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"Iskemia serebral akan mengaktifkan serangkaian kaskade cedera sel yang berakhir pada kerusakan irreversible, sehingga pencegahan terjadinya kerusakan tersebut lebih ditekankan. Hal inilah yang disebut neuroproteksi. Salah satu zat yang diduga memiliki efek neuroprotektif adalah ekstrak akar A. indica L. yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Penelitian yang dilakukan secara eksperimental in vivo ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley dengan berat 200-250 gram yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam tiga kelompok, masing-masing mendapatkan ekstrak akar A. indica L. 300 mg/kgBB/hari, 400 mg/kgBB/hari, dan plasebo sebagai kontrol, selama tujuh hari berturut-turut. Setelah dilakukan oklusi arteri karotis komunis bilateral selama 60 menit, jaringan hipokampus tikus diambil dan dibuat sediaan mikroskopiknya dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin. Jumlah inti sel rusak dan total inti sel di empat area hipokampus dihitung dalam satu lapangan pandang mikroskop dengan pembesaran 400 kali oleh tiga orang observer. Rata-rata persentase inti sel rusak antar kelompok dibandingkan dengan uji One-Way Anova (p=0,05).Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persentase inti sel rusak kelompok 300 mg/kgBB tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol pada keempat area hipokampus. Sementara itu, kelompok 400 mg/kgBB mengalami kerusakan yang lebih rendah secara signifikan pada area CA3 (p=0,035), tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna pada area lainnya. Dengan kata lain, ekstrak tanaman ini memiliki efek neuroproteksi dalam dosis 400 mg/kgBB, tetapi hanya pada area CA3 hipokampus.

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Cerebral ischemia activates a set of cell injury cascades that ends on irreversible damage; hence, prevention of that damage is considered more important. This concept is called neuroprotection. One of substance that is thought to have neuroprotection effect is root extract of A. indica L. which is commonly found in Indonesia. This in vivo experimental study divided rats strain Sprague-Dawley weighed 200-250 grams in three groups, each of which was given A. indica L. root extract 300 mg/kgBW/day, 400 mg/kgBW/day, and placebo as control, for seven consecutive days. After common carotid artery was occluded bilaterally for 60 minutes, hippocampal tissue of rat was removed and turned into microscopic slice with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The amount of damaged nuclei and entire nuclei in area CA1, CA3, DGIN, and DGOUT of hippocampus on one visual field with 400 times magnification was counted by three observers. The average of damaged nuclei percentage was compared between groups using One-Way Anova test (p=0,05).

Result showed that damaged nuclei percentage in group of 300 mg/kgBW was not different significantly than control in four areas of hippocampus. Meanwhile, damage in group of 400 mg/kgBW was less significantly in area CA3 (p=0,035), but not different significantly in other areas. In other words, this extract has neuroprotection effect in dose of 400 mg/kgBB on hippocampal neuron of rat, but only in area CA3."

"Alzheimer merupakan kondisi yang terjadi karena adanya kerusakan pada sel-sel saraf otak. Penelitian yang pernah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa) dan buah pare (Momordica charantia) dapat mencegah terjadinya oksidatif stres. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas neuroprotektif kombinasi ekstrak etanolik rimpang kunyit dan ekstrak etanolik buah pare. Tikus putih Sprague Dawley dibuat Alzheimer melalui pemberian aspartam 40 mg/kgBB selama 28 hari sebagai kontrol negatif. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari kontrol positif (citicoline 200 mg/kgBB), kelompok ekstrak tunggal kunyit dan pare, serta kelompok pada kombinasi eksrak dengan tiga variasi dosis. Perlakuan diberikan selama 7 hari sebelum induksi aspartam dimulai dan dilanjutkan hinnga proses induksi selesai. Aspartam merupakan pemanis buatan yang terdapat pada berbagai produk makanan dan minuman, penggunaan dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya oksidatif stres akibat peningkatan reactive oxygen species (ROS). Efek neuroprotektif dievaluasi melalui uji memori acquisition dan probe trials menggunakan Morris water maze (MWM), pengukuran terhadap kadar malondialdehyde (MDA), aktivitas glutathione peroxidase (GPx), aktivitas acetylcholinesterase (AChE) dan gambaran mikroskopis jumlah sel hippocampus (HC) area cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) – cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) yang dibandingkan terhadap kelompok aspartam. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan adanya perbaikan fungsi memori kombinasi ekstrak lebih baik dibandingkan dengan penggunaan tunggal rimpang kunyit dan buah pare yang berbeda signifikan terhadap kelompok aspartam dengan nilai (P<0,05). Penurunan kadar MDA, aktivitas GPx, menurunnya aktivitas AChE serta berkurangnya kerusakan jumlah sel HC area CA1-CA3 menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada pemberian kombinasi ekstrak dibandingkan kelompok aspartam (P<0,05) dimana kelompok dosis kombinasi ekstrak rimpang kunyit (39 mg/kgBB) dan buah pare (2,23 mg/kgBB) menunjukkan perlakuan paling efektif. Sedangkan pada aktivitas AChE terlihat adanya penurunan, namun tidak berbeda signifikan Dapat disimpulkan kombinasi ekstrak etanolik rimpang kunyit dan ekstrak etanolik buah pare memiliki efek neuroprotektif lebih baik dibandingkan penggunaan tunggalnya.

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Alzheimer's is a condition that occurs due to damage to nerve cells in the brain. In the previous study has shown that turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) and bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia) can prevent oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effectiveness of the combination of the ethanolic extract of turmeric and the ethanolic extract of bitter melon. Sprague Dawley white rats were made Alzheimer's by administering aspartame 40 mg / kg bw for 28 days as a negative control. The treatment group consisted of a positive control (citicoline 200 mg / kg bw), a single extract group of turmeric rhizome and bitter melon fruit, and a group in combination extract with three dose variations. The treatment was given for 7 days before starting aspartame induction and continued until the induction process was complete. Aspartame is artificial sweeteners in a foods or beverages product, excessive consumption causes oxidative stress due to an increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). Neuroprotective effects were evaluated through memory acquisition tests and probe trials using Morris water maze (MWM), measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, AChE inhibition and microscopic image of hippocampal cell count (HC) in cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) – cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) compared against the aspartame group. Results showed improvement in the memory function of the extract combination was better than the single use of turmeric and bitter melon, which differed significantly from the aspartame group with a value (P <0.05). The reduction in MDA levels, GPx activity and reduced damage to the number of HC cells in the CA1-CA3 area showed a significant difference in the combination of extracts compared to the Aspartame group (P <0.05) where the combined dose of turmeric rhizome extract (39 mg / kg bw) and bitter melon ( 2.23 mg / kg bw) shows the most effective treatment. While the activity acetylcholinesterase (AchE) decreased, but not significantly different. It can be concluded that the combination of the ethanolic extract of turmeric rhizome and the ethanolic extract of bitter melon fruit has a better neuroprotective effect than its single use."

"Stroke iskemik merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit kardiovaskular yang disebabkan oleh bekuan darah yang menghalangi aliran darah ke otak. Saat iskemia, sel saraf mengalami aktivasi yang menginduksi pelepasan glutamat dalam jumlah besar sehingga terjadi stimulasi reseptor glutamat berlebihan yang akhirnya dapat terjadi eksitotoksisitas. Penghambatan reseptor glutamat ionotropik, yaitu reseptor AMPA, menjadi pendekatan untuk pengobatan iskemia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi kemungkinan senyawa herbal Indonesia sebagai antagonis reseptor AMPA. Dalam penelitian ini, penapisan virtual dilakukan dengan metode penambatan menggunakan AutoDock untuk menemukan kandidat antagonis reseptor AMPA dari basis data tanaman obat Indonesia. Metode penapisan virtual divalidasi oleh area under curve AUC dari kurva ROC dan enrichment factor EF . Lipinski rsquo;s Rule of Five digunakan untuk menyaring hasil skrining. Validasi hasil penapisan virtual menunjukkan bahwa AUC adalah 0,9385 dan EF 1 adalah 23,5550. Hasil skrining dari basis data tanaman obat Indonesia menunjukkan lima senyawa sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol, dan boeravinone F -8,51; -8,39; -8,19; -8,17; -8,08 kkal / mol, masing-masing dan memiliki interaksi dengan residu reseptor AMPA TYR61A dan THR91A. Lima senyawa dari database herbal Indonesia sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesteron, nimolicinol, dan boeravinone F memiliki potensi sebagai antagonis reseptor AMPA berdasarkan metode penambatan.

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Ischemic stroke is one type of cardiovascular disease caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. During ischemia, nerve cells undergo activation that induce large amounts of glutamate release resulting in excessive glutamate receptor stimulation which can eventually lead to excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor, i.e. the AMPA receptor, becomes approach to the treatment of ischemia. The aim of this study is to explore possibility of Indonesian herbal compound as AMPA receptor antagonist. In this study, virtual screening was performed by docking method using AutoDock to find the antagonist candidate of AMPA receptor from Indonesian herbal database. Virtual screening method was validated by area under curve AUC of ROC curve and enrichment factor EF . Lipinski rsquo s Rule of Five was used to filter the screening result. The validation of virtual screening results showed that AUC is 0.9385 and EF 1 is 23.5550. The screening result of Indonesian herbal database show top five compound sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol, and boeravinone F 8.51 8.39 8.19 8.17 8.08 kcal mol, respectively and have interaction with TYR61A and THR91A residues of AMPA receptor. Five compounds of the Indonesia herbal database sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol, and boeravinone F have potency as an AMPA receptor antagonist based on the docking method."

"Moringa oleifera (MO) telah terbukti memiliki efek neuroprotektif, namun efek neuroprotektif melalui jalur senescence belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek neuroprotektif ekstrak air daun (MOE) dan minyak biji MO (MOO) terhadap disfungsi otak melalui jalur senescence pada mencit yang diberi diet tinggi lemak dan fruktosa. Mencit DDY jantan sebanyak 10 ekor dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok: Normal; Diet Tinggi Lemak + Fruktosa 25% (HFD+FR); HFD+FR + MOE 500 mg/kgBB (HFD+FR+MOE); dan HFD+FR + MOO 2 mL/kgBB (HFD+FR+MOO). Dilakukan penilaian kognitif dengan Uji Y-maze dan Novel Objective Recognition (NOR). Dianalisis ekspresi p16, p21, dan BDNF dengan metode RT-PCR serta pewarnaan SA-β-Gal pada jaringan otak. Dilakukan analisis interaksi senyawa ekstrak air daun dan minyak biji Moringa oleifera terhadap protein target dengan molecular docking. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bersama MOE maupun MOO dapat meningkatkan persentase alternasi dan pengenalan objek baru, menurunkan ekspresi p16 dan p21, meningkat ekspresi BDNF, menurunkan intensitas warna biru pada organ otak. Berdasarkan analisis dengan molecular docking menunjukkan adanya interaksi senyawa terhadap reseptor TrkB. Temuan-temuan ini menunjukkan ekstrak air daun dan minyak biji Moringa oleifera memiliki potensi neuroprotektif melalui jalur senescence.

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Moringa oleifera (MO) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, but neuroprotective effects through the senescence pathway are not yet known. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of leaf water extract (MOE) and MO seed oil (MOO) against brain dysfunction through the senescence pathway in mice fed a diet high in fat and fructose. 10 male DDY mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: Normal; High Fat + Fructose Diet 25% (HFD+FR); HFD+FR + MOE 500 mg/kgBB (HFD+FR+MOE); and HFD+FR + MOO 2 mL/kgBB (HFD+FR+MOO). Cognitive assessment was carried out with the Y-maze Test and Novel Objective Recognition (NOR). Expression of p16, p21, and BDNF was analyzed by RT-PCR method and SA-β-Gal staining in brain tissue. Analysis of the interaction of leaf water extract compounds and Moringa oleifera seed oil on target proteins by molecular docking was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that co-administration of MOE and MOO can increase the percentage of alternation and recognition of new objects, decrease p16 and p21 expression, increase BDNF expression, decrease the intensity of blue color in brain organs. Based on analysis with molecular docking showed the interaction of compounds with TrkB receptor. These findings suggest the leaf water extract and seed oil of Moringa oleifera have neuroprotective potential through the senescence pathway."

"Latar Belakang : Hipotermia merupakan salah satu strategi dalam manajemen neuroproteksi akibat terjadinya cedera iskemia selama pembedahan operasi jantung terbuka dengan mesin pintas jantung paru. Pendinginan bersifat lokal pada otak dengan menggunakan cooling helmet lebih dapat menekan proses kerusakan yang terjadi dibandingkan yang tidak menggunakan cooling helmet. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan cooling helmet dengan perubahan kadar NSE yang lebih kecil dan delirium pascaoperasi jantung terbuka lebih rendah dibandingkan tidak menggunakan cooling helmet.Metode : Studi ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda, dilakukan randomisasi pada 26 orang dimana dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan n=13 (cooling helmet on) dan kelompok kontrol n=13 (cooling helmet off). Kriteria inklusi pasien yang terjadwal pertama kali menjalani operasi jantung terbuka dengan mesin pintas jantung paru, usia ≥ 18 tahun, ASA III, GCS 15, dan dapat berbahasa Indonesia.Hasil : Studi ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik pada kadar NSE antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol. Kadar NSE pada kelompok perlakuan (7.13 ± 7.63) lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (12.49 ± 6.81) (p<0.05). Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan secara statistik pada kejadian delirium antara kedua kelompok (p>0.05).Kesimpulan : Cooling helmet berhubungan dengan penurunan kadara NSE namun tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan untuk mencegah terjadinya delirium setelah operasi jantung terbuka. Background: Hypothermia remains the most common neuroprotective management against ischemic injury during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Surface cooling in the brain delivered by cooling helmet provides more benefit to suppress cerebral injury compared to those who do not use cooling helmet. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of cooling helmet during surgery on NSE and delirium level after open-heart surgery patient with Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) machine.Methods: This study is a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial, where 26 people were randomized into 2 groups, namely the treatment group n=13 (cooling helmet on) and the control group n=13 (cooling helmet off). The inclusion criteria were patients who are scheduled to undergo open heart surgery for the first time with cardiopulmonary bypass machine, age ≥18 years, ASA III, GCS 15, and can speak Indonesian. Results: The study was found significant differences in NSE levels between the treatment and the control group. NSE levels in the treatment group (7.13 ± 7.63) were lower than in the control group (12.49 ± 6.81) (p<0.05). There weren’t statistically significant differences in the outcome of delirium in both groups (p>0.05)Conclusion: The cooling helmet is associated with the decrease of NSE levels, but it did not significantly correlate to prevent the delirium after open-heart surgery."

"In this book we are going to summarize, for the first time, the results from behavioral, neurochemical and molecular experiments, which demonstrate a wide spectrum of TIQs and BCs effects, from their rather mild neurotoxic actions to the important neuroprotective and antiaddictive properties.Additionally, the recent results of experimental studies in vivo have allowed a much better understanding and simultaneous comparison of the neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and neurotoxic actions of endogenous TIQs and BCs and have pointed to the possibility of their therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease."

"Phytochemicals signal transduction and neurological disorders presents readers with cutting edge and comprehensive information not only on bioavailability, and mechanism of action of phytochemicals in the brain, but also provides the molecular mechanism associated with beneficial effects of phytochemicals in neurotraumatic (stroke, spinal cord trauma, and traumatic brain injury) and neurodegenerative (Alzheimers disease, parkinson disease, huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) diseases."