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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi situasi ekonomi terakhir, di mana biaya operasional meningkat, daya beli masyarakat menurun, tarif perawatan kelas III yang ditetapkan melalui Perda, menyebabkan kelas III di rumah sakit memerlukan subsidi, karena tarif yang ditentukan di bawah biaya satuan. Subsidi diharapkan didapat dari pelayanan pasien kelas II ke atas, yang dikenal sebagai subsidi silang. Dengan subsidi silang diharapkan rumah sakit dapat mencapai titik impas dalam pembiayaannya. Rumah Sakit Atma Jaya didirikan dengan tujuan melayani masyarakat kurang mampu dan menunjang pendidikan bagi Fakultas Kedokteran Unika Atma Jaya. Jiwa subsidi silang sesuai dengan misi rumah sakit, option for the poor. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisa subsidi silang di unit produksi Rumah Sakit Atma Jaya (yang terdiri dari unit rawat jalan, unit rawat inap kelas III, unit rawat inap gedung E untuk kelas II ke atas dan unit penunjang medik), termasuk mendapatkan gambaran biaya dan pendapatan masing - masing unit produksi. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif, berdasar data sekunder, yaitu laporan pertanggungjawaban direksi rumah sakit Atma Jaya, tahun 2000. Dalam perhitungan pembebanan biaya overhead, digunakan metode relative value. Berdasar hasil penelitian di Rumah Sakit Atma Jaya, Jakarta, dapat disimpulkan bahwa : 1. Subsidi silang seperti yang dimaksud oleh Yayasan tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan, bahkan pasien gedung E yang merupakan pasien kelas menengah ke atas masih disubsidi oleh Yayasan. 2. Subsidi silang terjadi walau tidak seperti yang dimaksud Yayasan, yaitu dari unit penunjang medik, ke unit perawatan pasien. 3. Subsidi untuk pasien, makin besar jika pasien dirawat dikelas lebih tinggi 4. Biaya satuan setiap kelas perawatan berada di atas tarif yang ditetapkan. 5. Tingkat hunian tempat tidur masih rendah, terutama untuk kelas yang diharapkan dapat memberikan subsidi silang. Sebagai saran untuk kelanjutan operasional rumah sakit, perlu dicari penyebab rendahnya tingkat pengisian tempat tidurnya, terutama untuk kelas II ke atas.

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A Crosswise Subsidy Analysis at the Revenue Center of Atma Jaya Hospital in JakartaWith recent economic situation as a background, where operational expenditures are increasing and purchasing power of the community is declining, this research is conducted to estimate total subsidy required by the hospital due to low tariff determined by the Regional Regulation. This subsidy is supported to generate from the second class of inpatient care and up, known as cross-subsidy. By crosswise subsidy, it is expected that the hospital can reach a break-even point in its expenditures. The Atma Jaya Hospital is established with the aim to serve the needy community, and to facilitate educational program for Unika Atma Jaya's Faculty of Medicine. The principle of crosswise subsidy is in accordance with the hospital's mission, namely option for the poor. The purpose of this research is to analyse the crosswise subsidy at the revenue center of Atma Jaya Hospital (consisting of out-patients unit, third-class hospitalization unit, the E building hospitalization unit for the second class and above, and the unit for medical support), as well as to get a picture of costs and revenues of each revenue unit. This quantitative research is based on secondary data, the responsibility report of the board of the Atma Jaya Hospital, year 2000. In calculating the overhead costs the relative-value method is used. Base on the research outcome at the Atma Jaya Hospital in Jakarta, it may be concluded that : 1. The crosswise subsidy as meant by the Foundation is not occuring as expected; the E building patients who are of the intermediate class and above, are still even subsidized by the Foundation. 2. Crosswise subsidy does occur. Eventhough not expected by the Foundation,namely from the medical support unit to the hospitalized patient unit. 3. Subsidy for the patients increases if they are hospitalized in a higher class. 4. The unit cost for each class of hospitalized exceed the established rates. 5. The level of bed occupancy is still low, mainly for classes which are expected to provide crosswise subsidy. As a recommendation to the hospital, further research should be conducted to explore causes of low bed occupancy rate (BOR), especially of the second and above.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pelayanan Rawat Inap di rumah sakit tersedia dalam berbagai kelas perawatan, sehingga tarif yang ditetapkan sesuai dengan kelas-kelas tersebut. Tarif kelas yang lebih tinggi diharapkan memberi subsidi pada kelas perawatan yang lebih rendah (subsidi silang). Di Rumah Sakit Santo Yusup perbedaan tarif pada kelas-kelas yang disebut diatas belum terlihat, dengan demikian tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi apakah subsidi silang dari kelas I ke kelas III terjadi di Unit Rawat Inap Theresia pada triwulan IV 1994 dan triwulan I tahun 1995.

Metoda penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode evaluatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder atau data biaya dari Unit Rawat Inap Theresia Rumah Sakit Santo Yusup periode triwulan IV 1994 dan triwulan 1 1995.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terjadi subsidi silang dari kelas I ke kelas III (antar kelas perawatan), tetapi subsidi diperoleh dari unit pelayanan lainnya ke rawat inap (farmasi dan laboratorium). Hal ini menunjukkan adanya subsidi silang antar jenis pelayanan.

Hasil penelitian ini merupakan masukan untuk manajemen rumah sakit dalam memperbaiki dan meningkatkan utilisasi kelas 1 di Unit Rawat Inap Theresia, sehingga terjadi subsidi silang yang diharapkan.

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Inpatient services in hospital is usually divided into various classes of room which consequently will have differences on its price. Price of the upper class which is usually higher, is expected to subsidize the lower one (cross subsidy).

Yet, in Santo Yusup Hospital difference of the room price on those classes, do not reflect the above intention therefore, the objective in of this study is to identify whether a cross subsidy from first class to third class exists in the Theresia Ward in fourth quarter of 1994 and first quarter of 1995.

The method of this study is evaluative method by using secondary data (cost information) taken from the Theresia Ward Santo Yusup Hospital during fourth quarter period in 1994 and first quarter period in 1995.

The result shows do not yield any evidence that cross subsidy exist from first class to third class ( among inpatient units ). However it is obvious that subsidy for inpatient service flows from another service units such as Pharmacy and Laboratory (cross subsidy among various kinds of service units).

This study can be an input to the management of Santo Yusuf Hospital improving the utility of first class of Theresia Ward so that cross subsidy can exist as expected.

Abstrak :
Mekanisme hubungan keuangan pusat dan daerah berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 1956 tidak seluruhnya dapat dilaksanakan, selanjutnya untuk mengisi kekosongan peraturan, muncul kebijaksanaan dalam pemberian Subsidi kepada Daerah yang dikenal dengan nama Subsidi Daerah Otonom (SDO).

Dalam perkembangannya keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan hubungan keuangan pusat dan daerah yang terbentuk, di mana Subsidi Daerah Otonom termasuk di dalamnya, menjadi bersifat terpecah-pecah; tidak memiliki dasar hukum yang kuat; dan sangat fleksibel.

Tujuan pemberian Subsidi Daerah Otonom sebenarnya adalah untuk memperkuat keuangan daerah sebagai pelaksanaan prmsip otonomi daerah. Namun pada saat ini alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom justru berakibat ada ketergantungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom dan atas dasar keadaan tersebut diupayakan untuk mendesain sistem alokasi yang diharapkan.

Berdasarkan teori perilaku organisasi, diketahui bahwa alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom merupakan bentuk dari kebijaksanaan sebagai hasil pengambilan keputusan organisasi. Sehingga faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya adalah faktor internal organisasi yang meliputi perilaku, struktur, dan proses organisasi, serta faktor eksternal organisasi yang meliputi politik dan ekonomi. (Gibson, Ivanicevich dan Donnelley, 1994).

Dalam penelitian ini digunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan menitikberatkan cara penelitian pada studi sebab-akibat dan perbandingan, serta studi korelasi.

Masing-masing variabel faktor internal dan eksternal organisasi memiliki pengaruh yang sangat kuat. Variabel faktor internal (struktur, dan proses) semuanya berpengaruh kuat, sedangkan variabel faktor eksternal organisasi berupa faktor ekonomi pengaruhnya lemah, namun ternyata faktor politik pengaruhnya justru kuat terhadap alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom. Pengaruh dari masing-masing variabel tersebut tidak selalu searah, sebagian bersifat memperburuk dan sebagian sangat kondusif terhadap alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom.

Selanjutnya disarankan agar dilakukan reformulasi dan redesain terhadap sistem alokasi Subsidi Daerah Otonom dengan memperhatikan pelaksanaan otonomi serta upaya untuk memperkokoh keuangan daerah.

Abstrak :
The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of fuel price subsidy on economic performance in Indonesia. The analysis using econometric approach with simultaneous equations model and solved by 2SLS method. The results of this study shows that the abolishment of fuel price subsidy will create, increasing unemployment, appreciation of domestic exchange rate, increasing riil interest rate, decreasing general prices or deflation, and lowering economic growth.

Abstrak :
This paper investigates how the health care demand among the elderly is affected by the health card subsidy issued by the government after the financial crisis in 1997. The health card subsidy provides free access to health services for the poor; and was accepted at any available health center, or 'puskesmas'. Using the Indonesia socio-economic survey data for 2003, results show that the health card has positive effect on puskesmas utilization, particularly the demand on health care facilities among the 55 year-old population. Unfortunately, due to mistargeting resulting from difficulties in locating poor households, the health card also benefited wealthier individuals in their access of health centers.

Abstrak :
The Implementation of Rice Subsidy PolicyThe economic crisis, which has debilitated Indonesia in 1997 that was followed by rice crisis has brought the impact of more descend of public purchasing power in fulfilling the basic food need. This problem threatened the food security of the people or caused the food insecurity. In relation with this Act Number 7/1996 about Food in article 1 clause 17, mentioned that food security is the condition of food fulfillment for household that is reflected by availability of food that is sufficient both in quantity and in quality, secure, spread evenly and affordably by the people. Next in the Rice Policy that was regulated in the President Instruction Number 9/2002, in article 5 is mandated that government had to guaranty the supply, implementation of the distribution of rice for the poor and food vulnerability. Based on that regulation then Bulog as food authority which has wide experience on supply and rice distribution, is given assignment to increase food security for all inhabitants in Republic of Indonesia region. For this purpose, the policy of subsidized rice which manifest by OPK/Raskin program was released, so rice as the basic need food can be reached by poor families. Although, there are some deviances in the implementation of OPK/Raskin (Special Market Operation/Rice for the Poor), especially in the targeting. There are also some cases of moral hazard in the implementation of the policy. But, it has been acknowledged that the implementation of the program supposed to be the most successful programs within any Social Safety Net Programs. From this success, this study revealed the true description of the OPK/Raskin that had been going on since 1998. The analysis of the content and the context of the policy was done to the implementation of the program. The content of the policy was the factor that influenced the outcomes of the policy when it was implemented. The context of the policy was also the factor that influenced certain social, political, and economic environment, so the implementation of the policy needed to consider the context of policy; that is the environment where the policy was to be implemented. Outcome was the final result of the policy expected to achieve. The analysis of the outcomes of the policy was done simply by comparing the output realized with the goals to be achieved from the policy. Based on the content of the policy, the rice subsidy policy was quite easy to implement But in the context of policy, the program did not yield impact that were expected in the objective of the program. The problem come from the authority of Bulog in the determining the allocation ceiling of rice nationally which was based on the data of four families from BKKBN (National Family Planning Board). Then, the study recommended that Bulog had to try optimally in exacerbating the targeted household, so the beneficiaries would be the true targeted individuals or groups that need the cheap rice. Moreover, the upgrading of purchasing power of the poor society would be more prioritized through some working and opportunity enhancement programs; so that in the long run, the charity-based subsidy would be less significant. Bibliography: 31 books (1983-2003); 34 newspapers/magazines/journals (1998-2004); 4 working papers/module (1988-200X); 5 research reports (1999-2004); 3 website articles ; 5 documentations (2001-2004) ; 2 guidelines (2003&2004); 2 regulations (1996&2002)

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini menganalisa mengenai proses investigasi Amerika Serikat (AS) atas kasus Frozen Warmwater Shrimp Subsidies yang menyangkut Indonesia yang dinilai telah melakukan subsidi dan merugikan industri domestik AS. Konsistensi antara proses tindakan anti-subsidi (CVD) yang dilakukan otoritas investigasi AS dan ketentuan WTO khususnya Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) akan dilihat dalam tesis ini. Penulisan tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan hasil preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan agar memastikan proses penyelidikan yang dilakukan AS terhadap Indonesia dan tindakan pemerintah Indonesia dalam membuktikan dirinya tidak bersalah sesuai dengan hukum WTO, sehingga penyimpangan terhadap pemakaian tindakan anti-subsidi dapat dihindari demi kepentingan perdagangan internasional bagi seluruh anggota WTO. Selain itu, WTO perlu memberikan perhatian lebih terhadap isu dominansi negara-negara maju dalam menerapkan tindakan anti-subsidi terhadap negara-negara berkembang yang dapat dijadikan alasan untuk sikap proteksi atas industri domestik negara-negara maju tersebut atau kepentingan-kepentingan lainnya.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzes the process of investigation of the United States (US) on Frozen Warmwater Shrimp Subsidies case against Indonesia who had committed subsidies and cause injury to the US domestic industry. The consistency between process of anti-subsidy measures (CVD) who conducted by US investigation authorities and the provisions of WTO especially the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) will be viewed in this thesis. This thesis uses the method of normative legal research as to result in a prescriptive advice. The results of the study suggest that ensures the investigation process conducted by AS against Indonesia and the Indonesian Government measures to prove his innocence in accordance with the WTO law, so that deviations from the use of anti-subsidy measures can be avoided in the interest of international trade for all WTO members. Moreover, the WTO needs to pay more attention to the issue of dominance of developed countries in implementing anti-subsidy measures against developing countries that can be used as an excuse for protectionism on the domestic industry of the developed countries or other interests.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas mengenai pengaturan subsidi perikanan dalan ketentuan GATT-WTO dikaitkan dengan praktek subsidi perikanan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah peneiitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajian normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perundingan pembentukan disiplin baru tentang subsidi perikanan disebabkan oleh tidak dapat diterapkannya ketentuan subsidi dalam SCM Agreement yang semata-mata menggunakan pendekatan trade effect terhadap subsidi perikanan yang juga menggunakan pendekatan resources sustainability effect. Penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa di bidang perikanan Indonesia masih menerapkan subsidi perikanan yang termasuk kategori dilarang menurut ketentuan Chair's Draft. Namun demikian, karena Indonesia termasuk negara berkembang hal tersebut dikecualikan sepanjang subsidi perikanan yang diterapkan tidak menimbulkan overcapacity dan overfishing, serta dilaksanakan bersamaan dengan pengelolaan perikanan yang efektif. Dalam perundingan subsidi perikanan ke depan, Indonesia periu terus memperjuangkan adanya pengaturan SDT yang lebih efektif, mengikat, dan berpihak pada kepentingan negara berkembang.

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Abstract
This thesis is deals with the fisheries subsidy arrangements in the GATT-WTO provisions in relation to the fisheries subsidies practices in indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with normative methodology. The outcome of this research shows that the establishment of new disciplines on fisheries subsidies based on ineffectiveness of SCM Agreement that only use "trade effect" approach to be implemented on fisheries subsidies that are also use the "sustainable resource effects" approach. Research also shows that in the fisheries sector Indonesia provided fisheries subsidies that prohibited by the Chair?s Draft. Nevertheless, as a developing country such prohibition is not applied to Indonesia, provided the effective fisheries management measures in place and these subsidies do not creation of overcapacity and or overfishing. ln the future fisheries subsidies negotiation, Indonesia should continue to light for the more effective provision of SDT and sides with the interest of developing countries.

Abstrak :
Penulisan Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Permasalahn yang diteliti dalam Tesis ini mengenai pengaturan subsidi dalam ASCM, dan pengaturan tentang LPEI beserta tugas-tugasnya. Hasil penelitian digunakan sebagai masukan dalam pelaksaan tugas-tugas LPEI dan diharapkan tidak terjadi pelanggaran dalam pelaksanaan tugas-tugasnya. Berkenaan dengan fungsi LPEI untuk mendukung program ekspor nasional melalui Pembiayaan Ekspor Nasional, maka dilakukan pula penelitian tentang sejauh mana peran LPEI dalam mendukung peningkatan ekspor nasional. Berdasarkan Pasal 1 ASCM, subsidi adalah suatu pemberian (kontribusi) dalam bentuk uang atau finansial yang diberikan oleh pemerintah atau suatu badan umum (public body). Subsidi dibedakan menjadi 3 kategori yaitu subsidi yang dilarang (prohibitied subsidies), Subsidi yang dapat ditindak (actionable subsidies), Subsidi yang tidak dapat ditindak (non-actionable subsidies). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditinjau dari ketentuan Pasal 1 ASCM, sekilas LPEI dapat dikategorikan sebagai subsidi. Namun LPEI tidak serta merta dapat dikategorikan prohibited subsidies, perlu dilihat dulu bagaimana pelaksanaan dari tugas-tugasnya tersebut. Pelaksanaan tugas LPEI masih dalam koridor peraturan perdagangan internasional dan orientasi usahanya masih komersial, belum terlalu berbeda dengan Bank Ekspor Indonesia (BEI). Peran khusus LPEI sesuai Pasal 18 UU No. 2 Tahun 2009 untuk melaksanakan penugasan khusus dari pemerintah dalam rangka mendukung program ekspor nasional atas biaya pemerintah, sampai saat ini belum dilaksanakan. Dengan demikian, sampai saat ini tugas LPEI belum dapat dikategorikan melanggar ASCM, dikarenakan belum termasuk prohibited subsidies. Disamping itu, Indonesia secara reguler juga menyampaikan notifikasi kebijaksanaan subsidinya untuk memenuhi unsur tranparansi yang idatur dalam peraturan perdagangan internasional.

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Basic way writing this thesis using the method of normative legal research. The issue to be researched in this thesis about subsidy arrangement in the ASCM, and setting about LPEI along with his duties. The results are used as inputs in the implementation of tasks and expected LPEI violations do not occur in the execution of his duties. Regarding LPEI functions to support national export program through the National Export Financing and also conducted research on the exent to which LPEI role in supporting the national export increase. Under Article 1 ASCM, the subsidy is a gift (contribution) in the form of money or financial provided by the government or a public entity (public body). Subsidy divided into three categories: prohibitied subsidies (prohibitied subsidies), actionable subsidies (actionable subsidies), non-actionable subsidies (non-actionable subsidies). Based on the research, reviewed the provisions of Article 1 of the ASCM, a glimpse LPEI can be categorized as a subsidy. However LPEI not necessarily be categorized as prohibited subsidies, it should be seen first how the implementation of these tasks. Implementation tasks LPEI not result in losses so far in other countries. LPEI task implementation is still in the corridors of international trade rules are still the commercial and business orientation, not too different from Indonesian Export Bank (BEI). LPEI special role in accordance with Article 18 of Law No. 2 Year 2009 to carry out special assignments from the government in order to support the national export program for the cost of government, has not been implemented. Thus, untuil this task can not be catgorized violate LPEI ASCM, due to not including prohibited subsidies. In addition, Indonesia also submitted a notification regular subsidy poliies to meet the transparancy element of the rgulation of international trade.