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Abstrak :
In his thesis, Xiaoyu Sun conducts the first total synthesis of all possible stereoisomers of plakortide E and also confirms the absolute configuration of natural plakortide E. Xiaoyu Sun subsequently converts plakortide E methyl ester to plakortone B in a biomimetic conversion. Construction and functionalization of cyclic peroxides are notoriously difficult due to the very low O-O bond dissociation energy. Plaktoride E is isolated from the Jamaican marine sponge platorits halichondrioides and contains a five-membered peroxide ring, with oxygen atoms linked to tertiary C4 and C6 centers. The methodology used for synthesizing highly substituted cyclic peroxides is novel and useful, and not only extends the field of Pd-catalyzed reactions, but also provides a convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of the 1,2-dioxolanes series. Plakortide E and plakortone B are bioactive, which means that the synthetic studies on them and their analogs are pivotal in drug discovery.

Abstrak :
Suatu penelitian “cross-sectional” dilakukan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara kadar peroksida lipid plasma dengan usia serta factor-faktor lain yang ada pada kelompok lanjut usia. Empat ratus empat puluh pria dan wanita berusia 55-85 tahun dipilih secara random dari para lanjut usia binaan puskesmas di Jakarta. Pemeriksaan fisik setelah anamnesa dan juga pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan pagi hari dalam keadaan puasa. Lipid plasma dan peroksida lipid plasma diukur jumlahnya menggunakan metode standard. Didapatkan perbedaan kadar peroksida lipid yang berhubungan dengan umur; yaitu kadarnya terus meningkat sampai kelompok umur 70 tahun. Para lanjut usia yang berusia 70 tahun atau lebih mempunyai kadar peroksida lipid plasma yang lebih rendah. Kadar peroksida lipid ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh kadar lipid plasma. Kadar peroksid lipid meningkat pada mereka yang menderita penyakit kronis degeneratif, makin banyak jenis penyakitnya makin tinggi kadar peroksida lipid. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 71-7)

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A cross-sectional study was done to see the possible association of plasma lipid peroxides in the elderly with age and other factors. Plasma lipid peroxides is a product of free radical reactions which according to the latest theory of aging is the cause of aging process. Lipid peroxides were also found high in coronary heart disease. Four hundred forty relatively healthy elderly, age 55-85 years, were randomly chosen from free living elderly under guidance of health care centers (PUSKESMAS) in Jakarta. Anamnesis and physical examination were done in the morning in the health centers. Blood samples were taken in fasting conditions, plasma lipids and lipid peroxides were measured according to standard methods. There was an age difference of lipid peroxides level in the elderly, which increased with age up to 70 years old. Elderly 70 years old and over had low plasma lipid peroxides. The level was not related to high plasma lipids.Higher level was found when more chronic degenerative diseases were found. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 71-7)

Abstrak :
Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation.

Abstrak :
Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 254-259 There are two basic kinds of tooth whitening agents. The first is over the counter materials and the other is materials used by the dentist or under dentist control. Home bleaching is a technique using l0% carbamide peroxide on a tray applied by patient under dentist supervision. This paper is a review of the effect of 10 % carbamid peroxide home bleaching technique. It is revealed that this metode is simple, safe, economic, and has short chiar side time.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV: 368-373 Tooth bleaching has become a popular treatment for esthetic improvement in dentistry. There are several 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents that are available in Indonesia which contained potasium nitrate-flouride or without potasium nitrate-flouride. However, there was no clinical report about these products in Indonesia. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching and sensitivity of tooth and gingiva. Sixty-four participants were divided into 2 groups. The first group was treated with bleaching agent that contained potasium nitrate-flouride (Opalescence PF, Ultradent) and the second group with bleaching agent without potasium nitrate-flouride (Vivastyle, Ivoclar Vivadent). Bleaching treatment was done for 6-8 hours per night over a 2 week-period. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14 day afterwards. Color change was measured using a value-ordered Vita classic shade guide; tooth and gingival sensivity were examined using Electric Pulp Tester, Gingival Index and a patient log. The results showed that there were no statistical difference in degree of color change between the two products. The mean color change after 2 weeks was 7-8 tabs lighter than baseline. Also there was no statistical difference in tooth and gingival sensitivity between the products. It can be concluded that 10% carbamide peroxide containing potasium nitrate-flouride has the same effectiveness compared to other agent without potasium nitrate-flouride for tooth color change and tooth and gingival sensitivity.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV:294-296 Dental bleaching has been considered as a feasible approach for dental esthetic, and many dental bleaching products can be seen in the market. Therefore, the side effect of a such dental product should be studied. This study was aimed to detemine the effect of carbamide peroxide-containing home bleaching agent on the hardness of dental amalgam surface structure. Forty amalgam filling specimens were divided into 4 groups, which consist of 3 treatment group and 1 control gloups. Each group was exposed to the bleaching agent daily for 2, 4, and 8 hours within 7 days. The Vickers Microhardness Tester, with loads 98.07 mN for 20 seconds, was used to measured the hardeness of amalgam surface. It was revealed that, there was a significant difference between the treatment and the control group on 8 hours period. It was concluded that there was a decrease in hardeness of dertal amalgam surface after having a contact with carbamide peroxide bleaching agent.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Membran fosfolipid sel endotelial arteri koroner sangat rentan untuk mengalami oksidasi oleh radikal bebas, karena mengandung rantai asam lemak berikatan rangkap berganda. Demikian pula lipoprotein plasma terutama fraksi LDL, bahkan hasil modifikasi oksidatifnya akhir-akhir ini diyakini berperanan dalam pembentukan sel busa serta plak aterosklerotik.

Meskipun belum dapat dibuktikan bahwa peroksida lipid, hasil modifikasi oksidatif tersebut, merupakan penyebab primer penyakit jantung koroner (PJK), tetapi kadarnya dilaporkan meninggi dalam plasma darah penderita, selaras dengan peningkatannya dalam jaringan vaskuler yang mengalami aterosklerosis.

Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah tingginya kadar peroksida lipid dalam plasma dapat mencerminkan beratnya penyakit jantung koroner.

Penelitian bersifat deskriptif terhadap 98 kasus yang memenuhi kriteria dan terdaftar di RSJHK selama periode 30 September 1989 sampai dengan 31 Januari 1990, terdiri atas 47 kasus angina pektoris, 22 kasus infark miokard akut, dan 29 kelola. Delapan puluh tiga orang laki-laki dan 15 orang wanita. Delapan puluh lima orang menjalani pemeriksaan angiofrafi koroner, 68 orang diperiksa profil lipidnya, tetapi hanya 56 orang yang mempunyai data angiografi dan profil lipidnya, tetapi hanya 56 orang yang mempunyai data angiografi dan profil lipid lengkap. Sedangkan peroksida lipid diperiksa pada seluruh kasus.

Diperoleh data kadar peroksida lipid yang berbeda bermakna antara kelompok kelola, dengan kelompok angina maupun dengan kelompok infark miokard akut, masing-masing dengan p < 0,001. Antara kedua kelompok yang disebut terakhir tidak ada perbedaan bermakna, demikian pula antara laki-laki dan wanita. Serta tidak ada korelasi dengan umur, kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL-kolesterol, ataupun HDL-kolesterol.

Dengan uji univariat Mann-Whitney dan uji multivariat secara analisis diskriminan dapat dibuktikan bahwa peroksida lipid merupakan prediktor independen bagi PJK. Sensitifitas 55,07% dan spesifisitas 75,86% bila digunakan secara tunggal. Sensitifitas menjadi 95,45% dan spesifisitas menjadi 75,0% bila digabungkan dengan faktor umur dan jenis kelamin.

Secara statistik kadar peroksida lipid dapat menjadi diskriminator antara PJK dengan skor koroner tinggi dan PJK dengan skor koroner rendah. (p=0,00322)

Sebagai kesimpulan, peroksida lipid kadarnya meningkat pada kasus PJK, dan dapat menjadi salah satu prediktor beratnya aterosklerosis.

Penelitian lebih lanjut pada populasi yang lebih besar, perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh validitas data lebih baik dan jika mungkin sekaligus menilai manfaat antioksidan dalam pengobatan serta pencegahan lesi koroner dini.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 288-293 ln dental bleaching, carbamide peroxide is usually used at concentration of 10%, 15%, to 20%. The result of our previous study showed that the application of l0% and 15% carbamid peroxide bleaching agent has increased the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching to glass ionomer surface hardness. Twenty specimens of glass ionomer cement type II after exposed to 20% carbamide peroxide were divided into two application time group: 4 and 8 hours per day. Glass ionomer cement surface hardness was measured by Vickers Microhardness Tester seri HMV-2 with a wieght 0,025 Hv for 20 second. The measurement was conducted at before/no application, a week after application, and 2 weeks after the application bleaching agent. The one way analysis of variance showed a significant difference of surface hardness of GIC type II between before/no application, after a week, and after 2 weeks application in both group. t can be concluded that the application of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent could increase the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement after 1 week and 2 week application periode.