treatment with avocado fruit juices, apple, mango, pineapple, and banana of the scale of 12 to an average of 5.4 ± 0.51; 4.4 ± 1.07; 4.9 ± 1.07; 4.5 ± 0.97 and 4.8 ± 1.13. Whereas in the coffee group treated fruit juice with avocado, apple, mango, pineapple, and banana of the scale of 9 to an average of 1.6±0.69; 2.2 ± 1.54; 2.2 ± 1.31, 1.5 ± 1.84; 1.37 ± 1.06.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 254-259 There are two basic kinds of tooth whitening agents. The first is over the counter materials and the other is materials used by the dentist or under dentist control. Home bleaching is a technique using l0% carbamide peroxide on a tray applied by patient under dentist supervision. This paper is a review of the effect of 10 % carbamid peroxide home bleaching technique. It is revealed that this metode is simple, safe, economic, and has short chiar side time.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV: 368-373 Tooth bleaching has become a popular treatment for esthetic improvement in dentistry. There are several 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents that are available in Indonesia which contained potasium nitrate-flouride or without potasium nitrate-flouride. However, there was no clinical report about these products in Indonesia. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching and sensitivity of tooth and gingiva. Sixty-four participants were divided into 2 groups. The first group was treated with bleaching agent that contained potasium nitrate-flouride (Opalescence PF, Ultradent) and the second group with bleaching agent without potasium nitrate-flouride (Vivastyle, Ivoclar Vivadent). Bleaching treatment was done for 6-8 hours per night over a 2 week-period. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14 day afterwards. Color change was measured using a value-ordered Vita classic shade guide; tooth and gingival sensivity were examined using Electric Pulp Tester, Gingival Index and a patient log. The results showed that there were no statistical difference in degree of color change between the two products. The mean color change after 2 weeks was 7-8 tabs lighter than baseline. Also there was no statistical difference in tooth and gingival sensitivity between the products. It can be concluded that 10% carbamide peroxide containing potasium nitrate-flouride has the same effectiveness compared to other agent without potasium nitrate-flouride for tooth color change and tooth and gingival sensitivity.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV:294-296 Dental bleaching has been considered as a feasible approach for dental esthetic, and many dental bleaching products can be seen in the market. Therefore, the side effect of a such dental product should be studied. This study was aimed to detemine the effect of carbamide peroxide-containing home bleaching agent on the hardness of dental amalgam surface structure. Forty amalgam filling specimens were divided into 4 groups, which consist of 3 treatment group and 1 control gloups. Each group was exposed to the bleaching agent daily for 2, 4, and 8 hours within 7 days. The Vickers Microhardness Tester, with loads 98.07 mN for 20 seconds, was used to measured the hardeness of amalgam surface. It was revealed that, there was a significant difference between the treatment and the control group on 8 hours period. It was concluded that there was a decrease in hardeness of dertal amalgam surface after having a contact with carbamide peroxide bleaching agent.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Diskolorasi gigi dapat diterapi dengan dental bleaching, namun dapat merusak enamel dan jaringan gingiva. Asam elagat dalam daun stroberi mampu menciptakan reaksi redoks sehingga dapat memutihkan gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pemutihan warna permukaan gigi pasca aplikasi dan sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai menilai warna permukaan gigi. Metode: Ekstrak fenol daun stroberi diaplikasikan ke tiga gigi dengan konsentrasi 15 gigi kesatu, 30 gigi kedua dan 15 lalu 30 gigi ketiga. Analisis menggunakan software Adobe Photoshop. Hasil: Permukaan gigi menjadi lebih gelap. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak fenol daun stroberi tidak memutihkan enamel dan sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai adalah RGB.

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ABSTRAK
Background Teeth discoloration can be treated with dental bleaching but it damages the enamel and gingival tissue. Ellagic acid in strawberry leaf ables to create redox reaction that can whiten teeth. Objective Determine whitening tooth surface after application and determine most appropriate color space system to assess tooth surface color. Methods Strawberry leaf phenolic extract was applied to three teeth with concentration of 15 , 30 and 15 to 30 . Analyze use Adobe Photoshop software. Results Surface color of teeth become darker. Conclusion Strawberry leaf phenolic extract doesn 39 t whiten the enamel and most appropriate color space system is RGB.